It's almost a little bit in the afternoon, it's already past dinner, everyone just found a small shop outside the Yinxu ruins, and asked all the things to come out, very happy, everyone asked Xu Le to drink some wine, he said that he doesn't drink, you drink casually, especially Liu Fuzhong and Tang Jigen were happy, and they chatted with Xu Le, and the senior sister also interjected from time to time, Xu Lewei asked the senior sister some questions and information, and the senior sister told Xu Le that on the back of Anyang, there was an important site in Xingzhou that was the Cishan Ruins, and there was a chance for him to go and see, Xu Le wrote it down.

In the end, Xu Le told his senior sister and everyone that his side was a private matter, and he had to rush to Yuzhou University to do exchanges, and he was going to go to the Erligang ruins as soon as possible to see, study, and wait for the next time, at most two years to see the final results, so he wouldn't stay with his sister longer, and then he had to go to Luoyang, too nervous, and gave him a call from Jin Huai'an, and he could talk about it when he arrived, Xu Le listened to the introduction and agreed!

Xu Le now knows that Senior Sister Zheng is older than Senior Brother, but the graduate student is three years older than Senior Brother, and Professor Jin Huai'an is a few years older than the world's age, but he is a well-deserved leader in the survey and excavation of Zhengfu Mall and Erligang Ruins, Xu Le is very happy, because the person he gave himself before is now a leading cadre, and what he knows has no weight.

Before leaving, Xu Le, Liu Fuzhong and Tang Jigen said: "I hope that when you have your achievements and write the final report, don't forget the four teachers who have excavated things before, they are the earliest discoverers, we are taking advantage, we must write them all into the report, from that time on, this is my attitude and the official conclusion!" ”

Xu Le said to Liu Fuzhong and Tang Jigen heavily, the two of them also nodded solemnly in agreement, the senior sister looked at Xu Le and was deeply pleased, this is a recognition of the predecessors, others do not have this right, but Xu Le has enough right to say this, the deputy office cadre, and is a typical representative of the academic school!

"At the same time, please ask them more for advice, and say hello and thank them on my behalf", after finishing speaking, Xu Le gave his business cards to his senior sister, Liu Fuzhong, and Tang Jigen, with his own phone number and email address on them, and then threw the bag and Guan Mu into the passenger seat, waved at everyone, said goodbye and left!

The senior sister looked at Xu Le's back, her heart fluctuated, and said to her students Tang Jigen and Liu Fuzhong: "You have to remember to thank Xu Le, without Xu Le, this opportunity may wait for a long time, or it may not be with you at all, if you find anything, keep in touch with him at any time, my junior brother I can see, he does not need to preside over the excavation to already establish his position in the academic circle, a Yu ruin, a business ruin, enough, but I think his road has just begun"!

Everyone nodded their heads one after another, and the two of them were even more grateful!

Xu Le was happy in his heart and drove fast.

On the way, I made a call to my senior brother Pei Zhongzhang, and when I heard Xu Le's content, Pei Zhongzhang was about to decide to hurry to Yinxu to have a look, just to meet with Zheng Zhenxiang's junior sister, Xu Le smiled and said, "Whatever you want"!

Then he called Professor Qin Xueli again and told him what he had discovered, Professor Qin also had the same attitude with Pei Zhongzhang at that time, no, Professor Qin himself was still the chief scientist, so he was even more excited, if this is the case, is there a clue from east to west? Professor Qin was more polite than his senior brother, and asked Xu Le when he would come back, and Xu Le said that it was about the fourth!

Professor Qin said that on the fourth he would go to Xu Le's residence and personally send two generous gifts, thanking Xu Le for his dedication, Xu Le smiled, what a generous gift, he didn't take it seriously, and agreed casually!

Along the way, looking at the more south as if the leaves had not completely fallen, the mood was happy, the vehicles were about to reach the speed of one hundred and seventy or eighty miles, about an hour, Xu Le felt that there was a rolling momentum in his heart from afar, Xu Le couldn't help but be surprised, the momentum was like the morning yang qi like his own blood flowing, Xu Le was a little unable to control the speed, a wave of forward forward and forward momentum made himself even more unable to fly, he looked at the two sides There was no village on both sides, All of them were rows of poplar trees, and slowly his vision became wider and wider, and he couldn't help but blurt out!

"Yellow River, Mother River"!

When he parked the car directly on the side of the road in the middle of the majestic Yellow River Bridge, he quickly got out of the car and walked to the right front side of the car, looking towards the west, the sun was at three o'clock, the warm sunshine, sprinkled with the Yellow River in winter, changed the momentum of the surging waves and pouring thousands of miles in the past, the wide river surface, in the cold weather, was just that wisp of appearance, but the winding river was like a small dragon crawling on the yellow sand.

Xu Le involuntarily began to run the Ren pulse, and the yang energy suddenly drove the miscellaneous blood absorbed in his body this morning, which quickly turned into Xu Le's own energy, and even the blood and qi of the previous Yellow Emperor and Chi You were involuntarily running, and the breath that should have been sealed by the woman was constantly melted and decomposed like ice, and Xu Le's whole person became a misty appearance, and he had a communication with the Yellow River he saw as if he had crossed time and space, and he felt as if he had seen a yellow dragon, galloping towards the east from among the mountains in the distance.

Under the warm winter sun, the river glows quietly white, presenting a magnificent scenery.

Xu Le feels that the Yellow River in winter is like a mother, loving and gentle, and like an old man who has lost his past passion and is getting thinner, exposing the frozen tidal flats and lying quietly on the northern earth.

He can imagine the tidal flats along the banks where the surging Yellow River used to lap in the past, forming a winding curve, and the yellow sand land and the silver-white water surface merge into a magnificent picture.

Looking at the Yellow River railway bridge in the distance, he couldn't help but sigh that it truly realized a bridge flying north and south, and the moat became a thoroughfare. Although it has gone through all the vicissitudes of life, it still stands on the bank of the Yellow River and has experienced the test of floods again and again.

Under the light of more than three o'clock, there are scattered floating ice, yellow river water, and silver-white water in the distance, reflecting each other. With the water of the Yellow River, the ice blocks rolled eastward, showing the spectacular scene of the Yellow River flowing locally. The abandoned steamer moored on the shore resembles a tired old man, basking in the sun quietly.

Xu Le saw that although it had entered late autumn and early winter, it was not particularly cold here, and it should take another month to be as cold as Kyoto Zhuwa, right? There are still people walking along the Yellow River, who are not afraid of the cold, and talk while walking, as if they are in another world. And there is another one, sitting on the bank of the Yellow River looking into the distance, Xu Lehao envied that old man is reminiscing about the unforgettable years of the past? Or are you looking forward to a better time ahead?

There was a lean horse foraging in the meadow by the river, and the withered yellow hay could no longer solve its food and clothing, and it looked into the distance, as if it was lost. People can't help but think of the poem "The ancient road is west wind and thin horses, the sun sets, and the broken intestines are at the end of the world".

Xu Le looked into the distance, as the river seemed to be constantly upward, through the mountains, wading through the loess slopes, towards the top of the high mountains, to the snowy plateau, the slow stream, there are ancestors struggling to roar, they are looking for water sources everywhere down the river, to the east, constantly scattered in the northern, central and southern mountains of the road, along the river is constantly scattered, flowers and leaves, his mind flashes from time to time one by one names, that figure for the ancestors are constantly moving towards strength!

The ancient ancestors and tribes, the ancient Three Emperors and Five Emperors, came from the plateau and were scattered around, but they were constantly forging ahead to the plots of the Central Plains from all around!

There are staggering steps, there are scorching suns, there are iron horses, there are stubborn promises, there are short delays, but in the end they are all in the unyielding spirit to be promoted, that is the spirit of the Yellow River, is the indomitable flow, is the common song of the children of China!

He also saw her, that amazing face, as if smiling at him, Xu Le looked at the pictures, smiled, and responded to the beauty of everything!

He read silently, wishing for peace of mind!

Xu Le didn't think it was what he thought at the beginning this time, he called Jin Huai'an directly, calling him "Teacher Jin", and the other side was very surprised, he hadn't heard of this name, an old voice but very powerful to ask which one?

Xu Le said that my name is Xu Le, Zheng Zhenxiang's junior brother. Then they found out who it was, and then asked what was the matter? Xu Le told Jin Huai'an that he was going to go to the Erligang ruins now, and asked him to arrange a personal explanation, and if it was convenient for him to visit at night.

Mr. Jin happily told him who to look for, and told him his home address, waiting for him at any time.

Xu Le arrived at the site of Erligang before four o'clock, surrounded by a wall, and the car was very good, he walked to the ticket sales place at the door, and asked where the Zheng Mansion of the Institute of Archaeology was standing, and wanted to find a person from Zhu Dingguo.

As soon as Xu Le finished asking, a man in his thirties ran out of it, "May I ask if you are Deputy Xu?"

Xu Le nodded, looking at the man!

"Hello, Deputy Xu, I am Zhu Dingguo, Teacher Jin has already told me, I will accompany you to walk around when you come over", Xu Le smiled, and then shook hands with Zhu Dingguo.

Zhu Dingguo is very happy, who in the Chinese archaeological community does not know this upstart now, put forward a theory, and then explore the Yu Ruins, this is a major event in the history of Chinese archaeology! I felt very honored, and then the two walked inside, and as they walked, Zhu Dingguo began to introduce Xu Le.

"Deputy Xu, now our team Erligang site has been named, the site of this type and time period is collectively referred to as Erligang culture, Erligang culture is a cultural type named after the cultural relics of the Shang generation at the Erligang site of Zhengfu in Yuzhou, also known as the Shang culture of the Erligang period, which is an archaeological culture in the early Bronze Age between the Erlitou Xia culture and the late Shang culture of Yinxu."

Xu Le was stunned for a moment, and asked casually: "Is Erlitou now clear that it is Xia culture?"

"It's not finalized yet, but we have an eyebrow now, and aren't you coming? We also sincerely invite you to visit Erlitou, after all, as the discoverer of Yuxu, you have the right to speak," Zhu Dingguo said.

"The Erlitou ruins were discovered by my master, and I must go", after Xu Le finished speaking, Zhu Dingguo was stunned for a moment, and then thought clearly, yes, the teacher's biography, Mr. Xu Jiuri is the discoverer of the Erlitou ruins, and he can't help but be a little envious.

"In 1950, archaeologists discovered a new kind of relics for the first time at the Erligang site located in Erhuali, southeast of the old city of Zhengfu, because the Erligang site is the earliest typical site of this kind of cultural relics to be discovered, so in 1954 the name of the Erligang culture was proposed."

Zhu Dingguo continued: "The Erligang site, also known as the Zhengfu Mall site, was first discovered in 1951 and is divided into four phases. The absolute age of the Erligang culture is later than that of the Yanshi Erlitou site (the culture of the middle and late Xia period) and the site of Yanshi Mall (the pre-Shang or early Shang culture), and earlier than the late Shang culture of the Yinxu site in Anyang. ”

Xu Le sorted it in his mind, from south to north, from east to west, and continued to listen to Zhu Dingguo.

"Xu Deputy Office, look," he said, pointing to the area in front of him, "The city was discovered in 1955, the city site is an irregular pentagonal shape in the northeast corner, most of the city site is pressed under the city of Zhengfu today, and the city walls of individual sections are still high above the ground today. After dissection, the city wall of Zhengfu Mall is mostly built on flat ground, divided into two parts: the main wall and the slope protection, and there is no moat outside the city. ”

Xu Le was stunned, there was no trench, is this self-confidence or how?

"The city was built in the early section of the lower layer of Erligang, prospered in the late section of the lower layer of Erligang and the early section of the upper layer of Erligang, and was abandoned in the late section of the upper layer of Erligang, which is parallel to the culture of Erligang. Therefore, the city should be the residence of the Shang kings of all generations before the Tang Dynasty to Zhongding, and the Erligang culture can be determined as the culture of the early Shang generation."

"A few years ago, in 1990, another large site was discovered in the area of Xiaoshuangqiao Village, about 20 kilometers northwest of Zhengfu, with a total area of about 1,440,000 square meters. The site lasts for a short period of time, and is equivalent to the late stage of the upper layer of Erligang in terms of age. At that time, when the ancient city of Zhengfu and the ancient city of Yanshi corpse Xianggou were declining, in 1995, the site also found the Zhushu Taowen with the same system as the oracle bone inscription. The appearance of Shang generation writing is a little earlier. ”

Subsequently, Zhu Dingguo introduced that the ancient city of Panlongcheng, Huangpi, Jing'e, and Hubei discovered in 1954 and excavated in 1963 and 1974, can be used as a representative of some small city sites of the Erligang culture. The city is located on a small hill on the shore of Panlong Lake on the north bank of the Yangtze River. The same city sites as the ancient city of Huangpipanlongcheng also include the ancient city of Dongxia Feng in Xia County, Jinzhou, the ancient town of Yuanqu, and the ancient city of Fucheng in Jiaozuo, Yuzhou.

In addition to the above-mentioned royal capital and Fangguo capital or military town, Xi'an Laoniupo, Gaocheng Taixi, Zhecheng Mengzhuang, Jinan Daxinzhuang and other sites from the excavation data, should also be regional central settlements, although they have not found the city wall, but can not rule out the possibility of being the capital or important town of Fangguo.

Xu Le looked at the ruins in front of him, digging pits and enclosing the city walls, nodding constantly, and had a general impression. Feeling the breath here constantly flowing into the body, Xu Le still hurriedly compared the qi veins, he didn't want to absorb these now, there was no qi and blood, more of a kind of yin qi, not particularly good, not that there was any harm, it was worried that it would cause too much yang qi to dissolve, but the blood qi of the two in the body was not much, unless there was new blood and qi entering the body.

"What areas do the lower early and late stages of Erligang culture contain?" Xu Le asked Zhu Dingguo.

"The distribution range of the lower layer of Erligang in the early part is relatively small, mainly distributed in the Zhengfu-Yiluo line in the central and western part of Yuzhou Province, and also in the southwestern part of Shanxi Province and the eastern part of Guanzhong in Taibai. As mentioned earlier, the central and western parts of Yuzhou Province are the central distribution area of the Xia culture in Erlitou, and the early Shang culture occupied this area at the beginning of its formation, which is likely to indicate that for a period of time after the destruction of the Xia, the Shang Dynasty focused on the scope of the Xia residence. At this time, the Yanshi Mall, located near the ruins of Erlitou, is likely to be a special capital set up for the remnants of Xia. This is precisely the intrinsic need of the city to enter a period of prosperity at the beginning of its construction. ”

Xu Le listened to Zhu Dingguo's introduction and also had a preliminary understanding of Yanshi Mall.

"The distribution range of the lower layer of Erligang expanded in the late period, reaching the northernmost part of Yuzhou Province to the north, occupying the western part of eastern Henan and Jianghuai region to the east, and reaching the Yangtze River coast in northeastern Hubei Province to the south. The expansion of the distribution of Shang culture during this period was obviously aimed at the southeast and south. The Jianghuai region and the northeastern Anhui region near the northeast of Hubei Province are not only a major producing area of copper mines in China today, but also a famous copper production center in ancient times. ”

When Xu Le heard the word copper ore, he suddenly thought of Emperor Yao, San'a Zhinan, Danling, does this Dan mean red or refers to copper and iron ore? A little distracted, Zhu Dingguo looked at Xu Le, thinking that there was something wrong with what he said, Xu Le then smiled again and again and said, "I'm sorry, I was a little distracted just now, you continue"!

"By the time of the upper echelons of Erligang, the culture of Erligang had developed to its heyday, and the distribution range was further expanded. It extends north to the Huliu River basin north of the Taihang Mountains, and eastward to the western half of Qilu Province and the eastern part of the Jianghuai region. The wide distribution range of the Erligang culture in this period is incomparable to any archaeological culture before the Shang Dynasty. It is worth noting that the expansion of Shang culture to the north and its previous breakthrough into the Weihe River valley in the west during this period happened to form a pincer encirclement in the face of the Jin-Shaanxi Plateau. In connection with the frequent wars between the Late Shang Wuding period and the foreign races in the northwest, it is likely that the distribution of Shang culture at this time reflected the strategic intention of the Shang to contain the already powerful enemies in the northwest. At this time, Yanshi Mall and Zhengfu Mall were also in a prosperous period. It shows that the power of the merchant has reached its peak. ”

Xu Le shook his head, not particularly agreeing with this conclusion, "This is all speculation, not a real thing, many times it is forced, and it has no direct relationship with whether it is prosperous and strong"! Xu Le didn't follow Zhu Dingguo's words.

"Well, there's some truth to what you're saying. When the upper echelons of Erligang were late, the rapid momentum of the outward expansion of Shang culture weakened, but it only went deeper into the hinterland of Qilu. At this time, it was around the time of Shang Wang Zhongding and Wairen. Judging from the literature, around the time of the Shang King Zhongding-Hejia, the Dongfang Lanyi, Banfang and other Yi people continued to invade the Shang Dynasty, and the Shang Dynasty adopted the means of conquest against them. It is likely that it was accompanied by this large-scale military campaign that the power of the merchants penetrated deep into the land west of the Wei River. ”

"Due to the collision and integration of the Erligang culture with the original culture of the newly occupied area in the process of expanding its distribution, some new local types have emerged. Its core distribution area is the Zhengfu-Yiluo line, which can be represented by the Erligang site and called the Erligang type. In addition, the surrounding area can be divided into six local types: Beicun (Taibai), Dongxiafeng (Jinzhou), Daxinzhuang (Qilu), Taixi (Jizhou), Dachengdun (Huizhou), and Panlongcheng (Jing'e). These six types are like six petals, which are unfolded around the core of the flower, the 'Erligang type'."

"Is the carbon 14 measurement of Erligang done"?

"It has been done several times, and in terms of relative age, the Erligang culture is later than the Erlitou culture and earlier than the Yinxu culture. In terms of absolute age, there are not many carbon age data of Erligang culture, and the more reliable age range is 1600~1300 BC. It is equivalent to the reign time of twenty Shang kings before King Shang Chengtang to Pangeng Qianyin", after listening to Zhu Dingguo's words, Xu Le frowned again, "Then it can't be said that it is Wangcheng, this time frame is a bit large, there is a difference of three hundred years backwards, is there a deviation?" Xu Le was not particularly satisfied with this conclusion.

Then I didn't dwell on this question, "What have been unearthed here?"

Listening to Xu Le's words just now, Zhu Dingguo couldn't say anything, and the deviation was indeed a little big, "The main drawing is pottery based on sand and muddy gray pottery." Jomon is popular. The cooking utensils are mainly oblique abdomen, thin tires of the mustache, ring, and 斝 (鬲式斝); The receptacles mainly include large mouth zun, deep belly basin, gui (basin type), beans (including real belly beans and false belly beans), pinching jars, etc. Wine vessels have jue, (clay) 斝, rarely seen. There are also a small amount of glazed and hard pottery. The general trend of pottery evolution is that the pottery in the lower layer of Erligang is more thin and thin, while the pottery tire is generally thickened and the rope pattern becomes thicker in the upper layer of Erligang. The beard and the rings mostly evolved from curly round lips to folded square lips (and the neck of the mustache is mostly decorated with concentric circles), and the body shape developed from thin and tall to short and fat; The large mouth is thick and short, the shoulders are obvious, and the diameter is slightly equal to the shoulder diameter to the thin and tall body, the shoulders are degenerate, and the mouth is larger than the shoulder diameter. ”

In addition, from the current situation, its basic cultural characteristics include: the further popularity of bronze ware. Many new containers have appeared. A new kind of long strip with chisel end blade is added to the tool, such as catty, hammer, and fang; popular deep cellars; Earthen pit pit tombs, popular waist pits. Some tombs have the phenomenon of martyrdom and dog martyrdom; Killing animals and killing people to lay the foundation of a building; The bones are mainly made of cow bones, with burning and drilling, but no chisels."

Xu Le listened to Zhu Dingguo's introduction, and felt that it was still very detailed, he kept nodding, and it took almost an hour to listen to the overall introduction, and also exchanged some questions.

It was getting dark, and the two of them were walking back, when they suddenly heard a noisy sound outside, and wisps of smoke were rising, a little choking, Xu Le chuckled!