There are five main methods of paternity testing, among which the more common ones are blood group testing, DNA comparison, genetic marker testing, etc.

The first is the simplest blood group test.

Speaking of blood, it is estimated that many people will think of the ancient blood confession, which is sung badly in the play.

In fact, it was still a true thing in ancient times to recognize relatives by dripping blood, which began during the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

In ancient times, there were two methods of "blood recognition". One is called the drip bone method, and the other is called the blood method.

The bone drop method refers to dropping the blood of a living person on the bones of a dead person to observe whether it has penetrated, and if it can penetrate, it means that there is a blood relationship between parents, children, brothers, etc.

In the 16th episode of the first part of "The Criminal Officer of the Great Song Dynasty", Qianniang's husband was killed.

Song Ci found out the truth, Qianniang's father and Kui were the culprits, and He Kui was not Qianniang's biological father.

In the public court, Song Ci found the bones of Qianniang's biological father and examined them by the drip bone method. Qianniang pierced her finger, and the blood from her finger quickly seeped into the bones, confirming that Qianniang was related to the deceased.

To put it bluntly, the living and the dead recognize each other.

There is also a kind of recognition between living people and living people, which is called the "blood method", which is the favorite part of film and television dramas.

The practice is to drop the blood of two living people in the vessel to see if it is coagulated, if it is coagulated, it means that there is a parent-child brotherhood, and if it is not coagulated, there is no parent-child relationship, and it is beaten to death with a stick.

In fact, there is no scientific basis for these things, and I don't know how many innocent people have been killed in the past thousand years.

Like the "drip bone method", whether the bone is kept in the open air or buried in the mud, its soft tissues will decay and then dissolve and disappear. Without the protection of flesh and skin, the surface of the bones will be corroded and crispy, and blood, water, and urine can drip in.

The "blood method" is also very.

Blood is red because it contains a large number of red blood cells. Red blood cells are composed of hemoglobin and cell fluid, which contains electrolytes such as sodium ions and chloride ions, and the electrolyte concentration is about 0.9%, while the electrolyte concentration in clean water is 0.

We all know a physical phenomenon that water flows from low to high concentrations, so when blood drops into clear water, water molecules flow naturally into red blood cells.

The space in the red blood cells is limited, and when the water molecules entering reach a certain amount, the cell membrane that can no longer withstand the pressure will rupture, and the hemoglobin will flow freely after losing its barrier, and gradually disperse and distribute evenly in the water.

This is how two drops of blood come together.

In other words, in fact, anyone's blood will be combined.

Dripping bones and legal are not reliable, but blood type recognition is still reliable.

Blood group testing is to collect the blood of both subjects separately, and then compare the blood types of the identified and the compared person, which can generally determine the paternity.

Chen Qi once encountered such a patient in his previous life.

My 17-year-old son needed a liver transplant to save his life because of liver failure, but there was no suitable liver source for a while, and the patient had no time to wait.

Therefore, when the father is very determined to cut off part of his liver and give it to his son as a "living donor liver", he is a great father.

But when I did the test at that time, it was over, because my son had blood type O, my mother had blood type A, and my father was ...... AB blood group......

BGM sounded: "Beautiful grassland, my home~~ The water is clear and the grass is beautiful, I love it~~ The grassland is like a green sea~~ The felt bag is like a white lotus~~ The herdsmen depict a happy scene~~ The spring is picturesque~~Ah~~~~"

What is the final ending, the father, who knows the truth, left the hospital on the spot and sent a divorce agreement the next day.

A week later, my son died of liver failure at the age of 17 because he could not get a liver source......

The mother committed suicide by jumping off the building the same day after her son's death, at the age of 42......

When Dad later reappeared in the hospital, he cried loudly at the corpse of his wife (or ex-wife), not knowing whether he was crying about the destruction of his family, or crying about his grievances, or regretting that he was gone.

In short, the family is very miserable, so don't cheat, don't do bad things, sometimes the retribution is not unsuccessful, but the time has not come, harming others and yourself.

(I put the blood type paternity test form in the "author said", and there are readers who doubt whether their children are biological, you can compare them, haha.) ）

The second type of paternity test is called "DNA comparison".

Samples such as blood, saliva, and nails are collected, and the DNA sequences of the tested persons are sequenced, and the DNA sequences of the reference genome or other samples are compared to determine whether there is a kinship.

The accuracy is relatively high, but the cost is high and requires a lot of computational analysis.

Generally speaking, the proportion of non-paternity people who do paternity testing is very high, and the results are mostly unsatisfactory.

In China, the proportion of non-parents in all provinces and cities in the country exceeds 50%.

This illustrates a problem: the people who go to do the paternity test already have certain suspicions or evidence, and the paternity test is only to prove the result, so there is such a high percentage.

But from the ranking of domestic provinces, it is very interesting,

The highest proportion of non-paternity is in Wanwan Province, reaching 92.56%, and almost all those who go for paternity tests are confirmed to have no paternity.

The derailment rate of this bend province, tsk.

It seems that this province has been plagued by the culture of small days, and it was later renamed "Grassland Province" or "Green Island".

But the other provinces should not rejoice too soon, and it is not much better.

ranked second in Dongguang Province, which loves to make soup, with a non-parent-child ratio of 91.23%;

The third place is Northeast Tieziliao Province, reaching 91.09%;

In fourth place is a villager in Dongshan Province who loves to eat pancake rolls and green onions, reaching 91.04%.

The fifth place is still Northeast Tiezi, a native of Hei Province, with a non-parent-child rate of 90.57%,

This old lady in the Northeast is still quite tiger, and there are 2 seats in the top five, Hou Guifen, you are a ruthless silver~~~~

In the proportion of non-parent-child proportions, Guizhou Province ranks first in the southwest region, and ranks 7-11 on the list together with Shanghai, Zhejiang, Nanhe and Beihe Provinces.

This is related to the fact that there are many young people who have gone out to work in your province in recent years, and there have been a lot of extramarital affairs in other places temporarily or in their hometowns, so we should not only care about left-behind children and the elderly, but also care about left-behind women.

Men are working hard outside, his wife has found you a lot of brothers-in-law at home, you go out to work for 3 years, and your son is 1 year old when you come back, and the most tragic thing in life is this.

Shuchuan Province and Shuangqing City ranked 20th and 21st with about 76%, ranking in the middle and lower, showing that the loyalty of marriage is good.

Although the "Shudaoshan woman" has a hot temper, she has a good figure, white skin, and takes care of her family, so she seems to be an ideal spouse.

The most stable marriage is on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the proportion of non-biological children is the least visible, which is estimated to have a lot to do with faith.

Of course, it is also possible that this place is vast and sparsely populated, you can't meet a single person for ten days and half a month, and your neighbors are hundreds of kilometers away, so you just don't have a chance to do anything bad.

Haidong Province, where Chen Qi is located, also ranks relatively high, ranking 8th in the country, with a non-parent-child proportion of 87.62%.

This proportion is actually quite high, and a certain director should also take advantage of his own hospital to produce and sell his own products, and take the twins to test.

The third type of paternity test is called "genetic marker testing".

From a biological point of view, the genetic law of DNA from the same individual is basically the same and remains unchanged throughout life.

Therefore, the body tissues of the people who need to be tested for paternity, such as hair, skin, blood, etc., can be collected for genetic law identification, and the paternity relationship can generally be clarified.

This identification is more interesting because it can help you find ancestors hundreds or even thousands of years ago.

It can also help you determine if you are the descendant of a celebrity.

Can't be like Liu Bei, who has big ears, everywhere he goes, he is a descendant of Liu Sheng, King Jing of Zhongshan, and then he is a royal family, and he has the legal basis of the Son of Heaven?

, this is a good way to do "genetic marker testing", that is, to dig up Liu Sheng's tomb in Mancheng, Hebei, take out Liu Sheng's bones, and then make a DNA with Liu Bei.

Whether Liu Bei is Liu Sheng's descendant or not is a good or not thing that needs to be tested.

Similarly, if an archaeologist digs up an ancient tomb and finds the bones of a suspected tomb owner from more than 1,000 years ago, how do you determine who the owner of the tomb is?

The most famous thing about this is the tomb of Cao Cao.

The "Cao Cao Tomb" discovered in Anyang, Henan Province in 2009 is full of controversy over whether the owner of the tomb is Cao Cao because the tomb was seriously stolen.

At that time, part of the skeletons of a man and two women were found in the tomb, and the male skeleton died at the age of 60, which coincides with Cao Cao's death at the age of 66.

But netizens didn't believe that this was Cao Cao's bones, and even jokingly called this Cao Cao's tomb when he was a child.

So Fudan University did a "Cao Cao family DNA project".

The expert team collected venous blood samples from 280 men from 79 families surnamed Cao and 446 male volunteers with surnames such as Xiahou and Cao across the country, with a total sample size of more than 1,000 cases.

Why study the Cao Cao family, it is necessary to collect samples of the two surnames "Xiahou" and "Cao".

According to some historical records, Cao Cao's father was raised from the Xiahou family; In addition, there is a folk legend that the surname "Cao" is a branch of Cao Cao's descendants, so they simply sampled together.

The research team sorted out 258 genealogies with the surname Cao, screened out 8 Cao clan groups that supported genealogies and had a certain degree of credibility after historical analysis, and then tested their DNA.

Research shows that the ancestral intersection of six of the eight Cao families occurred between 1800 and 2000 years ago, when Cao Cao lived.

Science has also detected that these 6 families have a very rare chromosome type, indicating that they are from the same ancestor.

This is where the "genetic marker test" is applied.

It is the method of using the DNA of the modern people of the Cao family to reverse the DNA of the ancient Cao family, and Fudan University finally announced that "the DNA of the Cao Cao family has been determined".

Now that there is the DNA of the Cao Cao family, are the bones in the tomb in Anyang Cao Cao, don't they come out after comparing them?

When the people of the whole country were looking forward to it, it turned out that Gaoling, Anyang, Henan Province, was reluctant to test the DNA of the bones......

Blood type of a child born to a parent with a different blood type:

1. Type A and Type A - Type A, Type O;

2. Type A and Type B - Type A, Type B, Type O, Type AB;

3. Type A and AB - Type A, Type B, Type AB;

4. Type A and Type O - Type A and Type O;

5. Type B and Type A - Type A, Type B, Type O, Type AB;

6. Type B and Type B - Type B and Type O;

7. Type B and AB - Type A, Type B, Type AB;

8. Type B and Type O - Type B and Type O;

9. O type and A type - O type, A type;

10. Type O and Type B - Type O and Type B;

11. O type and AB type - A type, B type;

12. O-type and O-type - O-type;

13. AB type and A type - A type, B type, AB type;

14. AB type and B type - type A, type B, type AB;

15. AB type and AB type - type A, type B, type AB;

16. AB type and O type - A type, B type;

17. AB type and other types - type A and B type but not type O.