If it is an ordinary good citizen, who is improperly managed by the government and forced to make a tax resistance,

Then even if Fang Yizhi used force to kill a group of people and successfully suppressed it, then his official hat is estimated to be seriously affected.

Fortunately, during the absence of Shen Shuren, it was only Zhang Xianzhong's old ministry who surrendered who made trouble, and these people already had bad deeds, so as long as they can be extinguished, Shen Shuren can be suppressed, don't report to the court, and the right to be ugly should not be publicized.

However, things that summarize experience and learn lessons must still be done cautiously, Shen Shuren really attaches importance to this matter, so he carefully reviewed it with Fang Yizhi.

Fang Yizhi was also very helpless: "Last month, the cause of these people's troubles was that we in Huguang were too high in the proportion of rent collected for the Guantun that resettled the displaced people.

From Wuchang Mansion to Changsha Mansion, all the land granted by the government and the resettlement of displaced people to cultivate by themselves will be opened, and fifty percent of the rent will be collected for several years, and when the war is not tense and the military food is not in short supply, the tax will naturally be reduced.

If it was a homesteader who had owned the land in the local area before, naturally he didn't have to pay so much, as long as he collected it according to the normal national tax and the proportion of the three salaries fixed by the imperial court.

In addition, for those who need to plant new high-yield crops such as corn and potatoes, regardless of whether they get seeds from the government or not, they need to 'pour four or six' plus one percent of the rent, and the government will take sixty percent - considering that these yields are large, in fact, forty percent is left for farmers to ensure that they are not exploited by others, and they can produce with peace of mind. ”

The data that Fang Yizhi said were all recognized by Shen Shuren.

The regular tax in the Ming Dynasty was indeed not high, and if there was no additional apportionment, there would be no such thing as "the powerful do not pay taxes, and the apportionment will be doubled to the unprivileged", and the people would definitely be able to bear it.

After all, if you have to fight, if you don't pay so much, where will the military rations come from. As long as you can do a good job in production, there is no problem.

After all, the three prefectures of Changde and Hengzhou in Changsha have just been massacred by Zhang Xianzhong this year, and the population will be reduced by at least half, and the borderless land will be vacated for the government to distribute.

These displaced people who were distributed to the fields were no longer exploited by landlords, and individual yeoman farmers directly handed over their rents to the government, and there were no middlemen to make the difference.

Therefore, after Shen Shuren finished sorting out these data, he couldn't figure it out for the time being: "Just this proportion of tax and rent can directly force the resettlement of displaced people to rebel?" This is also too unbelievable, and the government has finally provided them with some farm tools so that they can produce as soon as possible. Could it be that when they were people, they would have borne significantly less rent? ”

Fang Yizhi sighed, with an expression of "Sure enough, you were also kept in the dark": "So, the problem is here-after the Changsha thieves were pacified, I inquired in many ways to gain an in-depth understanding of their early years in Shaanxi and Henan, and I found out."

In Shaanxi and Henan, of course, there will be no shortage of national taxes and three salaries, and because there are more displaced people and fewer people left, they will be apportioned more harshly. Therefore, in Shaanxi, the part that a poor peasant has to hand over to the imperial court and the government will only be more than ours.

But! In Shaanxi, since the beginning of the Apocalypse, and even as early as the end of Wanli, if a poor peasant rents the landlord's land, the part of the rent he gives to the landlord is already lower than in the south! In the south, under normal circumstances, the biggest burden on the common people is actually the part that the landless peasants give to the landlords, and the part that is given to the court and the government should be small. ”

Shen Shuren was taken aback: "How is it possible?" Could it be that the landlords in Shaanxi have a good conscience and can collect so much less rent? Then these people are used to seeing 'benevolent landlords' in Shaanxi, and they can't stand it when they get to Huguang?! ”

Shen Shuren felt very incredible, this statement was definitely beyond his intuition.

Fang Yizhi shook his head: "Of course it doesn't rely on 'benevolence', how can there be so many benevolent landlords in the world, it depends on Shaanxi's population since the end of Wanli, the population has been seriously exiled and starved to death, and it has gradually become sparsely populated."

The powerful could not control their tenants and did not run, so they had to reduce the rent to attract other powerful landlords to cultivate their own fields, so the landlords competed with each other, and the peasants' land rents became lower and lower. At the end of Wanli, Shaanxi was only reduced to the fourth landlord of the sixth farmer, and in the early years of Chongzhen, it was further reduced to the third landlord of the seventh farmer. ”

Shen Shuren suddenly realized:

During the Xiaoice period in the north, the land was sparsely populated, that is, the landlords were involved in each other, rushing to attract farmers to cultivate their own land.

In the south, there are relatively few disasters and the people do not run away, and there are many people and little land, that is, the peasants are involved in each other, rushing to farm the land for the landlords.

The people are many, and the earth is many,

Which factor of production is not scarce is the same factor of production, this natural principle, MKS has said.

But soon, in Shen Shuren's mind, a greater incomprehension emerged: the landlords have reduced their rents, why are the peasants in Shaanxi unable to survive even more? Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong all came out of there, this can't be faked, right?

Naturally, he asked this question.

Fang Yizhi also seemed to have expected this question a long time ago, and directly took out a volume of notes, which turned out to be Sun Chuanting's work, which is estimated to be included in the "Jianlaolu" in later generations, or it may be "Baigu Collection", which has not yet been officially named.

Fang Yizhi spread Sun Chuanting's book there and said: "I have also read a lot of Governor Sun's notes in his early years, which mention that he has been in Shaanxi for many years, raising military rations, supervising the details of taxes and persuading farmers, some of the contents, I couldn't understand it originally, but now I understand his hardships."

Governor Sun was curious back then: why since the early years of Chongzhen, whenever he went to various places in Shaanxi, he saw that the people were farming, and they never repaired the water conservancy, and the landlords wanted to repair it, but they couldn't organize it. Even many people farming do not apply fertilizer at all, but just sow thin seeds casually.

Within a few years, the fertility of the land is exhausted, and there is a lack of stable irrigation, the dry year is completely barren, there is no grass and tree root system to fix the soil, the surface layer of good soil is turned into floating soil, and the next year there is more water and the floating soil is washed away, and then it becomes loess and sand. Good ground turned into bad ground.

Then, because the land is vast and sparsely populated, and the people have no surplus wealth and are not afraid of migration, and they are not afraid of no land to plant wherever they go, a small number of tricky people, after a piece of land has become yellow sand soil for three years, they will change to a township and county as a homeless person, and no one knows the place, and then disguise it as good, find a new landlord to rent land, and then change places after planting for another year or two.

Speaking of conscience, most of the people in Shaanxi, in fact, were pure and simple in nature at the beginning, and they didn't want to, but a small number of deceitful people were mixed in, and the government couldn't ban it, and if someone became an honest person, the landlord might not be able to guarantee that 'I will fertilize and maintain the water conservancy fields well, and I can always give them to me to plant in the future'.

Perhaps when he promised to fertilize and build water conservancy, the main condition for asking the land was that 'I would only receive 20% or 30% of the land rent', and the landlord pretended to agree at first in order to deceive people into fertilizing and maintaining water conservancy when planting the land.

But once the land is maintained, and after a few years, a homeless person comes next door, and at first the price is higher, pretending to be willing to give the landlord 40% of the rent, and the landlord may 'pity these poor people' and exchange the good land for them to plant.

The peasants who originally applied fertilizer and maintained water conservancy on this good land could not protect their interests in 'permanently renting this land'. Whether they are farmers or landlords, they are all good people who have no good reward, and the honest ones starved to death first, and finally in the past 20 years, the waves washed the sand, Shaanxi was left with loess, and the good people and gentry also starved to death, and the more tricky and vicious they were, the more they could survive. ”

After listening to this tirade, Shen Shuren was completely shocked. He was afraid that Fang Yizhi would not summarize it correctly, so he specially spread out the notebook of Sun Chuanting and carefully studied and compared.

After a long time, he finally determined that all these were the simplest effects of later economics:

For the landlords, it was the tragedy of the commons;

For the peasants, it was bad money driving out good money.

To take the simplest example, ordinary officials in later generations can also understand: as long as they have stayed in the countryside in later generations, or at least seen farmers complaining about agricultural disputes on Douyin, they generally know these common sense.

In the 21st century, generally renting one acre of land in China, depending on the quality of the land, the cheapest is about four or five hundred land rents a year, and the expensive good land is seven or eight hundred or nearly a thousand.

But there is a kind of land that is particularly expensive, that is, renting to grow watermelons, almost all of which cost at least 1,500 yuan per mu per year in China.

This is because modern watermelons can absorb nutrients and wastes in the land, and after planting watermelons for a year, they should be fallow for a year, and then rotate leguminous plants to fix nitrogen and increase fertilizer to restore soil fertility. No matter how good the field is, it will take six or seven years to plant watermelons in one round of watermelons, and even six or seven years will take six or seven years to plant watermelons again.

Therefore, the land rent to the melon farmers is very expensive, 1500 a year, in order to collect the rent of the subsequent years of land cultivation in advance. And the most vicious scammers will often tell the lessor when they sign the contract to take the land to plant something else, if the lessor is negligent in supervision, they will secretly change to grow watermelons, and then only rent for a year, squeeze the land dry and plant waste and run away with a bucket to change places.

The land lease disputes that Shen Shuren swiped on Douyin in later generations that caused big things were basically broken by stealing watermelons.

And the problems that exist in Shaanxi today, in nature, are actually similar to the logic of fraud and stealing watermelons. At the beginning, a small number of traitors who were good at fraud took advantage of the lack of population and used a relatively high promised land rent to deceive good land to plant, but in fact, they used the destructive method of fishing with all their resources, and after a few years they ran away with buckets.

And then whoever is honest suffers, and the honest person can't survive, and finally he is forced to imitate.

In the final analysis, it was the laws of the Ming Dynasty that were too imperfect, the government's regulations on household laws were too crude and rigid, and there was no more perfect "perpetual tenant" clause like the later Qing Dynasty, nor was there a Western "easement" clause.

There is one thing to say, although Shen Shuren is an imperial Han, even before he crossed, his feelings for the Ming Dynasty absolutely crushed the Qing Dynasty. But on economic issues, Zhu Yuanzhang, a guy with a strong desire to control and who doesn't understand anything, has really been a disaster for the Ming Dynasty for hundreds of years.

The economic governance of the Ming Dynasty, as long as there is a fraction of the flexibility, encouragement, and clarity of the Song Dynasty, will not end up in this dead way.

Zhu Yuanzhang's hatred of businessmen and the protection of subdivided economic rights and interests are too backward. He also did not allow the change of the Ming Law, but only allowed it to be added, so that the emperors of later generations had no choice, and the bureaucracy was happy to see it happen, wishing that this would be done and the mud would give them more room for operation.

If the laws of the Ming Dynasty had been a little more lenient and finer, and more protective of rights that have not yet been defined, then these situations would definitely be different.

For example, if the government strictly enforces the law, "If the peasants sign a contract with the landlord, and I promise to apply fertilizer every year, and I promise to work for two months every year to maintain the water conservancy and irrigation system in this area, then you have to ensure that I can plant this field for at least 20 years, and I cannot change people and land because others promise to pay higher rents than me."

In this way, it is equivalent to the "perpetual tenant right" that at least has the perfection of the Qing Dynasty, and the peasant will not worry that the long-term labor he has paid on this land and the benefits that will take a long time to return to the original will be taken away and transferred away halfway.

Just like in later generations, the law of a country should stipulate that after the shopkeeper rents the house, the landlord cannot increase the rent before the expiration of the depreciation and aging period of the decoration, then there will be people in the country's physical store business who can do it well and with a long-term mentality.

If you are allowed to increase the rent casually after the renovation is completed, then who doesn't want to make quick money in a short period of time? Kill the goose that lays the golden egg? Of course, he grabbed a ticket and ran away with a bucket.

Of course, rights and obligations are relative, and while strictly enforcing the law and legislating, and severely punishing landlords who "arbitrarily sublease land with the added value of peasants' long-term labor."

For those farmers who took the lead in stealing and sliding the land and did not apply fertilizer at the beginning, or were similar to the later generations of "fraudulent watermelon planting and destroying cultivated land", they should also be severely punished.

It is absolutely not because he is a peasant, he is absolutely right, and does not punish - to punish the cunning traitors among the few peasants is precisely to protect the honest people among the majority of the peasants, so that they will not be driven out by bad money.

Because if the gangsters are not punished by law, the landlords will treat all honest peasants as gangsters, beware of them, and raise prices in the future.

For example, although the law of later generations will not punish people who "get pregnant when they first enter the company", which is legal, over time, women's choice of employment opportunities will be depressed overall. In the end, it is the simple and honest among most women who pay for the actions of these tricky people.

It is also difficult to imagine that in the 21st century, if a large contractor who contracts land planting secretly defaults on the contract, signs a contract to plant other crops, gets the land at a low price, and finally secretly changes to a destructive crop such as watermelon, and sues the court, this kind of fraudulent contractor will definitely be severely punished and compensated.

The departure of Shen Shuren is nothing more than to confirm rights and responsibilities, settle disputes and stop disputes, give honest people more protection, and severely punish fraudulent leasing and fraudulent leasing.

After thinking about all this, Shen Shuren finally figured out how to solve it, and also understood what happened in Shaanxi and in the field of agricultural production in the late Ming Dynasty in history.

Shen Shuren had also seen a lot of objective facts about the deterioration of cultivation conditions in Shaanxi in his previous life, in fact, he had heard about it before he crossed, but in those books, this matter was often explained as

"The natural disaster in Shaanxi is too serious, it is not easy for farmers, and the harvest ratio is not up to one to six or seven, that is, to sow a bucket of millet as seeds, and the harvest at the end of the year is less than six or seven buckets, and the capital can not be recovered. So they have to have a reason, they really can't live."

Are these historical data objective facts? Objective facts, of course.

But such a simple and rude writer, this single interpretation idea, in order to please readers from peasant backgrounds to spend money to read books, is shameless enough.

What's more, the law is too model, the law enforcement is too arbitrary, and honest people have no basis to be protected by the law, and in the end everyone has to be forced to trick up. At first, there were only a very few, a handful, and in the end, most of them were forced out by bad money and good money.

Shen Shuren is not afraid of offending people, he never shy away from saying that he just wants to severely punish those who take the lead in tricking, even if they are farmers, he doesn't feel that punishment violates zzzz.

"Pass on my order, although it should be slowly legislated and improved, and strictly enforced in the future, but in troubled times, it is necessary to use heavy codes, and this has happened recently, so I have to pick a few typical examples to show to the public first.

In the two months at the end of the year, in Wuchang Prefecture, Changsha Prefecture, Yueyang Prefecture, there was a surprise investigation to see if there were any landlords who had 'tricked the tenants into building water conservancy and fertilizing their fields frequently', but in the end, after the peasants had paid their labor, they subleased the land to other landlords at higher rents.

Whoever encounters it must be arrested and punished severely, and those who can be beheaded must be beheaded, and they must be shown to the public.

We have a bowl of water to deceive the landlords who infringe on the peasants' perpetual tenant rights, and the peasants who promise to participate in water conservancy construction, promise to apply fertilizer when planting, and finally do not repair and do not apply, and deceive and destructive development. After killing people and deterring them, we will officially take the opportunity to announce the new laws and regulations, affirming all counties and townships.

Explain to the people who are originally from Shaanxi that it makes sense that we farm here and collect high rents. Because our land is good, our efforts to maintain water conservancy and fertile fields here have a long-term guarantee, others can't take it away, and if you don't agree, you can't exchange land with you, and you can plant this field forever.

Therefore, we must take care of the field as our own, and we can't use the mentality of planting for two years to change the land and destroy the land. Mencius said, those who have constant production have perseverance, those who do not have permanent production have no perseverance, there is no permanent production, and it is all necessary to ward off evil and extravagance! That's it!

A piece of land, only if it is guaranteed to be rented by him forever, will he protect it well! The biggest harm of the displaced people is that they have undermined the enthusiasm of the peasants to protect the land, and they only think about destroying the land!

If Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong continue to make trouble without constant production and perseverance, a hundred years later, Shaanxi will completely become a loess plateau! ”

Shen Shuren's policy can be described as loud, and it also makes Fang Yizhi admire.

It is estimated that if people like Shen Shuren are allowed to legislate and enforce the law in the future, then the landlords who increase the rent casually after others have renovated their shops, and the melon farmers who fraudulently change to watermelons after renting land at a low price, will be severely punished by him.

He is very fair, and the tricky lessor will punish severely, and the tricky lessee will also be severely punished, and he does not take sides.

——

ps: Today's question is not to be overturned, but to see so many articles in the late Ming Dynasty that do not explain the economic principles of the destruction of displaced people, and I don't vomit or be unhappy.

If you accidentally have more than 5,000 words in a chapter, it's not easy to dismantle, so don't dismantle it, so be it for today.

I've tried to be as stable as possible, and I've even emphasized it a little bit because I'm going to be a little verbose. But I know that according to the tonality of the flow, there will definitely be people who spray me who is inconsiderate of the farmers, and I admit it.

This is a complicated world, a bowl of water is level, pointing out the bad guys on both sides, and often the result is that both sides are offended. To tell the truth, this is the end, but fortunately, I admit that my grades are poor.

To put it mildly, in my previous discussions on some issues of property law and economic principles, it was often said that "the tenant scolded me for being biased towards the landlord, and the landlord of the lease also scolded me for favoring the tenant".

It is also a skill for a person to be scolded by both the leased vested interest and the leased vested interest at the same time.

It makes me wonder if there are no vested interests in this world, because they all feel that they are the losers and the disadvantaged group, so they want to spray me back.