Chapter 371: What Prince E thinks about is not what he thought about when he was alive
With the Manchu puppet capital of Shengjing being broken by the Ming Dynasty, the Manchu rule in the Liaohe Plain also collapsed.
However, it will take a few more months to stake the rest of the relatively fertile plains.
And when the war in Shengjing City completely subsided, it was already the middle of November of the ninth year of Longwu.
The cold weather in the northeast is well known, and the Xiaoice period has just eased during the Longwu period, but the weather is still generally colder than normal.
Thanks to Liaodong, after all, it is still closer to the sea, and it can still be ten to twenty degrees warmer than Jilin and Heilongjiang in later generations, so that the army can be maintained in the eleventh lunar month. Otherwise, if it gets cold, you can freeze your fingers, nose and ears when you go out.
After all, the Northeast is still very large, and the three eastern provinces in later generations combined have more than 800,000 square kilometers, and if you count the Inner Mongolia part of the Northeast, there will be a total of 1.45 million.
Therefore, the latitude difference between the southernmost and northernmost parts of the Northeast can also exceed 1,500 kilometers, which is basically equivalent to the latitude difference from Beijing to Fujian. It is not surprising that the minimum temperature of winter varies by almost 20 degrees.
If Heilongjiang can reach minus 40 degrees in winter, it will correspond to minus 20 degrees in Liaodong.
Zhu Shuren is still sympathetic to the soldiers, so he explained to Li Dingguo and others before the war that as long as Shengjing is ensured, all the remaining offensive actions can be ended before the arrival of Layue.
Then let the troops move to the defensive position and maintain law and order in the area that has just been occupied. Ensure that the soldiers can nest in the city to warm up in the moon, and at most send some people out of the city to chop firewood during the day to ensure fuel, and others can not go out of the city without leaving the city, so as not to freeze to death and frostbite if the soldiers born in the south are not cold tolerant.
After Li Dingguo's ministry also strictly implemented this order, after taking Shengjing in early mid-November, it only took 20 days to expand the results of the battle, and wiped out Fushun, Tieling, and other places.
Only Wu Sangui's department is a little bolder, but it is mainly a veteran of the Guanning Army who still has more than 10,000 people under Wu Sangui, these people were originally born in Liaodong and are relatively cold-resistant, and they can circle a few more counties in Layue, which is a special situation.
In addition, after Wu Sangui broke through all parts of Liaodong, he also incorporated some anyway troops, mainly veterans of the old Ming army who surrendered to the Manchu Qing Dynasty with the Zu Dashou family ten years ago.
Pick some that are relatively less unruly and a little malleable, and re-integrate them, which is also convenient for the follow-up to use the local border army in the northeast to pursue the remnants of the Manchu Qing in the Songnen Plain, so as to avoid the low morale of outsiders who have served for thousands of miles for a long time.
The subsequent pursuit of Hauge's remnants may continue for several years. It is too costly to let the southern soldiers fight this kind of vigilant pursuit and search warfare all the time. In the words of the locals, even the difficulty of replenishment can be lowered by a notch, and since the world has been decided, it is not good to spend money indiscriminately, these details must be considered.
After Tieling, Fushun and other places are settled, other small counties can wait for the spring of next year to be less cold, and then slowly clean up and absorb them.
……
The words are divided into two ends, Li Dingguo and Wu Sangui are divided in Liaodong, and the captured puppet emperor Fulin is not qualified for them to dispose of.
Therefore, Li Dingguo only let Fulin stay in Shenyang for a short period of seven or eight days, which was used as a signboard to summon the surrounding counties, and then let the elite cavalry escort him back to Beijing to wait for Zhu Shuren's fate.
The name of Shenyang, of course, was also ordered by Zhu Shuren before the war, and it was changed back to this name the next day after the destruction of Shengjing City - this place was originally called Shenyang Wei before the year of the Apocalypse, and it was called Shengjing when it was set as a pseudo-capital after being broken by Nuer Hachi, and now it is no problem to return to the Ming Dynasty and call back the original name.
The envoy who reported on the situation of the war arrived in Beijing on 19 November, escorted Fulin's escort, and walked for more than ten days before arriving at the beginning of the lunar month. After Zhu Shuren received the report, he naturally had to transfer it to Nanjing, and at the same time asked if he could leave Fulin in Beijing, so that he could get to other generals of the Qing army who were not attached to Zhao'an.
The good news was sent from Beijing on the fifth day of the first lunar month, and the 600 miles were rushed to Nanjing on the tenth day of the first month, and the good news was finally brought at the end of the ninth year of Longwu, and it is estimated that Emperor Longwu and Shi Kefa and other important ministers of the cabinet can also have a good year.
Emperor Zhu Changshu of Longwu decreed that the grain tax of the whole country would be exempted for one year next year (the grain required by the imperial court was changed to the government to be purchased at a regular price) to show that the whole world celebrated.
Prisoners in all parts of the world have also been granted a first-class amnesty, with commutation of sentences for serious crimes and release for minor crimes as appropriate.
All the soldiers of the Ming Dynasty were rewarded with an additional half a year's salary, and the civil officials also added half a year according to the normal salary-
The latter money is a small amount, and the imperial court can afford it, who makes the book salaries of officials in the Ming Dynasty very low, in fact, the main income is all greedy, and that dead salary is useless. A magistrate is only worth a few taels to a dozen taels per month, which is a fart.
Since the book salary is low, this person is happy to do it. The household department calculated that all officials in the country would be paid an additional half-year's book salary, which would be more than 2 million taels of silver.
Although this money is a lot, it is definitely worth taking it compared to the great achievement of destroying the country, after all, the Ming Dynasty has never destroyed this level of universal celebration in the future - this is the most murderous enemy who almost killed the Ming Dynasty, and the potential enemies of the other feudal barbarians are incomparable.
The only ones who didn't get polished by the way were those vassal clans. Who made the nominal salary of the vassal clans too high, tens of thousands of taels a year, even if the number is small now, the emperor is not willing to be the head of this wrong. The name of a prince can be as big as hundreds of county orders, which is too pitiful.
But no one dared to oppose this decision, because Zhu Shuren was also a vassal king, and he also took the lead in taking a preventive shot, hoping that the emperor would not reward him because of his status as a prince when he granted amnesty to the world and distributed money to the whole world. He only takes what he deserves for his decision.
The king of E has made great achievements, and he is so humble and clear, and the other vassal kings are embarrassed to extend this hand?
After the amnesty and rewards are completed, there is one major event left in the end, that is, the addition of officials to meritorious officials.
However, considering that Zhu Shuren has not yet returned, and the main meritorious generals in front are still suffering, Shi Kefa came forward to ask the emperor to suspend this issue, and Zhu Changshu agreed.
He just made a statement at the court meeting, saying that the credit at the current stage is in his eyes, but he will not treat the heroes badly if he waits for the final sweep and Zhu Shuren returns to Beijing next year.
And other matters requested by Zhu Shuren were also approved, allowing him to detain Fulin in Beijing for a long time without having to be transported back to Nanjing for trial. At the same time, he also gave Fu Lin a rebel to ensure his basic living treatment.
……
The will was sent back to Beijing, it was already the end of the ninth year of Longwu, and Zhu Shuren was not in a hurry to interrogate Fulin in the cold winter. For the Chinese New Year, who wants to work this kind of shift, anyway, the northeast is cold, at least in the third lunar month of the next year, military operations can be resumed, and before that, Fulin is completely useless.
Zhu Shuren took his wife and concubine safely, spent a good year in the city of Beijing, rewarded the soldiers, boosted morale, rectified internal affairs, checked the spoils of war by the way, and waited for the Lantern Festival before proceeding to interrogate Fulin.
Not to mention, during the Chinese New Year, Zhu Shuren checked the treasury of the Shengjing puppet treasury sent back by Li Dingguo, as well as the savings of the yamen of the puppet Qing Dynasty's unique "Internal Affairs Office", which was so large that it really shocked Zhu Shuren.
Three years ago, when the puppet Qing Dynasty abandoned the city of Beijing and fled, they plundered and looted Beijing in the end, and robbed all the remaining Han dignitaries and nobles in the capital, so they gained a lot.
Although it is not as big as Li Zicheng's income at the beginning, there are still tens of millions of taels, after all, almost all the rich people in the hinterland of Hebei have been killed. In addition, the Qing Dynasty Internal Affairs Office has always had a lot of private rooms.
These gold, silver and jewelry, in the next three years, also spent a lot, used to violate the trade embargo of the Ming Dynasty, to find border traitor merchants to smuggle goods.
However, because of the lack of supply, Zhu Shuren was relatively strict, and only a small number of fish hooks they put could be traded smoothly, and most of the other traitor merchants would be searched and killed, so that some people in the high-level of the Qing court regretted it:
There are no industrial products in Northeast China, and there is a shortage of food, so I knew that I had withdrawn from Beijing to transport more practical materials and equipment, and the gold, silver and jewelry that were shipped did not have much place to spend at all.
Now that the three-year period has expired, Zhu Shuren finally raided his home, and found that at least twenty or thirty million taels of property were still spent, and this number was already between Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong's stolen goods. And the puppet Qing Dynasty Internal Affairs Office is still worth more than 10 million taels, and if you add this part, it is not less than Li Zicheng at all.
Daming suddenly got an extra wealth of 40 million taels, which can be worth the country's agricultural and commercial taxes for nearly two years. Even if all the rewards and additional salaries for soldiers and officials are deducted, there will still be 27,800,000,000 taels left, which is still more than a year's agricultural and commercial tax.
With this large sum of silver, after the Qing Dynasty is completely wiped out, the Ming Dynasty will be able to recover its vitality more quickly and carry out in-depth control and construction of the Northeast. In the future, we will be able to recover more quickly and gradually expand.
……
The day after the Lantern Festival, after sorting out the stolen goods sent back by Li Dingguo, Zhu Shuren finally took the time to meet with the captive Fulin, and set up a banquet to suppress the shock, persuading him to cooperate with the Ming Dynasty and be the "puppet emperor of the Manchu Dynasty".
"Fulin, are you guilty? Over the years, if it weren't for the fact that Dolgon and Hauge were the actual rulers, you would have been punished for your crimes on the day you were captured! Now that you are still willing to repent and sincerely, I will give you a chance, and I hope you will do it yourself.
I am a civilized state, a state of etiquette, a teacher has always been famous, obedient to the people, hanging the people to fight crimes, to obey the disobedience, everything is not restrained. If you can cooperate obediently, this courtesy of the marquis can be used for a lifetime, and it can be passed on to future generations. ”
As soon as it comes up, it is still necessary to count, and it has to give the other party a dismount, grace and power, and finally convince people, this job can be done better and more subjectively.
Fu Lin is still young, a little admitted, at the beginning he was already like ashes, but listening to Zhu Shuren's high-sounding words, it seemed a little hypocritical, he couldn't help but refute, wanting to expose Zhu Shuren's hypocrisy:
"Lord E, the king of the dead country is not brave, and he is now a fish and meat, and he has nothing to say. The Ming swords are sharp, not my clear enemy, the world knows. However, if you have to say that you are clearly a country of etiquette, obedient to the people, and famous, why bother? ”
He didn't dare to say anything serious, but he was not convinced in his heart, a big fist is a big fist, and they were shameless in the Qing Dynasty, so they were proud of their fists. But Zhu Shuren obviously relied on his fists and told him about righteousness, which is disgusting.
Zhu Shuren couldn't help laughing, in terms of mouth cannons, the Han people have never been afraid.
The other party is a prisoner, and under normal circumstances, there is no need to talk too much, this is just for the sake of the value of the other party's surrender, so he is like Wara to Baozong, give a little patience, and let the other party be convinced.
"It seems that the rebel is still unconvinced. Lonely today does not sin with words, and gives you a chance. ”
Zhu Shuren wanted to give the other party a chance to speak, but the staff next to him chased after him, and Gu Yanwu first rushed to echo and make up for a few words:
"You once stole the Central Plains, falsely claimed to be a false life, and watched the artifact, shouldn't you be guilty of destroying the disaster! I avenge the death of the first emperor, even if I destroy your entire clan. Now that Your Majesty and the King of E have given the remnants of your clan a chance to repent and rehabilitate themselves, isn't it a great grace of heaven? ”
The reason for the Ming Dynasty's reconquest of the lost land is upright, the pseudo-Qing Dynasty was originally a Ming vassal usurped and self-reliant, and it was not right at the root from the beginning of Nuer Hachi, so Fulin has nothing to say, and the Ming Dynasty should fight no matter how it wants.
He felt that Da Ming was hypocritical, and he could only grab one or two small points and choke a few words:
"Da Ming wants to do something to me, there is nothing to say, the defeat is incompetent, and he deserves to be destroyed. Lone just thinks that there are some places that don't need to be whitewashed, so how about being more open?
Since our Qing Dynasty retreated to Liaodong four years ago, we did not dare to infringe on the territory controlled by the Ming Dynasty in the slightest, and the two countries have also ceased war for a long time. If the Ming Dynasty insists on my Liaodong land, he can naturally send an envoy to discuss and ask for it in a dignified manner.
In the end, despite the misery of the people, they launched a surprise attack in order to plunder the breached city. In the end, what do you say about a dignified teacher, who responds to the heavens......"
Gu Yanwu directly grabbed Bai and interrupted: "How could my great tomorrow soldiers have sneak attack!" The battle of last year was originally a sudden change, and it was found that your pseudo-Qing colluded with Chahar and Horqin Mongolia, violated our Ming embargo, and conspired to steal military funds!
I also cherish the lives and family wealth of the people at the border, and I am forced to fight back immediately! What's more, you don't know if you colluded with the Horqin Ministry! It took me a month or two to fight Mongolia with my Ming soldiers, and I'm afraid you have already taken advantage of this time to strengthen your defense and resist the heavenly soldiers, and you still have the face to say that you are sneak attacking? ”
Fu Lin couldn't help but laugh when Gu Yanwu said it: "You explain that the army is to expand the pursuit of the Mongolian Horqin Department that violated the embargo, so it killed the border and fought with me all the way?" Do you believe this?
Your court is far away in Nanjing, and the prince of Hubei did not come to Beijing in person at that time, right? The border generals in the north have suddenly received new evidence of guilt from the Mongols, shouldn't they consult your court, and then decide to make peace?
In such a big war, could it be that the border generals could decide to start the war on their own? After your country captured the hometown of Duoyan Zhuwei, it was only three or four days away from re-attacking Jinzhou, if your country's decision to go to war was not foreseen and ordered in advance by your imperial court, would they still dare to make their own opinions? ”
When Gu Yanwu heard this, he was also slightly shocked, he didn't expect that this Fu Lin had been a puppet emperor for ten years, and he actually had some brains, and he could see a little flaw from here.
Indeed, when the Ming Dynasty first attacked Mongolia to find an excuse to start a new war, it was also to boost internal morale with the same enemy, and after fighting Mongolia, he directly rushed across the border between Tongliao and Jinzhou, and continued to fight the Manchu Qing, without giving the Qing people a chance to breathe.
This is also because after the offensive is launched, the momentum is like a bamboo, and it will definitely be militarily disadvantageous to follow the process, and the lives of the soldiers cannot be wasted for the sake of false fame.
But if you put it up in detail, this is also a place to goof. Although history is written by the victors, and the victors can be blameless, it is better to make up for the stains that can be made up - sometimes this is not for the sake of the enemy, but for oneself, for the sake of future generations, so that they can better control the military department and prevent the occurrence of "going alone".
Therefore, Zhu Shuren really made up for this loophole in advance.
Gu Yanwu couldn't help but cast an admiring look at the prince, and then proudly and solemnly announced to Fu Lin:
"Of course, it is impossible for my Ming Imperial Court to know in advance that the Horqin Department is still colluding with you! When Liu Guoneng was asked to send troops to Chahar and Horqin, the order he gave was indeed only to attack Mongolia first, and he was not asked to start a full-scale war with your puppet Qing again!
Therefore, this matter was Liu Guoneng and others who privately expanded the war, and my Ming court just recognized it after the fact, and also punished Liu Guoneng and other generals for this matter! ”
Of course, this so-called "punishment" is obviously a play made up by Zhu Shuren. Punish it on the surface, and once the limelight passes in the future, it should be promoted more and rewarded more, or it should be given in the same way. Zhu Shuren will not actually pit meritorious generals and confidants.
As soon as Gu Yanwu's words came out, Fulin was finally completely shocked, and it was also quite subversive.
It turns out that there is really such a civilized and ceremonial state in the world? Does the teacher have to be famous? Such a country actually turned over a shameless barbarian like him in the Qing Dynasty in the end? How can it be?
Liu Guoneng ...... Actually because he made the decision and started a war with me in advance, he was punished by your Ming court? When Fu Lin confirmed this sentence, his tone was a little dazed.
Gu Yanwu said without blushing: "Of course, with the imperial court's edict as proof, can there be fake?" And it was issued a few months ago, otherwise how could Liu Guoneng not be able to participate in the Battle of Shengjing? And let it to Li Dingguo and other ministries?
In the Tang Dynasty in the past, Li Deyu sat in Xichuan, privately opened the border provocation, provoked Tibet, although he got several states, the Tang court still reprimanded him, although he won and blamed! I have a strict law in the Ming Dynasty, and I will convince people with virtue, how can I allow the border generals to decide on their own to fight and peace! Merit should be promoted, and if there is a mistake, it will be punished, and everything will be one yard! ”
Fu Lin was finally said to be full of shame, and the contempt in his heart was completely dissipated, and he was convinced that he was willing to cooperate with Daming and be responsible for calling the door.
……
Half a month later, Fulin was brainwashed and reformed in Beijing to eat and drink well, and as the time entered early February, Zhu Shuren asked the military generals to escort him to the remaining cities in Liaodong to call the door.
In other places in Liaodong where there was still sporadic resistance, seeing that the original emperor was held by the Ming army, and he was in a state of convincing, and he could still tell a set of remorse truths, the army's morale collapsed and surrendered.
After the territory on the Liaohe Plain was completely settled within a few months, Huang Degong and Li Dingguo returned to Fulin and continued to try their luck with the surrounding Mongols, and after they were done, they were sent to the Songnen Plain to break the morale of the remnants of Haoge.
In the city of Beijing, when Gu Yanwu finally knew how all this was going smoothly, he couldn't help but be impressed, and more incomprehensible questions popped up, and he couldn't help but ask Zhu Shuren for advice:
"Lord Wang, I didn't expect that my Ming Dynasty was invincible in the world, and in the end, I had to pay attention to these details, and temporarily depreciate and secretly promoted General Liu Guoneng, and I could also reap such a miraculous effect of convincing people with virtue.
I used to read history, and I read that the Tang Dynasty was reprimanded by the Tang Dynasty because of Li Deyu's private provocation and the recovery of several prefectures in western Sichuan occupied by Tibet, but it was often interpreted as a party struggle between Niu and Li, which was a manifestation of darkness at the end of the Tang Dynasty, but I didn't expect it to have a deep meaning? ”
Zhu Shuren didn't want to say more: "How about the late Tang Dynasty, it's hard to say lonely, they may not be worthy of deep meaning, but of course lone action has deep meaning, you just learn to do it, and if you don't understand, implement it." ”
He was a man who was familiar with the 24 histories, and knew the importance of doing so.
Many traversers like to be tough and shameless in diplomacy, and feel that there are benefits and just grab turf.
It is also easy to interpret Zhu Shuren's diplomatic face as "not benefiting from face, restricting foreign expansion, the industrial age is coming, this is self-defeating martial arts".
But Zhu Shuren never said that if he guided the development of the Ming Dynasty like this, it would lead to not expanding!
Expansion is certainly about expansion!
Moreover, when the demand for industrialized raw material supply and product dumping becomes prominent, private capital will spontaneously expand, which cannot be stopped at all. The government only needs to manage the general sluice gates to prevent flooding, and it is impossible to irrigate the water from being insufficient.
If there is no productive force, it is a dream to expect the relations of production to expand on their own, and if the productive forces come up, they will have to expand if they do not expand. Instead of worrying about not expanding in the future, we should worry about whether science and technology can climb to the first echelon in the world in the future, and whether the productivity can be the strongest and most expansive.
Zhu Shuren's diplomatic gatekeeping proposition is, at most, that, first, expansion should not be subjected to a positive feedback loop from the underlying political logic, which is strengthened by the Matthew effect and the flywheel effect.
It has to be explained in the past that "if people don't offend me, I won't offend, and if people offend me, I will offend people", you have to find a good excuse, and do a full set of acts.
For example, this time, Liu Guoneng will leave a truth, then block it in advance, never leave a problem in the current world or in the history books, why not plug the leak.
And in fact, don't think that the robbery of Western countries is completely shameless - those who are completely shameless often do not last long, Spain, Portugal and even the Netherlands are shameless for a long time, but has their territory lasted for a long time?
Before World War II, Germany and Japan also fell into the self-motivation and reinforcement of "just over-expanding without having to find sufficient reasons, or expanding on their own initiatives", and finally collapsed. If the mustache had been able to hit the brakes after the Czech problem, he would have been the top great man in German history long ago, not to mention the scourge on the side of the Wokos.
And those who have digested the fruits of expansion, such as the Angsa Twins and the Rakshasas, are the only three countries on the planet that have expanded millions or even tens of millions of square kilometers since the 19th century. But this one just pays a lot of attention to the fig leaf and pays attention to controlling the desire of his own people to go alone.
The blackest of the people in the United States is the American-Mexican War, and the others are still more face-saving.
Even the Rakshasas have a side that most of the general public in later generations have not learned - in 1856, after Nicholas I mistakenly launched a war against the Ottomans, which caused the empire to fall into a quagmire, and finally committed suicide by poisoning to end the war, until the 1860s expanded and returned to blood, the Rakshasas were very diplomatic face-conscious.
When Yin Ge Moumouyev was making waves and expanding the land on the territory of the five later countries in Central Asia. Every time Ambassador Dai Yin went to Alexander II to protest, Alexander II would spread his hands and complain to Ambassador Dai Yin:
This is not what the relevant departments of the Imperial Foreign Affairs Department and the Emperor meant! As you know, our Rakshasa country is backward in science and technology, and it has not yet installed a telegraph, and the whip in Central Asia is beyond its reach, and the local theater officers are like warlords! It's all about them going down and going alone, provoking and going to war on their own! It does not represent the diplomatic attitude of our country! It will definitely be punished severely!
And the end result? It's all about: if you lose, then it's really severe.
If you win the battle and open up another piece of land, just like Zhu Shuren is doing to Liu Guoneng now, he will first descend brightly and rise secretly, and in the future, when the limelight has passed, Ambassador Dai Yin will no longer be staring, and then he will be promoted.
However, superficial efforts must be done sufficiently, because only in this way can we prevent the real occurrence of "military subordinates going alone" in the future.
The Japanese are obviously not doing a good job in this aspect, so they occupy the land with indigestion, and finally take a step towards the destruction of the country and vomit it all out (thanks to their failure to do a good job, this can be regarded as God bless China).
And if we carefully look through the history books of the Rakshasas, we know that they not only had to do a good job in Central Asia, but also in the north of the "Great Qing Dynasty" in later generations, which shows that this kind of diplomatic experience has universal learning and promotion value.
According to the official propaganda, after 1856, Alexander II and the relevant diplomatic departments meant: "We have just been beaten by the British and French forces on a peninsula near Tuji, and the mite Qing on the opposite side has just been beaten and burned the Old Summer Palace by the British and French forces, and our two bitter masters can unite against Britain and France."
And it was the same General Yin Ge Moumouev, who had shown his strength in Central Asia just mentioned, and when he came to negotiate with Mi Qing, he once again played a role in the next step and went alone, and it is said that this person made his own opinion. In the end, the results of the negotiation will not be repeated, and there are all junior high school textbooks.
Afterwards, Alexander II still told Xianfeng that he didn't know about it according to the old practice, he didn't ask for it, and punished Yin Ge Moumouyev, so that Xianfeng was planted without temper.
The history of later generations has long proved that this kind of operation of throwing the pot to subordinates to "privately open and provoke, openly descend and rise secretly" can best disintegrate international hatred, and can also suppress the rhythm of the real restraint, and the benefits of eating in are also the easiest to hold.
There's no reason why Zhu Shuren wouldn't use such a useful trick for Chinese civilization.
No matter how vicious the trick is, it is a good trick to be used by me.
Don't think it's hypocritical to punish your own superficial wrongdoers for the sake of diplomatic face, as both Angsa and Rakshasa do. Politics and diplomacy are inherently such esoteric and vicious things, and this has nothing to do with the position of the camp.
Zhu Shuren's every step of consideration is not the happiest when he was alive, but it is definitely the most conducive to the long-term stability of the expanded region on a large time scale of hundreds of years.
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ps: Those old 6 temporarily changed their itinerary and delayed it...... I will only come to Hangzhou the day after tomorrow, so I will not ask for leave today, update as usual, and change tomorrow, and ask for a leave the day after tomorrow.