After fifteen years of well-off, the second dragon raised its head in early February.

The plan of the year lies in the spring, with the end of the first month of the new year, the land of China from south to north, is about to enter the spring ploughing of the new year.

Since the beginning of spring, the rain has been smooth, and it seems that it will be a good year again. The state treasury and the local government treasury are full, and the people have more than a year of grain storage because of the abundant arable land per capita, the perfect water conservancy, and the complete farming cattle and farm tools.

(Note: Historically, the Qing Dynasty reached the middle and early stages of Kangxi, and experienced a development period with few natural disasters that lasted for more than ten years, but in the seventeenth and eighteenth years of Kangxi, there were two years of national drought, but the corresponding should start from the sixteenth year of Xiaokang, that is, next year.)

Zhu Shuren didn't know about this situation, and it was impossible for him to read history in such detail in his previous life. Among them, in the eighteenth year of Kangxi, there was also an earthquake in the whole territory of Hebei, which caused the Yellow River to burst its embankments in four places. However, the flood is not noticeable, because the levee burst is not caused by too much water, it is a drought year, it is only due to an earthquake. ）

Looking at the current good year that is destined for another year, the regent Zhu Shuren, who has been thirty-six years old and fifty-three years old, is also very gratifying.

Nowadays, there are fewer and fewer state affairs that he needs to worry about, and the emperor Zhu Ciyu, who has just been established this year, has been able to be very proficient in diligent state affairs. In addition, in these years, the main focus is on recuperation, and the imperial court has not made any major moves, and Zhu Shuren has maintained a state of only occasionally listening to major events for several years, and usually does not deal with government affairs.

Anyway, he is different from other ministers, who have never dared to let go of power, for fear that they will be re-elevated by the little emperor and liquidated in the future. But for Zhu Shuren, the emperor is his own son, and he has no possibility of abolishing the emperor, after so many years, mutual trust is no problem, and delegating power will only make the relationship between the two sides more relaxed.

……

After passing the age of fifty, Zhu Shuren has some new hobbies to worry about in recent years, that is, he can manage his grandchildren with his wives and concubines and share his family.

For example, the busiest thing for him at the moment is to personally educate those grandchildren and help them establish the initial three views on health.

Speaking of Zhu Shuren's grandsons, it is important to start with the six to seven years of being well-off, and Zhu Ciyu toured the south for more than a year in order to negotiate the armistice and surrender of the Burmese and Vietnam wars.

When Zhu Ciyu went to Guangzhou for a year and a half, Zhu Shuren had three chapters of the law between father and son before he left. Zhu Shuren said that it was okay to go out of the palace to see the world for a year, but he had to take the queen and the palace maid with him, and he must not touch the women outside.

At this point, Gu Yanwu, who is Zhu Shuren's confidant, has always helped him keep an eye on the emperor. In that year and a half, he never let the emperor go out alone from the field of vision of his retinue, and there were many people who followed him wherever he went.

So Zhu Ciyu really didn't have any intersection with any outside women. In addition, at the beginning of his tour, it has only been more than a year since he married the queen, and the relationship between husband and wife is not tired, so he does not feel bored with the queen every day.

Later, I lived in Guangzhou for a long time, and I felt a little monotonous, but fortunately, there were many beautiful palace maids who accompanied the car, although these women lacked upbringing virtue and piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, but as long as the face was passable, it was normal to be lucky casually, but there would be no deep feelings.

In the end, after a year and a half of the southern tour, the queen's stomach really didn't move, and the queen had been married to Zhu Ciyu for one year before the tour, adding up to more than two and a half years, which is basically in line with the so-called "three years without anything" in ancient times.

This also proves that when Zhu Shuren and Zhu Yuchan chose their first genuine daughter-in-law, they really had a good vision, and the secret examination of the imperial doctors at that time was also very professional, and the queen was really a sick child who was too weak to give birth.

However, it was also a year and a half after the southern tour, shortly after returning to Nanjing, at the end of September of the seventh year of Xiaokang, that the imperial physician in the palace suddenly discovered that a palace maid who accompanied him was already three or four months pregnant.

Counting the days, it should be that the little emperor was recruited during the two months when he lived in Lushan Summer Resort on his way back to Luan from Guangzhou.

And after getting the news, Zhu Shuren was also relieved in his heart. The queen didn't move, but the palace maid moved, and this quiet movement just proved that the queen had a problem, and the emperor was absolutely fine.

This is the result that Daming Jiangshan wants to see the most, and there is no need to arrange further control group experiments.

Since then, another half a year has passed, and at the beginning of April of the eighth year of Xiaokang, the palace maid who was fortunate to be on the southern tour finally gave birth to a child, which was really a baby boy.

It's a pity that because his mother has no relationship with the emperor, (it was originally that she couldn't bring too many concubines during the southern tour, and the queen was tired of it, so she was casually pulled to make up the numbers, so she had no feelings) plus the comprehensive quality of this palace maid was not good, and she was not smart and her genes were not good.

What's more important is that in the first three months of pregnancy, I happened to experience the fatigue of the journey, it is estimated that I injured the fetal gas, and finally when the eldest son of the emperor was born, he was born more than a month prematurely, and later it seems that the intellectual development is also relatively delayed, and there are several congenital deficiency diseases. In this way, it is even more unlikely that he will be the future prince.

However, after confirming that his son was fine, and his daughter-in-law did have a physical problem, Zhu Shuren discussed it with Zhu Yuchan, and accelerated the pace of finding more concubines for his son.

From the second half of the eighth year of the well-off to the end of the tenth year of the well-off, the royal family drafted at least three batches of Shude women from noble families, and each batch found at least two or three concubines for the emperor who were very good in all aspects.

Zhu Ciyu was twenty-five or sixteen years old at the time, and he was also in his lustful years, and he did not refuse to drink and hurt his body for several years.

Finally, starting from the ninth year of the well-off, the eldest daughter of the emperor was born first. In the winter of the following year, the second son of the emperor was also born, and later from the twelfth to the fourteenth year of the well-off, three sons and six daughters were born one after another.

In the spring of the fifteenth year of the current well-off, Zhu Ciyu has a seven-year-old eldest son born to a palace maid who is congenitally deficient, weak and a little mentally retarded. A five-year-old second son, a three-year-old and two-year-old son, and the last fifth son was born less than 100 days ago, out of infancy, a total of five sons.

Starting from the second son of the emperor to the fourth son of the emperor, they were all born to three mothers, and their mothers are still concubines (the concubines are still the imperial concubines, and then the queens, these three women are now concubines, and they are all at the third level)

Therefore, Zhu Shuren felt that the "good saint grandson" he needed to cultivate in the future would also be produced from these three princes.

Because no matter how young he is, when Zhu Shuren himself is old and can't be a director, the other party may not be able to become an adult, and he can see whether he has a good character. Zhu Shuren can't afford to wait so many years.

On the other hand, in fact, after the age of thirty in ancient times, the efficiency of reproduction began to decline. Even if he is still lustful, with the genes of the Ming Dynasty royal family, it is actually difficult to have any good seeds.

For example, don't look at the original Wanli Emperor liked Zheng Guifei and his youngest son Fuwang Zhu Changxun, but Zhu Changxun was also the son of Emperor Wanli when he was 24 years old, and Guangzong Zhu Changluo, as the eldest son, was actually born when Wanli was 19 years old.

In the same way, Guangzong Zhu Changluo's two sons who became emperors, Emperor Zhu Youxiao of the Apocalypse and Zhu Youzhen of Chongzhen, were also born when Zhu Changluo was 23 and 29 years old respectively. And Zhu Youzhen is already Zhu Changluo's youngest son who died young.

To put it bluntly, people with the royal genes of the Ming Dynasty rarely have healthy heirs at the age of forty in the later period, and they can basically see the head in their early thirties.

Zhu Shuren thought about this problem for a long time, and also reviewed the historical data, and felt that there were three carefully selected samples that could be sifted, and it was enough, which was definitely much better than their father's generation who had no choice at all, and it could also reverse the genetic disadvantages that fell in the previous special period.

And the reason why the young grandson of the fifth son of the emperor was also excluded by Zhu Shuren is also because the fifth son of the emperor and the second son of the emperor were born to the same mother. Therefore, even if his mother is established as the queen in the future, this child will not be able to become the "eldest son", at most it will only be the "second son", so for the sake of the stability of the country, it will not be considered.

Zhu Shuren is still very principled, even if he can manipulate which concubine will be the new queen for his son after the death of the sick Yangzi Empress who will not be able to give birth in the future, he still has to protect the "primogeniture inheritance system" on the surface. As long as it is not the first-born male of a concubine, he still cannot be a candidate.

After the last year or two of observation, Zhu Shuren realized that the five-year-old emperor's second son, Zhu Hekun, because of the fact that the treatment is similar to that of the emperor's eldest son (the only elder brother is a sick and disabled person), so his temperament is also relatively domineering and resolute.

The advantage is that you are decisive, but it is also easy to be reckless and rejoice. I don't have to worry about studying, but I can focus on what I'm interested in.

The third son of the emperor, Zhu Hetan, is three years old, and he can barely see some clues of character, learning to speak and discerning can be regarded as precocious, knowing more things than his second brother at the same age, speaking more completely, and knowing how to distinguish between right and wrong. But because he is still young, he can't see any other strengths and weaknesses in character for the time being, and he is relatively stable in all aspects.

The fourth son of the emperor, Zhu Heji, is only two years old, so he can't see the personality problem, judging from the progress of learning to speak and recognize things, he is not as good as the third brother at the same time, and he is more autistic and basically does not communicate with people unless necessary. We can only observe for another year or two to see if there is any improvement. But this child is not arrogant, and is as obedient as a child of a poor family.

……

In the afternoon of this day, Zhu Shuren personally finished reading a naturalist illustrated book compiled by the Daming Academy of Sciences with his three grandsons, which introduced nothing more than the classification and origin of various rare birds and beasts.

After reading it, he took his three grandchildren to the Jiangning Zoo for a visit, and asked them to identify various small animals against the atlas.

The regent took his grandchildren to visit the garden, of course, he would close the museum, which was not a privilege, after all, it was the imperial era, and it was already very fun for the people to visit it.

After a half-afternoon tour, in the end, the third son of the emperor, Zhu Hetan, learned faster and recognized the things taught by his grandfather more accurately.

So Zhu Shuren finally took out a new pocket watch made by the Daming Academy of Sciences last year and rewarded it to Zhu Hetan, encouraging him to cherish his time and study hard.

The pocket watch, according to Western literature, appeared in 1462, but the earliest was nothing more than a relatively miniaturized clock, which was no different from a clock in terms of accuracy and anti-interference.

Pocket watches that were able to be found in real quantities in later generations appeared around 1510, so they are not uncommon today. As early as the Apocalypse, the Ming Dynasty saw the first batch of pocket watches imported from the West, without a clockwork, without a gear escapement, it was a small Western clock.

But now that Zhu Shuren can take it out to reward his grandson, this new pocket watch must not be simple.

Compared with the old pocket watch, this new model has a considerable anti-interference ability for inaccurate timing caused by bumps, and also uses relatively standardized gears.

As for the design of the escapement, there are still some problems that cannot be solved for the time being, so the accuracy still cannot reach the level of the "nautical clock" of later generations, but it is also very worthy of encouragement.

(Note: Nautical clocks generally require a daily cumulative error of at least five seconds in turbulent conditions, otherwise it is impossible to determine longitude by accurate timekeeping and querying the time difference of the local solar trajectory at the place of sailing.) Historically, the West was founded in 1735 by the British John of England. It was nearly 60 years before Harrison built the first marine clock to measure the longitude of a sea, nearly 60 years after 1677.

Later, it took John Harrison more than 20 years to improve and promote the longitude navigation method for the British Royal Navy, which was basically during the Seven Years' War in Europe (1756~1763), and finally it was the promotion of war that accelerated the application of technology. ）

Zhu Hetan was very excited when he got the pocket watch rewarded by his grandfather. Seeing this, the elder brother Zhu Hekun on the side couldn't help but feel a little hot, and said that he would study hard in the future.

In the end, Zhu Shuren also gave Zhu Hekun a pocket watch in line with the principle of fairness and incentives, but the technology is slightly inferior to a generation, and it is a product of the Daming Academy of Sciences five years ago.

Zhu Shuren could see that his second grandson was still quite interested in the rigorous machinery of big ships and giant guns, and he was only five years old when he pestered people to practice shooting targets with pistols. Seeing the beauty of clocks and watches, which can show the precision of mechanical violence, I also love the house and the black.

After getting their respective pocket watches, Zhu and Kun couldn't help but want to compare with Zhu Hetan, wondering how much difference the accuracy of the two watches could be. The brothers couldn't understand the reason, so they argued a few words and finally let their grandfather explain.

Zhu Shuren also taught kindly: "In fact, it is not much worse, it is all placed stationary, between two or three seconds of speed and speed every day, the new watch is at most slightly more accurate than the old watch. ”

Zhu and Kun heard that the difference was not very big, so they were relieved in their hearts, saying that they were not rare for their younger brother's new generation of prizes.

Zhu Shuren listened, but said earnestly: "You can't just look at the surface of the problem, but also look at the effect. Although the difference between these two tables is four years, the key is not the difference in accuracy, but the difference in principle and thought.

Your third brother's watch uses last year's technology, and has used standardized gears, as well as standardized screws and rubber waterproof washers. Let the designers and researchers of the Academy of Sciences, when designing something, consciously use existing parts, and do not repeat the design of parts with similar functions, which is a progress in itself.

Although this will not directly improve the performance of the machine, it can speed up the design of new machinery, and it can also speed up the speed of design upgrading, and the effect will be obvious over time. This is the value of my Ming Dynasty in Nanjing University and the theoretical basis to guide engineering management and R&D co-ordination. The foundation laid in the past six or seven years will not be in vain. ”

Zhu Shuren's words are actually a little verbose when it comes to the back, where can his five-year-old grandson understand this.

But Zhu Shuren is also fifty-three years old, and people are easy to nag when they get older, and they feel something in their hearts, and they can't help but say a few more words every time they are provoked.

As mentioned earlier, at the beginning of the establishment of Nanjing University, Zhu Shuren told his wife Fang Ziling that he was mentally prepared and could not provide help for the actual front-line research and development of the Daming Academy of Sciences in the first five years of the preparation of Nanjing University.

Even because of the withdrawal and dispersion of talents, the progress of practical research projects is a drag.

However, Zhu Shuren believes that ten years of trees, a hundred years of people, first lay a good foundation for the talent team, and the future can get twice the result with half the effort. He is ready for the first five years of reactive work, the sixth to ten years of flat entry and exit, and the fifteen to twenty years later is the pure profit of scientific research speed.

Now, seven years have passed since the establishment of NTU. The first batch of NTU graduates have been graduating for more than three years. Those who continue to study at the university after graduation have also been studying for three years, and they have just graduated this year, from graduate students to "researchers".

(Note: According to the system of NTU and Daming Academy of Sciences, those who continue to stay in school for internship and further study after graduating are called "graduate students", which are considered trainee researchers.) After graduation, he can officially change his name to "researcher", as long as he is willing to stay in the research position. If you are a transfer administrative officer, you are not called a researcher.

Researchers can enjoy the treatment of the county of the seventh grade, and academicians can enjoy the treatment of the same knowledge of the sixth grade. If you are a senior academician, a chairman of a committee of some faculties, or the director of an important research institute directly under the Academy of Sciences, you will enjoy the treatment of the prefect of the fifth grade or the fifth grade. ）

The systematic training of these NTU graduates and researchers, as well as the run-in of the experience of NTU professors in teaching, have also brought about some institutional design optimization in the field of scientific research in Daming.

For example, it was finally thought that the idea of speeding up the overall efficiency of mechanical design and development began to lay the foundation for various standard parts.

Originally, in ancient times, the mortise and tenon structure was still used for mechanical connection, or simply fixed by heating, forging and bonding. Nowadays, if you can eliminate the mortise and tenon joints that have to be redesigned every time, and use standardized screws instead, you can use screws as much as possible.

A new generation of thread tapping production tools has also been developed, although the process cost and speed of manufacturing metal screws are still uneconomical, the actual construction is not cheaper than mortise and tenon, and it is not as strong as mortise and tenon.

But this is a significant improvement in the speed at which new machines can be designed. Because the machinery in the process of improvement, there is no need to remanufacture a large number of parts because of a small change, as long as the fine-tuned part is changed, the fine-tuned part can be replaced.

When anything new comes along, it loses money. Daming has the support of the state apparatus, and the 50 million taels of silver and 2 million taels of gold that he stole from the Spaniards when he conquered Manila more than six years ago can be spent as he pleases.

As a result, standardized metal screws and tapping production tools. Standardized gears, as well as hobbing racks. All of them have been invented and used in engineering design practice.

There are even soft metal screw pressing tools and processes that can be used very inexpensively to manufacture structural parts similar to those of later light bulbs, as well as standardized vulcanized rubber gaskets...... The industrial infrastructure in the field of mechanical design allows subsequent mechanical research and development to achieve twice the result with half the effort.

It is also the accumulation of these six years and the solid foundation of design ideas that have led to the new pocket watch that Zhu Hetan had just produced last year.

Even if its timing accuracy is only 0.2 seconds higher than the one in Zhu Hekun's hand five years ago, over time, the potential for subsequent improvements is limitless.

After all, the standard gears produced by standardized hobbing racks have been used, the standard rubber sealing ring has been used for preliminary waterproofing, and the smallest standardized screws have been used to fix the shell.

The three princes didn't seem to understand their grandfather's teachings, and they didn't know how to evaluate them, but they vaguely remembered the idea of "if you can do things without repeating them, try not to do them repeatedly, and use machinery and decomposition to help people replace repetitive things".

And just when the three princes were still a little skeptical, an attendant came over and gave a good news, which just proved the far-sightedness of Zhu Shuren's guiding ideology.

The good news is that the Institute of Mechanical Engineering of the Daming Academy of Sciences brought to Zhu Shuren, and it seems that there is an innovative product based on the above-mentioned guiding ideology of Zhu Shuren, and it finally has an eyebrow. The project was led by Hook and others, who had been poached from Europe after the London plague a few years earlier.

Zhu Shuren was quite interested when he heard this, and temporarily decided to inspect it.

——

PS: Why did someone ask me yesterday what era the new book was, and I have already informed it several times...... The new books are the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms.

(End of chapter)