After explaining to Robert. After Hooke's follow-up improvement of the "Hooke Steam Engine", he didn't expect Hooke to produce results in just a few years, because he was well aware of the difficulty and hardships of scientific research.

Historically, it took 82 years from Newcomen to Watt, which is equivalent to a cycle of about 80 years from the "zero industrial song" to the "first industrial song".

Of course, Zhu Shuren also knows very well that in the 82 years from Newcommen to Watt in history, not all of them were engaged in research and development, at least most of the time out of stagnation. And Da Ming's side can obviously cut these wasted time.

To take the simplest example, in the original history, Newcomen built his steam engine in 1705 and applied for a patent in the British Patent Office, because it did not increase productivity significantly and was expensive.

As soon as the capitalists calculated, they felt that there was no difference in saving money between the use and non-use of this thing, on the contrary, they had to give Newcomen another patent licensing fee, and the income would be even less, and most of the money saved was earned by Newkomen, and they saved a little bit.

As a result, the capitalists tacitly chose to directly ignore Newcomen's invention and waited in vain for 20 years - in the "Patent Law" of various countries in the world in later generations, the validity period of protection for invention patents is basically about 20 years.

And this "20 years" figure was first copied from the British Patents Act. At the beginning of the 18th century, no other country on the planet had a patent law, only England had enacted it.

Therefore, the choice of the capitalists is actually equivalent to waiting for 20 years, watching your patent protection expire, and the Newcomian steam engine becomes a public technology, and then pounce on it without spending money in vain.

From 1705 to 1725 it was completely in vain.

In 1725, when the Newcomen steam engine was finally used in industrial practice, it was discovered that there were various problems that needed to be improved.

But because Newcomen's 20-year patent term was wasted, and Newcomer didn't earn a penny in patent fees, he couldn't come up with the money to continue his research and development work after discovering the problem, and then spent about 15 years begging capitalists for handouts to invest in him to continue research and development.

And this kind of encounter was not only encountered by Newcomen, but also encountered by Watt 80 years later, before the successful improvement. After Watt took over the development of the steam engine, it took at least half of Newcomen's time to waste patent protection and investment.

It can be said that at least 30 of the entire 82-year R&D cycle from Newcomen to Watt was spent on the capitalists waiting for the patents to expire and for the delicious people to spit out their bones and bleach. There are also more than 20 years spent on poor inventors who continue to beg for R&D funds because they cannot recoup their investments. The time spent on scientific research is definitely not more than 25 years.

Of course, 25 of the 82 years were spent on real research, which was already the fastest speed on Earth at that time.

Britain has a "Patent Act" anyway, but it has cultivated the habit of forcing capitalists to spend money on patents for more than 80 years. After Watt's success, the British scientific research investment system was finally established in the following decades, and it entered a blowout period.

At the same time, Germany and the United States did not even have patent laws (France followed up relatively quickly, but France did not lead an industrial song), they had 80 years more than the British and felt that "white bleaching was justified", until 1868, after Faraday invented the generator, Demi felt that it should be during the second industrial revolution, and began to catch up and establish the consciousness of patent payment.

As for the historical Chinese ...... It is not until the beginning of the 21st century that the social atmosphere of "white bleaching is wrong" has been gradually cultivated (although the patent law was established in 84 years, but in fact, in the last 15 years of the 20th century, the country can basically bleach in vain, and the rule of law has not yet been built to that extent)

……

Zhu Shuren is very aware of the lessons of blood and tears in this history, so he also knows that the normal R&D cycle from Newcomen to Watt should never be 82 years, but 25 years at most-

Even if he doesn't order Hook and let Hook play freely, as long as the R&D funds given by the Ming Internal Affairs Office are sufficient. At the same time, the Ming Ministry of Internal Affairs will assume the role of "helping the immature steam engine in the early stage and providing a scene of trial and error in industrial applications", and do not wait for 20 years to wait for the expiration of the period like the Western private capitalists.

Then, Daming can save at least 60 years of human scientific and technological progress, or even more.

This is the superiority of the system of the Ming Dynasty to engage in scientific research with the strength of the state, which reflects the great excellence of the Ming Dynasty in concentrating on doing great things, and does not need to be dragged down by the selfish white drifter to slow down the progress of human history.

However, Zhu Shuren is also very clear that in this era, it is not suitable to directly promulgate the Patent Law in the modern sense.

The reason is also very simple, because if it is modeled on the British patent law of the later Newcommen and Watt eras, it means that "technological innovation needs to disclose the details of the principle in exchange for a certain period of monopoly protection from the imperial court".

To put it bluntly, when Newcomen applied for a patent for a steam engine, he had to disclose in detail how this thing was made, its principle and structure, so that those skilled in the art could make it in a similar way. Then, the imperial court protected him from eating alone for 20 years as a reward for encouraging him to go public.

Many of the leading technologies invented by Daming are still concentrated in the field of biochemical ring materials, and if the formulas in those fields are well kept secret, the number of years that can be eaten alone to reap the benefits is far more than 20 years.

Just like the formula of Coca-Cola in later generations, although it is no secret in the 21st century, at least in the first half century of Coca-Cola's birth, competitors have not been able to test its ingredients, so Coca-Cola will not be stupid enough to patent the formula and then disclose the formula. That can only eat alone for 20 years at most, and after 20 years, others will not be able to bleach?

Therefore, whether or not to promote the patent system needs to be in line with the times. Only when the times progress to the point that the industrial song is about to open, and many technological innovations are not applied, under the dismantling and reverse research copycat of others, they will not be able to survive the 20-year secrecy period.

But in any case, Zhu Shuren felt that the Ming Dynasty must make a certain amount of supporting legislation and system construction in these aspects, and if the management system cannot keep pace with the times, there will eventually be "backward production relations restricting productivity".

It is now the fifteenth year of being well-off, and it is the beginning of the "Third Seven-Year Plan of the Ming Dynasty" that he formulated at the beginning. Although it has not yet been killed in the northwestern Junggar region due to various changes, the Ming Dynasty's own reform and farming development should not be delayed by the external environment, and what should be done still has to be done.

……

So, after inspecting Hooker's Newcomen steam engine sample, Zhu Shuren retreated and meditated for more than half a month. Immersed in writing, drawing, and talking on paper, I made some policy planning,

After that, he summoned the emperor's son Zhu Ciyu, Zhang Huangyan, the first assistant's cousin, Fang Yizhi, the second assistant's brother-in-law, and Fang Ziling, the wife of the president of the Academy of Sciences.

As for Shi Kefa, the original nominal cabinet chief assistant, a digression: It is very unfortunate that people are born, old, sick and die, and the Cabinet Department finally failed to survive the six or seven years of peaceful farming that had just passed, and finally died of illness four years ago at the age of 70.

Shi Kefa was able to live to this age, which was considered a high life at that time, and he died at the end of his life, and he lived very happily in his old age, and lived in the sanatorium specially provided by Zhu Shuren for more than ten years.

After everyone arrived, Zhu Shuren was not in a hurry to announce his thoughts directly, because his son was thirty years old after all, and he could no longer teach him to do things like he did with young people, and it was still easy to cause depression and backlash, so he needed to make Zhu Ciyu spontaneously feel the urgency of doing something.

Therefore, Zhu Shuren first took everyone not to talk about things, but only to visit, and went to see Hook's steam engine.

The steam engine has been slightly fine-tuned than when Zhu Shuren first saw it more than half a month ago, mainly because a cold-start crank handle was temporarily installed, which can make the starting inertia establish faster, and the tossing and tinkering time before starting the machine can also be shortened by several minutes, and it looks smoother.

The rest of the place has not changed for the time being, after all, the time given to Hook is too short.

After seeing the power generated by the steam engine by burning coal and firewood, Zhu Ciyu and others were also greatly shocked, and vaguely felt that today's world is really a great change unseen in a thousand years, and there are too many changes with each passing day.

And because in the research institute of the Academy of Sciences, it is not convenient to show the work of mining and lifting water, so the power output end of this steam engine is not demonstrated with the water pump, but under the personal instruction of Zhu Shuren, in the past half a month, a small Wan spinning machine with the largest number of spindles has been temporarily modified.

The traditional manpower Xiaowan spinning machine and silk reeling machine can now generally pull five spindles or even eight yarns at the same time. Among them, the spinning machine of five spindles was made as early as the sixteenth year of Chongzhen, and the eight spindles were also the old models of Longwu two years, which have passed more than 20 years ago, and have been fully popularized in the country.

Since then, the Academy of Sciences has actually been making follow-up improvements to spinning machines, silk reeling machines, and looms.

Even after Dong Xiaowan herself got older, there was no need for men and women to serve Zhu Shuren, and since the age of forty, Dong Xiaowan has gradually retreated and concentrated, going back to ponder the skills of opening an embroidery workshop at home when she was a girl. (Dong Xiaowan is only three years younger than Zhu Shuren, so he is now fifty years old, and he has been thinking about the loom for ten years in old age)

Therefore, the subsequent twenty or thirty spindles, and even more spinning machines with spindle structures, have also been made one after another, but there is a lack of market testing. Those with more than 20 spindles can be used for spinning machines driven by waterwheel power, and if there are more, the power output of waterwheels is not balanced enough, and it is easy to fail, so it only stays at the level of testing prototypes.

The speed of research and development of this machinery is not strictly speaking. In the history of the West, which is parallel to time and space, it also took decades for the Jenny spinning machine to go from five spindles to thirty or fifty or more spindles after its initial birth. The follow-up is only the work of engineering run-in and mechanical optimization, and there is no qualitative change.

And now, Robert. Hooke built the Newcomen steam engine, which finally provided a useful power source for a spinning machine with more than thirty spindles.

At this moment, in front of Emperor Zhu Ciyu and other ministers, there was a steam engine made by Hu Ke, and the latest 48-spindle parallel spinning machine made by Dong Xiaowan himself was dragged at the output end.

Driven by the power of the steam flywheel, the twisting speed of the 48 spindles runs very evenly and smoothly.

There is no failure that the power output of the waterwheel power spinning wheel is large and small, and once the force changes too fast, the tension of some yarns changes too much in a short period of time, and it is easy to break.

Zhu Ciyu knew exactly what that meant. That is, if you go back forty years, go back to about ten years of Chongzhen, ten years before he was born, and the spinning girl at that time still had to wind the spindle by hand.

And now a steam engine drags the largest Xiaowan spinning machine, as long as enough water and coal are given, it can automatically produce yarn, which is equivalent to the spinning productivity of 50 people's girls 40 years ago.

This is a kind of power that can be produced continuously as long as there is enough coal and water!

In order to protect and strengthen this force, and in order for this force to continue to evolve itself, it is clear that the system needs to be adjusted and protected.

The former "Da Ming Law", all kinds of stumbling blocks that have been backward, must be adjusted.

Zhu Ciyu wanted to change, but he suddenly felt that he didn't know what to do for a while. So, after at least five or six years, he regained the mentality of taking the initiative to seek knowledge when he was young, and couldn't help but ask for advice:

"Father, you are well-informed, and the child wants to make some drastic changes to adapt the law of the Ming Dynasty to this power, but the child is confused for a while, and he can't think of where to start. Can the father give a point or two? ”

Zhu Shuren smiled secretly in his heart, this kid really still has to take the initiative to ask for advice, it's not that he likes to preach, and his father's taste is too heavy.

"In the past 15 years, in the first half of the Ming Dynasty, I reformed the tax system, abolished the division of nationality, and increased the proportion of industrial and commercial tax. In the second half of the period, the reform of mathematics and science was implemented, new channels for the selection of officials and talents were added, and Nanjing University was managed.

Now that the law of changing money and people has been almost advanced, and the number of new scholars in the DPRK and China is gradually increasing, it is time to tackle the last and oldest stubborn disease of the Ming Dynasty.

At present, it is necessary to change the official system, change the "Huidian", and reformulate the "New Law of the Ming Dynasty" from the root, so as to break through the drawbacks of "future generations can only add examples outside the law, and cannot modify the original "Daming Law" into law.

The Ming Dynasty has been in the country for nearly 310 years, and it almost fell in the middle, but in the end, it was reborn like a glorious martial arts. Since ancient times, the Tang Dynasty has not been as long as my Ming Dynasty, and the two Song Dynasty are only a few years longer than my current Ming Dynasty. The Law of the Ancestors has completely exceeded the vitality of a dynasty, and fundamental changes must be made.

I believe that the prosperity of the national strength of Daming Zhongxing for decades, as well as the fact that Daming Guozuo is longer than the previous dynasty, will let the people of the world see the confidence of Daming and support this change. ”

Zhu Ciyu nodded: "Okay, then think about it in the long run, and strive to spend another five to ten years to gnaw the hard bones of the third stage." ”

——

PS: The new book "Brother Zhuge Liang" has been opened

In this way, let's start making a contract today, and the new books will increase by more than 200 per day, and the old books will be added to two more until the book is completed

(I'm now four or five thousand words a change, two changes are also 10,000 words, and there are still about ten more manuscripts to be completed.) If the new book does not increase in revenue, it will be finished in ten days. If the new book increases quickly, this book will be released in five days.

If there is a second change, I will release it before 5 o'clock in the afternoon, if not, the increase in income on the day is too small, and it does not meet the conditions for adding more, so don't wait. ）

(End of chapter)