Thirty-three years of well-off, 1695. Emperor Zhu Ciyu is forty-eight years old, and Zhu Shuren is seventy-three years old, the same as the lifespan of Confucius in history.

With the complete destruction of Galdan, the war against the Rakshasa came to an end. The troops of the Ming Dynasty on the expedition in the north finally all the troops were collected, and the horses were put to Nanshan to recuperate.

At this time, 17 years have passed since Zhu Shuren proposed to abolish the old "Da Ming Law" and reclassify legislation according to the civil law and criminal law.

What he thought would take 20 years to complete was actually done in 15 years.

Therefore, the Ming Dynasty is now the pinnacle of civil and martial arts, and all kinds of unspoken rules and bad rules left over from the old law have been rebuilt with the abolition of the Ming law itself, and they have been swept into the garbage heap of history as much as possible.

When Zhu Shuren asked his son emperor to revise the new law, he also raised the official salaries of officials by the way, and promulgated a system similar to the Yong and Qian's reigns in later generations.

After the statutory salary was increased by dozens or hundreds of times all of a sudden, of course, it continued to crack down on all kinds of bad rules and indiscriminate exploitation of officials. found that while getting a high salary, he was still fishing indiscriminately, and used a wave of heavy hands similar to Zhu Yuanzhang's back then.

It's just that this time the imperial court completely occupies the name of righteousness, and the money issued is enough for everyone to live with dignity and dignity, so the resentment of resistance has to be suppressed.

Bureaucracy, legislation, education, talent selection, science and technology, national defense, and territorial expansion...... In all aspects, the construction of the Ming Dynasty has been completed, or the modernization has been completed.

In the area of education, secondary schools have been set up in various provinces and towns for 15 years.

Today, this basic education work has developed to the extent that every prefecture has a middle school and every county has a primary school for literacy with basic knowledge of mathematics and science.

Each county also has a public library that allows on-site reading, but not lending.

Zhejiang University, the first university established in the province, was also established ten years ago, followed by Peking University, which was founded in Beizhili eight years ago. Then Wuchang, Chengdu, Nanchang, Guangzhou and other places also established provincial universities.

As of now, there are 11 provinces in the country with universities – including the Nanzhili region.

Because Nanjing University is a university in the central part of the imperial court, it is not counted in the province of Nanzhili, and Nanzhili has money anyway, so he jointly established a university in Suzhou and Songjiang that belongs to the local area of Nanzhili.

……

In terms of science and technology, Zhu Shuren was encouraged to improve the new steam engine with "condensate recovery device for waste steam" after Hooke invented the Newcomen steam engine in 1677.

After twelve years of hard work, Hooke actually made the first improved steam engine similar to the characteristics of the Watt steam engine as early as 1688.

It's just that his thinking was still relatively limited at that time, and he completely followed Zhu Shuren's direction, and the steam recovery rate of the final thing was very high, that is, it was very economical for boiler water.

However, the temperature of the recovered hot water is only fifty or sixty degrees, so the utilization rate of heat is still not high - it is equivalent to the Neucomen steam engine starts to boil water at 20 degrees, he starts to burn at 60 degrees, and the Watt steam engine can start to burn from close to 90 degrees in history. Hook just did a better job of saving water than Watt.

The higher the proportion of recycled water, the cooler the recovered water will be. The lower the proportion of recycled water and the more mist leaks out, the hotter the recovered water will be. Temperature and percentage recovery are not mutually exclusive, and there is always a trade-off.

All things considered, if the water consumption of Newkomen is set to 10, the coal consumption is also set to 10. Then the Watt engine in 1787 in history was 3 water consumption and 3 coal consumption. The Hook 1688 consumes 2 water and 5 coal, and there is room for improvement.

But in any case, being able to recover the hot water after the steam has been recondensed is a qualitative progress.

As for the proportion of water to be recovered and how high the temperature is, these index problems can be slowly optimized.

Later, after several years of fine-tuning and improvement, when the Ming Dynasty destroyed Dzungaria, Robert . Hook finally built a steam engine with a coal consumption index of 3, and finally completely equaled Watt.

It can be seen that scientific and technological progress is also a little fine-tuned, and there are actually paths to follow in the process, and it is not that a great man or a great thing can appear directly out of thin air.

Zhu Shuren was also very positive about Hooke's research and development, and encouraged him that the two technical solutions did not need to be thrown away, and could be developed for testing in different working conditions.

For example, in places where water resources are abundant and coal is valuable, you can experiment more with water-saving and coal-saving modifications.

If, in an environment like sailing, or even a train through the desert (of course, a locomotive and a steamship engine have not yet been invented), fresh water is scarce, and it is relatively inclined to save water and coal.

As soon as this idea is opened and the following scientific researchers are allowed to play on their own, the scientific and technological progress of the Ming Dynasty will become more and more blooming and free.

As for the improvement of the steam engine, it is just a representative microcosm. The rest are innovating and cannot be repeated one by one.

……

However, although most of the small achievements are not worth mentioning, the achievements of Hook's old opponent are still worth saying a few words -

Zhu Shuren also had to sigh the inertia of history, because after coming to the Ming Dynasty, Hooke finally formed a bond with Newton, which was not changed by the butterfly effect at all.

So much so that after Hooke was awesome, Newton was also very energetic, wanting to prove himself and completely suppress Hooke.

Speaking of the grievances between Hooke and Newton, in fact, those who know a little bit about the history of science also know it, mainly because the two have diametrically opposite views and-for-tat views in the field of optics.

Hooke inherited Boyle's doctrine that light was a ripple, while Newton apparently considered light to be a particle-

As for who is right and who is wrong, in fact, it has long been said in the physics textbooks of middle schools in later generations, which is a rare physics mistake in Newton's life.

Because Maxwell finally proved that light has "wave-particle duality".

After Hook invented the Watt steam engine for the Ming Dynasty, because of his outstanding contribution to the productivity of the Ming Dynasty, his influence on the regent Zhu Shuren, who was over seventy years old, also skyrocketed.

On the other hand, because of Newton's historical exploits, a considerable part of this life was divided between Zhu Shuren himself and Fang Ziling, plus Newton in history, after the age of thirty-five, he was actually not too obsessed with scientific research, but changed his career to engage in metaphysics.

Sailing against the current, if you don't advance, you will retreat. Newton, who had been slacking off for several years, was a little weak when he wanted to fight against the meritorious Hooke.

In order to regain the attention and authority in the eyes of the regent, Newton, who had been at home since he was thirty or forty years old, was finally forced to go down in person, diligently tinkering with experimental physics, and wanted to make some big moves to overpower Hooke.

The scientific discoveries created by Newton in this life are far beyond those of himself in parallel time and space, which can be regarded as an unexpected joy.

And Zhu Shuren is of course happy to see this, he can't wait for Hooke and Newton to roll up with each other.

Anyway, the scientific research results that came out were ultimately benefited by the Ming Dynasty, and Zhu Shuren was not in a hurry to teach them to do "double-slit interference experiments", nor did he want to report the answer to tell them that "light actually has wave-particle duality".

If this answer is reported, how can Newton still work hard with Hooke?

In the end, Newton considered that his practical ability in the field of mechanics was too poor, and he couldn't get hooke after trying for a few years, and he began to find another way to spend his energy on thinking about electricity-

Newton, who was parallel to time and space, did not study electricity, which was also due to the lack of electrical hardware foundation in that era.

But as mentioned earlier, as early as several decades ago, Daming summed up the initial version of electromagnetic induction, that is, the phenomenon of "variable magnetism and electricity, and transformation of magnetism", and even took this as the guiding ideology to make a small primitive generator at the laboratory level, and also engaged in the industrial application of "electromagnet magnetic beneficiation" in the field of motors.

It's just that the progress of the Ming Dynasty in this regard has been very slow, after all, the deployment of electricity has to be expanded, and the requirements for industrial supporting infrastructure are too high.

Therefore, in the decades before Newton started to engage in electricity, the Daming Academy of Sciences itself did not make any follow-up progress, and it has been in a semi-rotten state, at most, it was discovered that the electrolyte could be inserted into the electrode to form an electric current and create a primitive "voltaic pile".

And after Newton was forced to take action himself by Hooke, the situation was very different.

After all, Newton was a man from heaven, and his mathematical skills were unmatched by anyone in the world except Leibniz. Since he has his eyes on this research, of course, he must first accurately calculate all the parameters and operation formulas that have not been quantified in detail in his usual style.

So, when he was well-off for 30 years, Newton finally came up with something equivalent to another space-time "Biosavall's Law", and came up with the theoretical quantitative calculation formula of magnetism and electricity.

He also calculated the magnetic flux constant, and at this point, electromagnetic induction was finally completely complete.

Of course, because this phenomenon of magnetoelectricity generation was originally recorded by Fang Yizhi Ziling and proposed by Zhu Shuren, Newton only made contributions to the calculation of magnetic flux constants and precise operation formulas, so when naming scientific laws, it is still necessary to add the surnames of several people.

After a complete set of quantitative calculation formulas for electromagnetic induction has been developed, there is a sufficient theoretical basis for follow-up research.

Newton investigated and found that Daming's original attempt to make natural permanent magnets in order to use electromagnetic induction was too inefficient, too high in energy consumption, and too cost-effective.

So Newton used the arithmetic formulas and laws he discovered to figure out how to make more efficient use of the phenomenon of "transformative magnetism".

Eventually, after two years of failure, Newton had a whimsical eye on lightning in the sky, which he thought must have a huge amount of electrical energy, but it could not be stored.

But since there is electromagnetic induction, the change of electricity can generate magnetism, so is it possible to magnetize the iron rod by lightning and wrap it around the insulated copper wire, and store the electrical energy of the lightning in the form of a permanent magnet?

I have to say that no one has ever done this brain hole in history.

Because when Franklin studied thunder and lightning in parallel time and space, there was no "Biosavall's Law",

Therefore, this kind of research is really only in this special time and space where Zhu Shuren is located, because the discovery of electromagnetic induction is ahead of schedule, and it is possible to give birth to the golden wind and jade dew as soon as they meet.

And it is precisely because this kind of thing has never happened in history, so Zhu Shuren, who can only copy historical answers, can't think of it, and he won't remind his subordinates to do this, and in the end it was completely based on Newton's own brain.

But for Newton to do this, he first had to study the properties of thunder and lightning. Historically, Franklin relied on the "Leiden bottle", an electrostatic storage device, which was developed by the Dutchman Massenbrock in 1745.

Fortunately, when there is a demand in the market, it will always be more able to drive the advancement of technology than ten universities.

Now that Newton has this demand and theoretically deduced the feasibility of this scheme, several top universities and research institutes here in Daming have of course invested in experiments at any cost.

Finally, in 1690, Zhejiang University built the Leiden bottle, the first electrostatic energy storage device of mankind, according to the requirements proposed by Newton, 55 years earlier than parallel time and space.

After Newton got the Leyden bottle, he also did a lot of lightning research similar to Franklin's parallel time and space, including flying a kite to guide mines, and finally invented the lightning rod in 1695, and proposed the principle of lightning protection safety range.

Then, Newton built a large number of lightning rods for lightning guidance during thunderstorms, and then used various ways to separate and tie the wound copper wire and insulating bakelite to the iron core, and test the residual magnetic strength of the iron core after lightning splitting in the environment of various copper wire winding and binding methods and current passage methods.

Of course, it is impossible to obtain stable permanent magnets from the beginning of such experiments.

In the first two years of experiments, many iron cores wound with insulated copper wires were quickly demagnetized after being briefly magnetized by lightning strikes.

However, Zhu Shuren was very supportive of Newton's experiment, and was very willing to build lightning rods and split iron cores, and also asked Newton to install lightning protection belts on the cornices of the palaces in Nanjing and Beijing.

Anyway, these studies can also prevent the palace from being struck by lightning and causing fires, which is not a loss but a profit. In the three hundred years before the Ming Dynasty, there were always some cases of palaces being struck by lightning and catching fire every few decades, and the material losses were not trivial.

Even if Newton couldn't research the mass production of magnets with heavenly thunder, at least he saved the Ming Dynasty money to rebuild the palace.

In the end, after years of research, Newton finally summed up a set of production processes for mass production of powerful permanent magnets with Tianlei after repeated trial and error test methods, which also allowed Daming to finally mass-produce original DC generators at low cost.

Although the application scenarios and power generation environment of this kind of generator are still very scarce, at least the manufacturing and principle research of related machines have been greatly advanced, or at least fifty or sixty years, or even seventy or eighty years, compared with the same period in history.

All this made Zhu Shuren in his later years have to wonder - if Newton is allowed to live for a few more decades, can he create all the strange settings in "Stardew Valley", this guy is really terrible.

The new book "Brother Zhuge Liang" begged for collection and votes, originally wanted today's finale, but there are still a lot of left. Let's finale tomorrow morning.

(End of chapter)