The Analects, the Book of Changes, and the Book of Rites, as well as medical skills, five-color food victories, mourning for the dead, signing cards, and playing ......

It is undoubtedly very exciting that so many documents have been unearthed.

If all these bamboo slips can be restored, it is undoubtedly an important historical material for the study of Han history!

These are contemporary records left by the Han Dynasty, which are obviously different from those inherited by later generations.

Even, perhaps, the same book will have different written records.

In the process of dissemination, poems and books will inevitably be changed by later generations.

The most well-known is Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching.

The existing Tao Te Ching, the sentence "The Tao is the Tao, the very Tao." Very famous.

However, the silk books and bamboo books issued by the Mawangdui archaeology directly subverted the long-circulated popular books.

First of all, there are two silk books in Mawangdui's "Lao Tzu", A and B, and it is unknown whether there is a title in the first book, and there is a title of "Dao" at the end of the article in the second book.

"De" is supplemented according to "Dao", and "Jing" is added by later generations, so the titles of "Tao Jing" and "Dejing" are made by later generations, and Lao Tzu did not have the title of "Tao Te Ching" at the beginning of his book.

Then, among them, there are differences between the silk book "Lao Tzu" and the popular version "Lao Tzu".

The first sentence of the passbook is, "The Tao is the way, the Tao is not the way; The name can be named, and the silk book version is "Tao, but Tao, non-constant Tao." The name can be named, and the name is not constant."

There is a well-known sentence in the nineteenth chapter of the popular version of the Tao Te Ching: "Absolute benevolence and abandonment of righteousness, the people restore filial piety and mercy".

This is also regarded as a typical conclusion of Lao Tzu's denial of Confucian benevolence and righteousness, but in Guodian's "Tao Te Ching", this sentence is "absolutely hypocritical and abandon concerns, and the people will return to Jizi".

The seventy-eighth chapter of the popular version of "Lao Tzu" is written like this:

The world is weaker than water, and the strong can win, with its easy. The weak is better than the strong, the soft is better than the strong, the world knows everything, and nothing can be done. It is a sage cloud: "The stain of the country is the lord of the society; If the country is ominous, he is the king of the world." It's true.

However, in Ma Wang's book "Lao Tzu" (A book), it is:

The world is weaker than water, and the strong can win, and it is not easy to win. The water is better than the strong, and the weak is better than the strong. Mo Fu knows it all over the world, and Mo Zhi can do it. Therefore, the words of the sage said: "To be criticized by the state is to be the lord of the society; If he is ominous, he is the king of the world." It's true.

This section is to use the property of water to motivate the rulers.

It is not difficult to see that the "weakness" in Lao Tzu's heart is full of strength and vitality.

However, in the popular version of the Tao Te Ching, people feel that "weakness" is just another name for "inaction" and "indisputable".

In the original text, "the strong can win" is even more blunt to say that although water seems to be "weak", it has the essence of "attacking strong" and invincible, and the "weakness" of water is relatively active and aggressive here.

In the passbook, "the water is better than the strong, the weak is better than the strong" is changed to "the weak is better than the strong, and the soft is better than the strong", so that the aggressiveness of the water is gone, and the host and the guest are out of place.

There are many cases of quietly changing the theme of "weak" water with active aggression and only the "softness" of passive beating, and the epistemological component replaces the methodology, so that the benefits of "inaction" and "indisputability" can be better promoted.

Obviously, this is Lao Tzu's doctrine, which has been modified in the spread of later generations, weakening the strong meaning of Lao Tzu's doctrine and strengthening Lao Tzu's argument of "no action" and "no dispute".

This is undoubtedly a weakening of Lao Tzu's doctrine, and it is obviously the result of some Taoist disputes.

It is even possible that some Confucian scholars deliberately changed it in this way to make the spread of Confucianism more solid.

After all, Lao Tzu himself is "indisputable" and "inactive", so are you who study Lao Tzu's doctrine still embarrassed to fight with Confucianism?

Among them, the most excessive change is the fourteenth chapter of the popular version of the Tao Te Ching:

"The way of the ancients, with the existence of the present, can know the beginning of the ancients, is called the Tao."

In the silk book of the Mawangdui Han tomb, this sentence is:

"The way of the present, with the existence of the present, can know the beginning of the past, is called the Tao Ji."

Don't look at it, it's just changed one word, but the meaning of the whole paragraph has completely changed.

This is a typical one-word error.

In the popular text, it is emphasized to follow the ancient law to govern the present, that is, the ancients often said that "the law of the ancestors is not easy", and the usual "law of the ancestors" refers to the Zhou rites.

Lao Tzu, on the other hand, believes that the current society naturally needs to seek the current law to govern, and to use the way of the present and the existence of the present.

It can be seen that between this ancient book and the present book, there are completely different concepts.

As we all know, Confucius's ambition was to revive the so-called three-generation system and restore the Jingtian system.

To put it simply, Confucius was a very ancient person, and felt that all the decisions made by his ancestors and all the systems formulated were correct, and future generations should not change them, but should restore the ancient system.

This is also one of the most important ideas of Confucianism in the future.

This is why there is the so-called "the law of the ancestors is not easy", and it will be difficult for dynasties to change the law like the Warring States period since the Han Dynasty.

It should be said that the Warring States changed the law because of the chaotic war.

During the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and even the Two Song Dynasties, the threat faced by various countries was not great?

Even the threat is even more serious than during the Warring States period!

However, the Confucianists, who controlled the government at that time, never thought about changing the law, let alone innovating, and still held on to the old ways, even if they died, it didn't matter.

It can be seen how obsessed Confucianism is with the maintenance of the so-called "traditional system".

And Lao Tzu naturally doesn't eat this set, but Lao Tzu has long since died, and later people can naturally delete and modify his works at will.

At that time, Confucianism, which controlled the "Taoism" of China, naturally held the right of academic interpretation.

Then they put Lao Tzu's doctrine in line with Confucian ideas.

In such cases, in the "Tao Te Ching" with just more than 5,000 words, there are many others, all of which have changed one word, and then the meaning is completely different.

And the two versions, which is more credible?

That's undoubtedly an ancient version.

The silk book of the Mawangdui Han Tomb is from the No. 3 tomb, and the owner of the No. 3 tomb is Li Xuan, the son of Li Cang, who died in the 12th year of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty (168 BC).

There has been an interval of more than 300 years from Lao Tzu to Lifeng, so the Tao Te Ching unearthed in the Mawangdui Han Tomb can be regarded as one of the versions closest to the original.

And it is easy to see that the revisions were deliberately changed by later Confucianists to become works that are more in line with Confucian ideas.

Whether this behavior is good or bad is not to be evaluated.

But this is certainly not a good act that makes the original writing unwritten.

At least for modern people to study the doctrines and ideas of the ancients, it will be very misleading.

Now, a series of books have also been unearthed from the tomb of the Marquis of Haiding, how can it not excite the archaeologists.

The time of the death of the Marquis of Haidu, that is, the time of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty.

At that time, although the hundred schools of thought had been deposed, the hundred schools of thought had not yet become extinct, and Confucianism must have not had time to delete and change all the hundred schools.

Obviously, the ancient books unearthed in this tomb are undoubtedly very close to the original and genuine, and have very important research significance!

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Chapter 273 The Confucian Free Reading Who Loves to Censor the Writings of the Sages.