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“… Eventually, the Byzantines' possessions in Italy were limited to the junction of Ravenna and Rome in the middle of the Italian 'boot', as well as the toes and heels of the 'boots', as well as in Sicily.

After Liutplant's death, the Lombard kingdom fell into a brief period of chaos due to the struggle for the throne.

However, five years later, in 749, Liutpland's younger brother Astov defeated his opponent and became king.

The kingdom of Astov was once again determined to completely drive the Byzantines out of the Italian peninsula.

It can be said that there were few forces on the Italian peninsula at this time that could compete with the Lombard kingdom, and Byzantium could not afford to take care of things in the west.

Because Byzantium, in addition to the chaos caused by the iconoclasm, also had to deal with the attacks of the Bolgars and Arabs.

Finally, in 751, Tizius, the last governor of Ravenna, was executed by the Lombards.

After taking Ravenna, King Astov further occupied the remaining Byzantine territories on the peninsula, while making the city of Rome the next most important target.

Seeing this, the new Archbishop of Rome, Stephen II, decided to take a desperate step and seek support from the Frankish kingdom, a powerful country in the north.

After all, the Lombards were unable to unify the entire Italian peninsula. This may be geographically determined:

The location is equivalent to the 'Central Plains' of Europe, the land of the four wars.

Under the interaction of internal and external troubles, secular and religious factors, the Italian peninsula has always been contested by all sides.

This history, only the Iron Crown can witness, I must get him! ”

Pelop thought that he could impress Li Yaoyang with his true feelings, but he was facing Li Yaoyang, who was an incarnate capitalist, and his feelings were worthless in front of him, and everything was a resource that could be used to make money.

Just now, Pelop used the shares of the drama center as collateral, and if she borrowed another 200,000, it would not be enough.

Looking at Li Yaoyang's eyes, you can know that if you don't take out something valuable, I'm afraid you won't be able to borrow this money.

Pelop gritted her back molars and squeezed two words out of between her teeth:

"Haven't you always wanted to start Atlantic City Weekly magazine? I'll help you through all the formalities. ”

"Not enough! That's 200,000 dollars, just to help me go through the procedures, it's not worth 200,000! ”

"Plus a piece of land, which has been in hand for a long time, will be sold to you for 200,000."

This time, Li Yaoyang was tempted:

"Turf? Hmm~ Where is it? ”

"Just northwest of the Pacific Hotel, in that overgrown area."

Li Yaoyang thought about it, the area of the land is not large, but the geographical location is good, and it is close to the hotel.

It is not far from the future Xinhua Town, but it can be convenient for the town's residents to travel.

The prototype of commercial plazas and shopping malls only appeared a few years ago, when it was mainly in the form of a number of shops distributed in a strip, with display windows along the street and parking lots behind and next to the shops.

Tenants include: food stores, pharmacies and service stores.

In other words, the earliest "shopping malls" had the concept of combination stores.

One of the projects that represents the shopping mall at this time is called Country Club Plaza.

It has a theme-style architecture, unified management and parking lots, which are important components of a modern shopping mall, and the quality of the mall's operation and management, tenant mix and merchandising are all reflected in this project.

But until 1931. The first shopping malls in the true sense of the word are just beginning to appear.

He is the High Street Shopping Park Village in Dallas.

It is a monolithic site, not bisected by a public street, where the different shops are united under the same image, built and managed as a single unit with sole owners.

In the later period of the second station, the urbanization development of Chouguo entered the suburbanization stage, and a large number of suburban "sleeping cities" began to appear, so neighborhood shopping centers began to develop in large quantities.

The representative shopping center of this period was Northgate, which was developed by James Douglas in Seattle.

It has three typical characteristics:

The first is to take the all-round department store as the core main business of the whole business.

This is where the anchor store began to appear.

Second, it was an enclosed building, which we now call a box.

Thirdly, it also has a central pedestrian plaza and underground freight access.

This is the atrium space and the early design of the freight circulation.

The continuation of suburbanization in the 50s of the 20th century stimulated the further development of shopping centers, and in 1957 the era of shopping centers officially arrived.

The International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) was formed and promotes operational practices among shopping center developers, owners, managers and tenants.

In the 60s, shopping malls developed rapidly, different standard types of shopping centers began to appear, shopping malls with box air conditioning became the mainstream of the market, the number of core tenants began to increase, and the scale of the business district also expanded.

In the 70s, the segmentation of shopping malls began, and at the same time, the government began to have some rules and regulations over shopping centers.

At the same time, super regional centers began to appear, and the scale of shopping malls began to grow, from single-storey to multi-storey.

And with the development of shopping malls, developers realized the driving effect of shopping malls on the surrounding development, and mixed-use development properties (hotels, office buildings) began to appear, which was the first mixed-use development.

At the same time, the function of the shopping mall has also changed from the original shopping to social leisure.

In addition to retail formats, food, cinemas and other forms of family entertainment and leisure activities have also emerged, and the proportion has begun to gradually increase.

The functions of shopping malls have become more diverse.

The core tenants of this period are also changing. From the former sub-department store or large department store to a discount department store, as well as a super store.

The super department store here is a combination of a drugstore, a secondary department store, and a grocery store.

This period is also a period of adjustment for shopping malls, because of the increasing number and scale, environmental protection problems have begun to become prominent, and policy control has begun to appear.

At the same time, due to the impact of the energy crisis, shopping malls began to install air conditioning devices, variable temperature ventilation facilities, and air conditioners to make operations more efficient.

After the 80s, shopping malls entered a period of maturity.

After maturity, it faced a recession, due to the excessive development and construction in the early stage, and the economic crisis of the ugly country at that time, the shopping center was also oversaturated.

At the same time, some of the early development malls are aging and need to be restored.

At this time, the core tenants were transformed from discount department stores into food courts, entertainment centers and cheap department stores.

In the 90s, the main driver of shopping mall growth came from rehabilitation and expansion, and the growth momentum slowed further, but the retail space per capita continued to grow.

Another big shift in this period was: As competition intensifies, shopping malls are transforming into entertainment centers and centers of social activity.

At the same time, super-regional shopping malls began to strengthen their monopolies, and the scale of shopping malls became larger and larger.

The nature of the owners of shopping malls has also changed from the development of enterprises in the past to the development of national mega-institutions.

The development, operation and management of shopping malls tend to be more professional and monopolistic.

Shopping malls respond appropriately to economic recessions, energy shortages, environmental issues, changing customer demands, changing demographics, and overconstruction. It's clear that this constant responsiveness is how the mall survives.

But shopping malls are the epitome of the stupid, car-related consumerism of the white middle class in the suburbs of Ugly Country.

But the South Valley Mall, the first fully enclosed, temperature-controlled mall, was first proposed by a European Jewish socialist who was anti-car and pro-walking.

After the appearance of the Nangu Mall, more than 1,100 similar shopping malls were born in Quancho, and continued to be 100 years later.

In 1938, with great architectural ambitions, Victor Glenn fled from Austria under occupation to the ugly country.

He soon began his career in New York, designing storefronts for many businesses, including those on Fifth Avenue.

Fourteen years later, he accepted a completely different commission: to build a shopping center 10 miles (about 16 kilometers) from the city of Minneapolis.

This work gave Glenn a blank canvas where he could realize the utopian vision he had always dreamed of:

In the heart of an indoor city, bring the elegant urban style of your hometown of Vienna to your fast-growing second home.

The Southvalley Mall was built as he had hoped, but development has since deviated from plan.

In the 1970s, Glenn returned to Austria to spend his old age with a clear realisation that he had created a suburban monster.

Although such a mall may seem prosaic now, when Glenn first came up with such an idea, it was quite radical.

In 1943, the Architectural Forum held a contest called "Architecture 194X", which called on modern designers to imagine the future of the city after the war.

In this competition, Glenn submitted his design for the first time.

However, Glenn's fully enclosed structure and design that abandoned the central plaza did not impress the visionary editors.

In fact, Glenn's design was more suitable for the post-war Ugly Nation than expected.

In 1952, the Dayton family brought the South Valley Mall into the world.

In Minneapolis in the 1950s, the Dayton family was almost synonymous with department stores.

They wanted to use a shopping mall to round out the family's industrial structure in a burgeoning town on the outskirts of Idina, which at the time had a population of about 15,000.

In the prevailing Cold War mentality at the time, once Minneapolis was hit by an atomic bomb, the town was just outside the blast radius of the atomic bomb and could have escaped.

In 1956, the South Valley Mall opened.

It connects one branch of the Dayton family business with another large department store, and the mall can accommodate more than 70 stores.

At that time, there were already precedents for shopping malls in the Ugly Country, such as the Seattle North Gate Mall, which opened in 1950, the Belle Valley Mall in Wisconsin, which opened in 1954, and the Northland Mall, also designed by Glenn, opened in 1956 in the suburbs of Detroit.

Unlike these open-air, nature-friendly malls, the South Valley Mall will be insulated from the outside world, allowing for greater control over the interior space.

Glenn likes to refer to it as "inward-looking," as opposed to the "outward-looking" commercial belt, which he calls the "Avenue of Terror," and resents the sprawl of such malls in the suburbs of the Ugly Country.

The Valley's large blank walls completely isolate the street, and the center is home to not only shops, but also coffee, public art, boulevards, and a greenery courtyard.

Through the skylight, sunlight pours in and onto the fish ponds, plants, and a central cage filled with songbirds.

But there are also those who like the model, saying that the Southvalley Mall "brings the fun of the outdoors indoors."

At least here, you can feel the eternal spring.

Enclosed shopping malls are at their peak in popularity in California, and it's not just the climate inside that it can control.

It also panders to Glenn's top-down design philosophy, which, like many socialists, believes that the system of exploitation of man can be changed.

Shopping malls also address the fears of middle-class consumers in ugly countries – they want to be protected not only from the wind, rain, snow and traffic, but also from strangers.

These things are not the same as Glenn's own concerns.

What he wanted to create was not only a "giant shopping machine", but also a community center.

Here, ugly people are free to roam, meet, argue, and enjoy life, just like the Viennese in Glenn's hometown.

To achieve this, he designed the Southvalley Mall not as an isolated building, but as part of a master plan.

The master plan also includes hundreds of hectares of residential, commercial, medical, office and mixed-use projects, all surrounded by lakes and parks, most of which have been neglected by developers.

Instead, the developers set a precedent by building a parking lot around the mall that Glenn called "an extreme waste of land."

However, in the half-century since the opening of the South Valley Mall, 1,500 similar parking lots have appeared in the country, all thanks to post-war tax reforms. Tax law reforms have dramatically increased the profitability of such large commercial projects.

Although Glenn himself later denied and even criticized the mall, stating in 1978 that "he refused to pay any alimony for the development of these bastards," Minnesotans loved the South Valley Mall.

Growing up far away from the heart of the city, Ugly Nationals love to come to places like the Southvalley Mall, where they can find the closest they can get to the city experience.