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Of course, the role of Cumberland Pass in history is not entirely positive.

For the Indians, the existence of the Cumberland Pass was a disaster, and many Indians were displaced by the westward movement and eventually forced to move to the reservation.

In the process of the rapid westward expansion of the ugly country and the annexation of land, the contradictions between the north and the south were also revealed, and quickly intensified, which later led to the Civil War.

In the civil war, the Cumberland Pass changed hands five times and was the focus of contention between the two sides.

In fact, in the dense forests of the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern part of the country, there are many winding trails.

Some of them are as famous as the Appalachian Trail, attracting outdoor enthusiasts from all over the world, while others hide deep in the valley and are gradually swallowed up by wild grass and shrubs.

Among those obscure trails, there is one that has played an important role in the historical development of the ugly country, and it is the Great Indian War Road.

The Great Indian Warfare Way is not a single road, but a transportation network consisting of a main road plus many branch lines.

Its main line is basically located in the Appalachian Mountains, from Buffalo in northern New York in the north to Mobile in southern Alabama, spanning nearly 2,000 kilometers from north to south, and its branch lines can also lead to the Midwest and the East Coast.

In some areas, it also has different names, such as in New York State, where it is called the "Seneca Trail";

Central Pennsylvania, which is known as the "Vulture Springs Trail";

In northwestern Tenna, it's known as the "Great Valley Way";

Along the Ohio River, it's known as the "Canahua Trail" and more.

The original formation of this warway was not the work of the Native Americans, and certainly had nothing to do with the later colonists.

They were pioneered by bison, an animal that once lived in the Appalachian mountains.

Due to historical overhunting, the bison are now found only in parts of the western part of the country, but once the bison had a wide range, from the Yukon Territory in northwestern Canada to Tennessee in the southeast of the country.

During the colonial era, newcomers to Europe mistook these bison for the same species as the buffalo from Asia and Africa, and called them "great buffaloes".

It wasn't until many years later that people realized their mistake and named the animal the bison, but the conventional name of the big buffalo has persisted in the country of Ugly to later generations.

An important city in upstate New York is also named after the "Great Buffalo." n

In the forests of the Appalachian Mountains, these bison move their huge bodies and take heavy steps, chasing water sources and making their way through the bushes.

As the Indigenous people gradually occupied the Appalachian Mountains, the paths taken by the bison became their main routes.

These trails are rugged and treacherous, but they have an irreplaceable role:

It connects the valleys of the Appalachian Mountains to various water sources, and also connects the various parts of the Appalachian Mountains from north to south and the coastal plains to the east.

On the east coast of the country and along the Appalachian Mountains, there are dozens of indigenous tribes of all sizes, such as the Abnaqui, Pecot, Mohican, Lenapu, Khatahua, Chickazo, and Semino.

Four of the strongest and most populous of these were the Iroquois in the north, the Powatan in the center, the Shawnee in the Lowlands behind the mountains, and the Cherokee in the south.

They have their own characteristics, such as the six major tribes of the Iroquois who form the Iroquois Alliance, which has a vast territory;

The Pohuatans conquered more than thirty small tribes around them and became a hegemon on the east coast, with a strict social hierarchy;

The Shawnee people are cohesive and have a very standardized leadership system;

The Cherokee are open-minded, good at diplomacy, and have their own pharmacy system.

In the early days, although these tribes migrated spatially, they generally did not interfere with each other with well water and did not communicate with each other, so they developed different languages and cultures.

Among the reasons behind this is the transportation obstruction caused by the Appalachian Mountains.

Although the Appalachian Mountains are not very tall, they are complex and forested, and it was difficult to navigate them in the days when there were no modern means of transportation.

The Great Indian Warfare Road, where the bison stepped out, broke through the geographical isolation brought by the Appalachian Mountains to the native civilization, and provided convenience for the indigenous people who explored distant places.

The Indian tribes in the eastern part of the country, who had not been in contact with each other, gradually communicated with each other through this precious path.

The exchange between different tribes was usually a simple trade at first: what you have for what you don't have.

The path that the buffalo trodden gave the opportunity for the exchange of goods between different tribes, hence the name of the road - the Great Indian War and Trade Road.

Archaeological evidence suggests that early Aboriginal people used to travel along these trails as early as 1,500 years ago.

Along the Great Indian Trail in West Virginia, archaeologists have found shells from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, as well as copper ore from the Great Lakes region.

These are clearly masterpieces of trade between early human civilizations.

Due to the complex terrain of the war route and the lack of supplies along the route, the trade of the aborigines on this path was not very smooth.

Before horses and other livestock were introduced to the Americas, the 2,000-kilometre-long trails were only accessible to the indigenous people on their feet.

Europeans describe the aborigines who traveled along the trail as:

"They walked on these trails on foot, carrying little supplies and goods, and they traveled twenty-five miles a day and did nothing.

Occasionally, other people would be encountered, so they would trade trout or furs, for example. ”

In order to find the way back, the Indians often carried out some "improvisation" at the fork in the road, such as carving patterns on the rocks on the side of the road, carving patterns on trees, and even twisting the branches of small trees into various shapes.

When the small tree grows up, it forms a strange posture that can be clearly seen in future generations.

When the communication between the different tribes began to deepen, conflicts were inevitable.

For the sake of land and water, or even just in the name of a suzerain, bloody conflicts between different clans are commonplace.

In the general impression, the indigenous tribes in the eastern part of the country are far less courageous than the wild nomads in the western plains.

However, this is a bias.

In fact, the eastern peoples, represented by the Shawnee and Iroquois, were also very brave and aggressive in history.

The legends and place names left along the Great Indian Trail reveal the bloody storms that once took place on the roadside.

Among the states it passed through was Kentucky, whose name derives from the Iroquois word Kentake, which means "blood-stained land."

The location of this state is right in the middle of the Great Indian War Road, which passes through many mountain passes and dangerous passes within its borders, and its geographical location is very important.

At the same time, it is also an overlapping area of influence of major ethnic groups such as Iroquois, Shawnee and Cherokee, which has been repeatedly fought by various tribes, and there have been countless bloody battles in this area, hence the name "Kentucky".

After the advent of the colonial era, the Great Indian Warway became a bridge between the Aboriginal people and European civilization.

Spaniards from the west, French from the north, and English from the east all made their way through the Appalachian Mountains through these criss-crossing trails, making a variety of connections with the indigenous peoples.

For a time, many white figures gradually emerged on the Great Indian War Road.

In the beginning, the Indians welcomed these white explorers and speculative traders.

As mentioned earlier, many Indians were excellent hunters, and they could provide Europeans with a commodity that was very popular among the upper class of Europe at the time - beaver fur.

The Europeans' cloth, guns, medicines, and wine were the Indians' favorite feedback.

With the entry of Europeans into the Indian trade, there will be fewer and fewer cases of "walking twenty-five miles and accomplishing nothing."

With the arrival of Europeans, access to the Great Indian Warfare Route also improved.

Some key areas have been widened, and some strongholds have even been built along the way.

Many sections of the road have been named and marked on maps, and some forks in the road have been signposted, eliminating the need for temporary "artistic creations" to mark routes.

However, the honeymoon period between Indians and Europeans came and went as quickly as possible.

The purely trading relations between the Indians and the scattered Europeans came to an end with the mass landings of European colonizers.

The two sides have gradually turned from trading partners to competitors and even mortal threats.

The Virginia tribes, led by Bohuatan, had the earliest contact with the British colonists.

After the establishment of Jamestown, in response to the growing threat from the British, the Bovatan and other tribes belonging to them formed the Bohuatan Alliance, which fought the Anglo-Bohuatan War with the British in the early 17th century.

The war lasted from 1610 to 1646, and the two sides were in a state of hostility for a long time.

During the war against the British, the Great Indian Warfare Road became the main artery of the Aboriginal people.

They marched along these rugged trails, which were so steep that they often caught the "newcomers" of the American continent by surprise, the British.

In 1622, there was also the Virginia Massacre: the soldiers of the Pohuatan tribe unexpectedly bypassed the main English army in charge of the defense, attacked several English villages and mines along the James River, killing a quarter of the English.

Because of this, the trail was also named the "Great Indian War Road".

Later, the British retaliated and launched a series of offences against the Pohuatan Division.

In the end, the protracted war ended with a compromise between the two sides.

From then on, however, the Pohuatan tribe was also devastated, and eventually the alliance collapsed, and the tribe scattered throughout the east coast.

The rest of the Indian tribes were also influenced by the Europeans.

The French even took advantage of the Great Indian Warfare Road, led by the Marquis de Dennonville (a new French politician general and second-in-command of the French colonies at the time), to weave between the Iroquois tribes and penetrate deep into the heart of the Iroquois League and establish Fort Dennonville (present-day Fort Niagara, New York).

The Marquis de Nonville used this stronghold to fight the Iroquois, and in one of the clashes he captured dozens of Iroquois leaders and sent them back to Marseille, France, to work as drudgers.

As a result, the French extended their sphere of influence to the southern shores of the Five Great Lakes and formed a military containment of the British colonies.

The southern tribes, led by the Cherokees, were more open-minded and were the first to accept the religion and culture of the Europeans.

They were good at diplomacy and took the initiative to trade with the Europeans and buy and sell land.

The brave Shawnees, on the other hand, learned the use of guns from the Europeans and equipped them with their own troops, guarding the dangerous points in the Appalachian Mountains, preventing the British from stepping into their own territory.

Later they became allies of the French, fighting alongside the French against the British during the Seven Years' War (Franco-Indian War).

The Iroquois Alliance, located on the shores of the Great Lakes and at the crossroads of British and French spheres of influence, sided with the British because of their feuds with the French, and helped the British contain many of the indigenous tribes that supported the French during the Seven Years' War.

The French were defeated in the Seven Years' War, and the Shawnees, who were enemies of the British, were retaliated against by the British.

The British marched westward in an attempt to encroach on the Shawnee territory.

Therefore, ugly people like to go west because they are born with their own genes, and they are not suddenly generated in a day or two, who makes them a family with the British in their bones.

However, the well-organized Shawnee soon gained a foothold and took advantage of the many forks in the Great Indian Warfare Road to fight the British in dangerous mountain passes in various places.

Eventually, the British, although nominally crossing the Appalachian Mountains and occupying large swaths of land on the western side of the range, did not actually have much control over the Shawnee territory.

Conversely, the Iroquois Alliance, which was allied with the British in the Seven Years' War, was supported by the British.

They occupied many of the lands of other nearby tribes and grew stronger, and the Seneca of their six major tribes were able to hold the northern trade routes of the warway.

In 1763, the British issued the Royal Proclamation, which prohibited colonies from developing lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.

The British proclamation was issued for a number of reasons, including tax and trade monopolies, as well as the effects of the Pontiac Revolt (a 1763 uprising of more than a dozen indigenous tribes along the Great Lakes dissatisfied with British policy).

This also includes defensive considerations (avoiding conflict with the Shawnee, ensuring that the Iroquois Confederacy's territory is not violated, etc.).

Much of the "No Reclamation Line to the West" proposed in the Proclamation was planned along the main Indian Warfare Highway that stretched from New York to Alabama.

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