Among those who participated in the Crusades was Edgar the Noble, the grandson of Edmund the Brave, who was the rightful king of England according to the law of succession.

Edgar's sister Margaret crossed the northern border with some Anglo-Saxon nobles and married King Malcolm III of Scotland.

Their daughter Edith was later proposed to by William Rufus, but he was unsuccessful, and Henry I married her, changing her name to Matilda, who sounded like a Norman.

They had two surviving children, and he also had about 22 to 25 illegitimate children with "6 to 8" mistresses, a royal record.

This record can also be said to be unprecedented.

Unlike his boorish brothers, Henry I learned to read, which is reflected in his nickname Beale, "The Gentlemanly", but he was also a ruthless leader, something that those who upset him would soon learn.

For 12 days on Christmas Day in 1124, he rounded up and minted coins throughout the kingdom, causing them to lose their right hands and testicles, and they mixed low-quality metals with currency to devalue it.

He once blinded a Norman bard for singing a song criticizing him.

Henry I defeated his brother in battle, and finally defeated Robert's son William Clito in late 1120, consolidating his dominance over the Duchy of Normandy and England.

In November, members of the royal family gathered at Balfleur on the Norman coast to wait for the departure to return to the other side of the Channel.

William, the only son of King Henry I, boarded the famous white ship with 200 revelers.

He was accompanied by the elite of the Anglo-Norman ruling class whose grandparents had conquered England, including two illegitimate children of Henry I, 140 knights, 18 noblewomen, "almost all of the nobles of Mortanshire" in western Normandy, and a number of leading royal officials.

Everyone was drunk, including the crew. In fact, five people, including the king's favorite nephew, Stephen, were shocked by the state of the crew and disembarked.

The revelers asked the captain to catch up with the royal ship ahead, but it was dark and in the final moments of the sailing season, and traversing this stretch of water would be dangerous.

Before leaving the port, the boat hit some rocks, and when the damaged boat quickly entered the water, the laughter turned to screams.

Most were drowned below deck, and even those who escaped from this coffin were dragged down by their own fine silk clothes.

After young William is pulled onto a lifeboat, he returns to his half-sister Matilda; Both of them died.

Only one man – a butcher who collected money on board – managed to hang on a raft, waited for dawn and survived.

Sadly, drowning at sea is common, especially in the English Channel, one of the most dangerous bodies in the world.

For example, in March 1170, 400 courtiers, including the king's imperial physician, died on their way from Normandy to England.

If the Norman lords were once terrified of crossing these waters, the deaths of their many descendants prove that their fears were wise.

King Henry I ruled sullenly for another 15 years and remarried after the death of his wife, but he was no longer able to have more children.

He had only one rightful heir, Matilda, who asked the lords to swear allegiance to her before his death.

Despite Matilda's woman, the oath-takers were packed in front of him, as leaders vied to be the first to express their loyalty;

Leading the way was his sister's son, Stephen of Blois.

The monarch needed to lead the army in battle, and until the middle of the 15th century, only one man failed to fulfill this duty, the Mad King Henry VI.

Not a single woman could do it, and although most people had a different view of women's abilities than we do today, one of the main reasons for the opposition was the appearance, where military leaders had to wield heavy swords, and women had on average half the physical strength of men.

From the middle of the 16th century, with the use of gunpowder and legions, this view of the military leaders of the royal family became obsolete, and the monarchs were not just axe-wielding killers, but also

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Educated, cunning.

During this period, a handful of women became rulers, but few ended well.

Ulaca, the daughter of Alfonso VI, tried to rule León and Castile for 17 years, starting in 1109, during a very difficult period of rule.

Her nickname was "The Reckless Man"; Unfortunately, her abusive marriage led to an open civil war in the country, and she faced numerous rebellions.

She also had an affair with a courtier and had an illegitimate child, which helped confirm that she was unfit for the position as a woman.

The fact that her contemporary, Henry I of England, had 22 illegitimate children does not excuse it.

The two main cultures of northern France, the Franks and the Vikings, did not have a history of queen rule;

In addition to this, according to Anglo-Saxon custom, the children of the former king could not automatically inherit the throne, and the new monarch was chosen by the main leaders among a group of nobles who were considered worthy of the title.

None of the five kings who preceded William the Conqueror were legitimately inherited by blood.

Henry I had many nephews and nephews, but his favorite was Stephen of Blois, the youngest son of his sister Adra.

Stephen also had two older brothers, Theobald, Count of Champagne, who was also the Count of Blois, the family's home of origin;

and the eldest son, William the Fool, who may have been mentally deficient, who was never considered a candidate for king by the chroniclers.

Stephen is considered to be both affectionate and friendly, with one writer likening him to the "charming, popular Blue Rite", who also had an older brother who had the right before him.

In fact, the new king had many admirable qualities, but this made him unfit to take the throne.

According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was "a gentle, kind, easy-going man who never punished anyone", which is not a compliment, as he connived at the plundering of land by his continental mercenaries.

After crushing the uprising in the West, Stephen pardoned its leaders, which may seem like a mild, forgiving thing to modern people, but was seen as a weakness in the 12th century.

At a time when men felt that female rulers would only cause trouble, Matilda was considered arrogant.

Historian Helen Casto writes that "the risk for these queens is that their power will be seen as corrupting the 'good' woman, bringing out all that is frightening in the unstable depths of women's nature."

Women like Clytemnestra who murdered her husband Agamemnon were considered "like men at heart", medieval people called them "fierce women", and women who are praised today for their ability are feared and hated at the time. qδ.o

Matilda was also a foreigner to some extent, having been the child bride of Emperor Heinrich V and was more German than Norman.

After the death of Heinrich V, she became even less popular among the Norman elite because she was married to Jofroy of Anjou, a descendant of the neighboring country, who regarded the people of this country as vicious barbarians, not to mention that Jofroy was only half her age.

They gave birth to three sons in quick succession, and the second birth almost killed her.

Despite Stephen's promise, he seized the throne just days after the death of Henry I, having his younger brother, Henry, Bishop of Winchester, crown him.

The flames of war burned slowly at first, but once ignited, a full-scale war broke out in 1139.

That year Stephen arrested three bishops and vicarious priests during the reign of Henry I;

In the same year, Matilda proclaimed herself "Queen of England" and finally landed in Arundel, Sussex.

Kidnappings, robberies, and murders soared, and local lords took the opportunity to demand money everywhere, and dungeons across the country were filled with people.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle later lamented that "no country has ever endured so much suffering."

Even if they were cultivated, there was no grain to be harvested, because the land had been ruined by these acts;

People openly say that Christ and his saints are ...... We have suffered for our sins for 19 years."

Matilda was aided by her half-brother Robert of Gloucester, one of the most influential illegitimate sons of the time.

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Robert was very close to his father, who was also present when he died.

Matilda also has the unwavering support of her father's other illegitimate son, Reginald.

Many real-life illegitimate children have played an important role in history, when the line between legitimate and illegitimate children was not as clear as it was later.

In particular, illegitimate children of the royal family are privileged, and even have a special coat of arms marked with the "mark of an illegitimate child", a diagonal band that starts at the bottom left.

While the total number of illegitimate children of Henry I may be a record, Henry II also had nearly a dozen illegitimate children, including Joffroy Plantagenet, who became Archbishop of York.

In 1214, William Longsword, another illegitimate son of Henry II, led the army of his half-brother John on a doomed attempt to retake Normandy.

King John had 5 illegitimate children, but much later Charles II had at least 15 illegitimate children, and 5 of the later 26 English dukes were direct descendants of Charles II's illegitimate children.

Robert of Gloucester himself had at least 4 illegitimate children.

Another illegitimate daughter of Henry I became the Duchess of Brittany and the Countess of Perche, and these children could even be used for marriage.

"Bastard", although an offense, does not always express contempt.

Richard III spoke fondly of his "dear bastard", and the greatest knight of the spear in the sixties of the 14th century was the son of the Duke of Burgundy, the "great bastard of Burgundy", and the "bastard of Orleans" during the Hundred Years' War.

The Church's rules on the birth of concubines were increasingly strict, in part to protect the noble-born wives who wished to have their children inherit the land rather than their husband's other children.

As Jon Snow knows, the life of an illegitimate child can be brutal.

In Westeros, illegitimate children could only be legalized by the king, and the reward was given to Snow, as did Rams Burton.

In reality, the 4 illegitimate children born to John of Gaunt by mistress Catherine Swinford were later legalized by Congress to become the Beaufort family, but by this time their mother was already married to their father;

And the bill that legitimized them made it clear that they could not inherit the throne.

Generally speaking, it is very rare for an illegitimate child to become the rightful heir due to strong opposition from the wife's family.

Problems arise when the status of wife and mistress is confused.

When Tywin Lannister's father, Lord Tytos, was widowed, he not only gave his mistress gifts and honors, but also gave her power, and even asked her for her opinion when dealing with the affairs of the Lannister family;

Soon she was in charge of Lannisport, the daughter of an unknown lady, a lowly candle merchant, and even wore Tywin's mother's jewels. However, after Tytos died of a heart attack, Tywin banished her from Castle Rock and confiscated her jewelry, and then let her parade naked around the city "like a normal prostitute".

Edward III was widowed in 1369 after the death of his wife Philippa of Enu, who was only 15 years old when she was favored by the aging king, as his mistress had become his mistress.

Formerly the queen's lady-in-waiting, Pelles was notorious for her greed, and she controlled the aging king during a time of economic turmoil.

As he grew older, he fell under his mistress's pomegranate skirt and squandered a lot of cash, jewelry, golden gowns, and 50 estates for her.

Despite her noble birth, the chronicler Thomas Walsingham called her "a shameless, impudent woman" and declared that "she was neither attractive nor beautiful, but made up for them with her seductive voice".

Walsingham believed she hired a monk-warlock to make wax figures of her and Edward III, and used magical herbs to gain control of him;

We can only speculate on its authenticity, but the king's extreme susceptibility to feminine charm is more obvious and less supernatural.

She bore him three illegitimate children, a son before his wife's death, and two daughters later.

Pelles fell in 1376, when the king was so old that Parliament finally tried her for corruption and expelled her

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They invented a new method to remove one of her ministers from office, known as "impeachment" (the method has since been abolished in England but is still used in the Ugly Country).

Edward III's grandson, Henry IV, was also widowed after his wife Marie de Born gave birth to four sons and one daughter, and she died while giving birth to her youngest child, Philippa.

Henry IV married a second wife, Joan of Navarre, but after the death of the king, his heir, Henry V, arrested his stepmother and imprisoned her at Leeds Castle on the pretext of practicing witchcraft and hiring a sorcerer to communicate with the deceased.

Although a religious fanatic, the king's motives must have had something to do with money, after all, Joan had a huge personal fortune of £6,000.

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