Preface to the Third Edition of the Collected Essays in Twenty Years, Translator's Note

Geo

g Vale

ti

ovitch Plekha

OV (1857-1918) was a fellow of the advanced and socialist Labor Party of Russian socialism, and since the Russo-Japanese War, the party has split into the majority and the minority, and he has become the guide of the minority, against Lenin, and finally died in frustration and ridicule. However, his writings, which are called the treasure house of socialism at the bottom of science, have many readers, whether they are enemies or friends. What should be paid special attention to by those who are in the field of literature and art is that he used the hoe of Marxism to dig through the field of literature and art.

This article is a retranslation of "The Art of Class Society" translated by Yuhito Kurahara in Japan, and although it is less than 10,000 words long, the content is full and clear. For example, the views and tasks of literary criticism on materialism are described at the beginning; The fact that this method, though misused, is not a ground for objection; According to the literary and artistic history of Western Europe, it is shown that the majority of those who hate the petty bourgeoisie are still the petty bourgeoisie, and must not use the name "proletarian idea"; At the end of the day, he said that if he wanted to propagandize, he must first understand this doctrine, but there are very few places where literary and artistic artists are suitable for the position of propagandists: they are all concise and to the point, especially suitable for introducing them to today's China.

Commenting on Pulkhanov's book, there is a new translation in Japan of a book by Jacob Vulaif; In China, there was a very good short essay by Wallefsson, which was translated and attached to "The Literary and Artistic Polemics of Soviet Russia".

On the night of June 19, 1929, translator's note.

"October"

postscript

The author's first and last name, if written in full, is Aleksa

d

Stepa

ovitch Yakovlev。 The first word is the name; The second character is the patronymic name, Yiyun "son of Staban"; The third character is the surname. The autobiography does not record the date and year of his writing, but it was first published in the book "Literature of Russia" (Vladimi).

Lidi

：Lite

atu

a-ya Russiya), published in 1924, then, at the latest, it was written in this year. In the 1928 edition of Pisateli, published in Mesco, Jacobwuleff's autobiography was the same, but a bibliography of his works was added: twenty-five titles were published from 1923 to 28.

In the era of war communism, because of the lack of material things and the hardships of life, literature and art were also an era of suffering. In 1921, when the New Economic Policy was implemented, the literary and artistic circles became lively again. At this time, the most successful was the "fellow traveler" whom Valansky championed in the magazine "Red New Land", and Torozsky first gave a characteristic name.

"The appearance of the 'fellow travelers' can also be counted in the first meeting of the 'brothers of Serabion' in the 'House of Arts in Leningrad' on February 1, 1921. (Omitted.) In essence, this group does not denote any schools or tendencies in the direct sense. Those who combine the 'brethren' are the ideas of the art of freedom, and whatever it is, they are opponents of whatever it is, wherever there is a plan. If they also have a program, then it is the negation of all programs. This is most clearly expressed by M. Zoshche

-ko): 'From the point of view of party members, I am a person without doctrine. Well, let me speak for myself, then I am neither a communist, nor a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary, nor an imperialist. I'm just Russian. And - political ground, immoral people. On a general scale, the Bolsheviks are closest to me. I am also in favour of practicing Bolshevism with the Bolsheviks. I love the peasant's Russia. The essence of all the 'brotherly' programs is that. They used one form or another to express the elements of the anarchy of the revolution, and even the elements of the Baldi (raiders).

t) sympathy, and a negative attitude towards the elements of the organization, planning, and construction of the revolution. ”（P．S．Koga

: Chapter 4 of The Literature of the Great Decade. Jacobwulef, the author of October, was one of these "brethren of Solabion."

However, as the name of this group indicates, although it is taken from Hoffman (Th.A. Hoffma

The name of the novel, however, is not based on the teachings of the Serabion, but in the same way as his brothers, each with their own attitudes. Therefore, under the program of "no program", each person has different content and form. For example, Ivanov, who was already different, is now even more different

ov) and Brinek (Bo

is pil

IAK), which has been a member of this group before.

As for Jacobwulef, the tone of art is all about fraternity and conscience, and it is very religious, and sometimes it even admires the Church. He saw the peasants as the supreme bearers of human justice and conscience, and only they could unite the whole world in a spirit of fraternity. This insight is embodied in the short story "The Farmer", which describes the triumph of the "human conscience". I published this translation in last year's Popular Literature and Art, but it was only because of this one topic and the author's nationality that even the advertisements were rejected by the Shanghai newspapers, and the author's noble fantasies have clearly hit a wall, at least in some parts of China.

"October" is a work of 1923, which can be regarded as his representative work, and represents a more progressive conceptual form. But none of the characters in it are revolutionaries with iron will; Ageng joined temporarily, mostly for fun, but in the second half of the year it was a great deal of his mother's irretrievable misery in the old house, a place to be remembered by L.A

d

EEV) of "The Old House" to come. The calmer and braver were the nameless sailors and soldiers, but they were tithing because of their previous training.

However, the subjectivity of the young men who joined the White Army and finally hesitated (Ivan and Hua Xili) to describe the street fighting of the October Revolution shows the freshness of the cinematic structure and description, although the few bright words at the end of the day are not enough to conceal the gloomy and desperate atmosphere throughout the text. However, at the time of the revolution, the situation was complicated, and the class and ideological feelings to which the author belonged certainly prevented him from writing anything more advanced, and the revolution at any time and place could not be said to be absolutely unlikely. This book is probably written about the people of Presna Street in Mosco.

To know the different thoughts and feelings in a different environment, I thought that there was no such thing as A. Fadeev's "Collapse".

His current life, I don't know. Japan's Kuroda Otoyoshi once met with him and wrote a little "impression" that gives a glimpse of who he was:

"Initially, I met him at the 'Herzen House', but Jacobwulev was not a man of a leading nature, so he did not speak much. The second meeting was at Liding's house. I've loved him ever since.

In his autobiography, he wrote: "My father was a dyer, my father's relatives were serfs, my mother's relatives were Volga's shipmen, and my father and grandparents could not read or write. After the meeting, it is true that he gave the impression that he was born in the 'black soil' of Great Russia, and the word 'simplicity' could be embedded in him, but he was not rude, calm and composed, and he was a typical "new intellectual of modern Russia with serfs as the ancestor" without even saying a loud voice.

"If you look at the novel "October" based on the October Revolution of Mursco, it can be said that all his works are about the life of the lower Volga region where he grew up, especially the characteristics of the social and economic bottom.

"I heard that Jacobwulev got up at five o'clock every morning, cleaned his body, and quietly recited the scriptures before he began to compose. Going to bed early has always been almost a qualification of the Russian intellectual class, especially a literary scholar, but he is a very changed person. I remember that at Liding's house, he didn't drink a little alcohol. (Emerging Literature, No. 5, 1928.) His father's occupation, the autobiography I translated, was a retranslation of the Japanese book Keiji Oze on the Literary Front, as a "painter," but here he was a "dyer." The original text is spelled in Roman characters and is "Ochez Mal'Ya."

I don't know who is right.

The basis of this book is the original translation of Kohei Ida in Japan, and the year before last, it was published by the Southern Song Academy in Tokyo as the fourth article in the "World Socialist Literature Series". Last year, Mr. Duff edited Popular Literature and Art, solicited manuscripts, translated a few chapters, and posted them there, and then he stopped editing, and I stopped translating. It wasn't until late this summer that it was translated in a glass-door house. At that time, Cao Jinghuajun sent me a copy of the original text, which was Roma

Gazeta), but I don't have the academic ability to compare, so I only add the titles of each chapter that are not in the Japanese translation, and the chapters are corrected as they were, so that the eyebrows are finally clearer.

One more redundancy:

First, this novel is not the work of Protelliards. It was not forbidden in the Soviet Union before, and it is still in use now, so our university professors picked up the spittle of overseas Chinese and Russia, saying that they were using the Marxist theory to weigh the two, more and less, which was an exaggeration, but in fact they wanted to use this as a pretext and weigh the two themselves. Some writers in the "ivory tower" will hear these words, and their faces will turn pale, and they will really be very wronged to make a declaration from afar.

Second, there is also a Jacobwulaiv in Russia, who wrote "On the Treatise of Pulkhanov", an assistant professor at the Leningrad State University of Arts, a theorist of Marxist literature, and although he has the same surname, he is not the author of "October". In addition, there are naturally many people with the surname Jacobwulaif.

However, all "fellow travelers" do not always soar in mid-air after walking a certain distance together, and in the middle of the construction of socialism, there must be a clutch change, Ke Gan said in "The Literature of the Great Decade":

"The literature of the so-called 'fellow travelers' and this (the literature of the proletarians) has achieved another way. They are moving from literature to life, from technology that has the value of self-reliance. First of all, they saw revolution as the subject of a work of art. They clearly proclaimed themselves the enemy of all tendencies, and conceived a free republic of writers who had nothing to do with such tendencies. In fact, these 'pure' literary scholars could not help but be drawn into the boiling struggle on all fronts, and so they joined the struggle. At the end of the first decade, it is not unusual that the proletarian writers, who have advanced from the revolutionary life to literature, and the 'fellow travelers' who have advanced from literature to the revolutionary life, will merge with each other, and at the end of the decade there will be a grand attempt to form a Union of Soviet Writers, in which all groups may join together. ”

As for the past and the current state of "fellow travelers" literature, I think this is very simple and clear.

August 30, 1930, translator.

Translator's Notes on the First Two Verses of October

The same author's "non-revolutionary" short story "The Farmer" was rejected by the newspapers because of the unpopular title. This time, I will translate his novella, which is a little more advanced than that of "The Farmer", but it is still "non-revolutionary", and I think its life is written according to what can be written: truth.

The original intention of translating this article is not to fear my own decline, nor to advocate revolution for others, but to show the reader the situation in that place at that time, it can be regarded as a kind of temporary barnyard history, which can be reassured by the propertied and proletarian writers.

The base I used was a translation by Kohei Ida of Japan.

January 2, 1929, translator.

"Destruction"

postscript

It would have been almost impossible to describe a hundred and fifty real people in a book of about 300 pages. With the weight of "Water Margin", one hundred and eight heroes cannot be written. The author's concise approach is to select the delegates from among them.

Three squad leaders. The peasants were represented by Kubrak, the miners by Tukhov, and the herdsmen by Medieriza.

Bitter Braque's shortcomings were naturally the most, he advocated the interests of the locals, and after the capture of the priest, the silver chain of the cross would be on his belt, and he would get drunk before leaving, and humble himself to the team members as "pig-like things". Scouts from peasant backgrounds often did not dare to approach enemy territory, and only sat in the bushes and smoked rolls, waiting for the time to return. Miner Muroshi gave criticism -

"I can't get along with them, and those peasants can't get along with them. ……

Stingy, yin, and gutsless – without exception...... It's all like that! Nothing of their own. It's like a sweep! ......" (Part 2, Chapter 5)

The Tu Rang Fu were very different, the rules were strict, and there were very few deserters, because they were not like peasants, who took root in the land. Although he used to wander around and arrive the last to be assembled, "only Tu Wanfu's squad was completely assembled in one breath". When the seriously injured Florov was dying, he knew his own life, and he was connected with human beings, so he resolutely took poison as a friend, and he was also one of the miners. There are only a very despicable peasant Muluo Shijia, but there are many shortcomings, stealing melons and drinking, like a hooligan, and when he is depressed and annoyed, he is quite close to Medik. However, it is not conscious. Sapper Gangkalenko said—

"From whosoever we are, if anyone digs down, in every man he will find the peasant, in every man. In short, what belongs to this side is at most nothing more than not wearing straw sandals......" (2-5)

He pointed out to him the bad things of others that he despised as his own bad things, and to learn from others and understand that it is a wonderful way to enable people to reflect, at least when the peasants and workers are light, it is extremely meaningful. However, Muroska later went as a scout, and finally died in his duty, unlike Medik.

Not much has been written about the shepherd Medieriza. There is his decisiveness, equestrianism, and the actions of the dying hero. The team members who were born as shepherds did not write either. There is also a shepherd boy with a thin neck with a wide robe and large sleeves, which is reminiscent of the early days of Medariza and the shepherd boy's adulthood.

The most profound dissection is probably for foreign intellectuals - first of all, of course, the high school student Medik. He was opposed to the poisoning of the sick and had no better scheme, against the robbery of food; and still eat the looted pork (because they are hungry). He thinks that others are not doing it right, but he can't do it himself, and he feels that he can't do it, and others can't do it. So he didn't do it, and he became noble and lonely. The argument goes like this—

“…… I believe that I am an unqualified and useless player...... I really don't know anything, I don't know anything...... I'm here, I can't get along with anyone, no one helps me, but is it my fault? I used a straight heart to people, but what I encountered was rough, for my jokes, teasing...... Now I don't believe in people anymore, and I know that if I were stronger, people would listen to me and be afraid of me, because here, no one is only interested in this thing, and no one thinks only about this thing, which is to fill their big belly...... I have often felt that if they were to be led by Kolchok tomorrow, they would serve him as they do now, and with the same extrajudicial cruelty to men, and yet I can't, I can't do ......that, I can't do that" (2.5)

In fact, this is what Medik said when he joined the team and when he fled, "No matter what you do there, everything is the same", but at this time, she thought that the great evil was attributed to someone else.

In addition, there are many deep incisions, which can be seen at any time from the beginning to the end. However, Medik was sometimes aware of this shortcoming, when he and Baklanov went to reconnoiter the Japanese army, and after talking on the way—

With a sudden zeal, Medik began to show that Baklanov's failure to go to high school was not a bad thing, but a good thing. He inadvertently wanted to convince Baklanov that he was a kind and capable man, although he was uneducated. But Bakranov could not see such value in his own uneducatedness, and the more complex judgments of Medik could not be comprehended by him at all. So there was no heart-to-heart conversation between them. The two of them steered their horses and walked briskly in a long silence. ”

(2 of 2)

But there is also a vocational school student Qi Shi, who is not good at himself, and others are even more incapable of the argument, which is the same as Medik-

"Naturally, I am sick and wounded, and I am impatient to do such troublesome work, but in any case I should be no worse than a boy—it is needless to boast ......" (1 of 2)

However, he is better at avoiding labor, better at chasing women, and more critical at measuring characters than Medic.

"Well, but he (Lai Fensheng) is also a man of no great learning, just cunning. I just want to use us as a foothold to earn my own status. Naturally, you always think that he is a very courageous and talented captain. Hmph, how can that be true! - It's all our own fantasies!

......" (ibid.)

As soon as the two of them were compared, they felt that there was still something pure about Medic. In Fritz's "Chronology", it is said that the author even wrote about Medik, which makes people feel a little loved, and this is about it.

Lai Fensheng's thoughts on the first-class characters of Medik are like this-

"Only with us, on our earth, tens of millions of people, from time immemorial, have lived under the sun of sloth, defilement and poverty, ploughing their fields with wooden plows before the Flood, believing in a wicked and foolish God, that only on such a ground, in this poor and foolish part, can grow this lazy, aspiring character, this unfruitful ......" (2-5)

But Lai Fensheng himself was also an intellectual—the most educated man in the raiding squad. The book only talks about how he was a thin Jewish boy who had helped his father, who had dreamed of making a fortune all his life, to sell old goods, and that when he was a child, he was asked to stare in the mirror because of his photography, and people tricked him into saying that there would be birds flying out of it, but in the end he did not, which made him feel a great disappointment. Even if you realize this kind of deception, you have also paid the price of a lot of experience. But it is probably impossible to recall, because personal private affairs have been covered by the accumulation of years of the "pioneer Lai Fensheng", and it is not very clear. Only the origin of why he became a "pioneer" can be accurately pointed out -

"In the midst of overcoming all these defects and poverty, there is a fundamental meaning of his own life, and if he has no great hope there, no other hope can be compared, then the desire for a new, beautiful, strong, good human being, Le Fensheng is someone else. But when tens of millions of people are forced to live such a primitive, pitiful, meaningless and impoverished life, how can we talk about a new, beautiful human being? (Ibid.)

This made Lai Fensheng inevitably connect with the poor masses and become their forerunner. People also thought that he had no suitable position other than to be the captain. But Lai Fensheng is convinced that -

"It is not only their own feelings that drive these people, but by another, no less important instinct, by which they sell all that they endure, even death, to their final purpose...... But this instinct lives in people, hidden beneath their small, ordinary demands and scruples, because each one wants to eat and sleep, and each one is weak. It seems as if these people are doing ordinary, small chores, feeling that they are weak, and entrusting their greatest concerns to the stronger ones. (2 of 3)

Lai Fensheng marched with the "stronger" and these masses, and in addition to being cautious and thoughtful, he had to plot for himself, hide his feelings, gain faith, and even exercise power in times of crisis. Why, because it was—

"Everyone looked at him with respect and horror,—— but no sympathy. At this moment, he felt that he was a hostile force above the army, but he had realized that he was going to go there,—— he was sure that his power was justified. (Ibid.)

However, not only did Lai Fensheng sometimes waver, sometimes he was caught off guard, and his troops were finally besieged by the Japanese army and Kolchok's army, and only 19 of the 150 men remained, so to speak, all of them were destroyed. When he broke through, he was still hinted at by Bakranov. This is really a disappointing book compared to the novels that are all superb, and all the protagonists in the world are superb, and their careers are all successful. The peaceful reformers are waiting for the god-like pioneers, the gentlemen-like people, in fact, to punish the fact that there is such a thing in the world. When Medik first arrived at Charletuba of the Peasants, he also felt this kind of disillusionment—

"The people around him are completely different from those created by his unrestrained imagination......" (1 2)

But the author immediately explains-

"So they're not characters in books, but they're real people."

(Ibid.)

However, although they are the same people and have no divine power, they are not the so-called "all the same" of Medik. For example, Medik is always hopeful, often wants to cheer up, and then breathes and changes, suddenly very majestic, suddenly very depressed, and finally has no choice but to lie on the grass and watch the dark night in the forest, to appreciate his loneliness. This is not the case with Lai Fensheng, who may have been in this mood by chance, but who immediately overcame it, and the author leaked out of his very meaningful news when Lai Fensheng himself was comparing himself with Medik—

"But have I been like that sometimes, or have I been like that?

"No, I'm a solid youth, much more solid than him. Not only did I hope for many things, but I also achieved many things – and that's all different. (2 of 5)

The above is the impression left after the translation and re-reading. There are naturally a lot of missing points. Because the treasure jade in literature and practice is everywhere, not only the scenery of Taijia and the night attack cannot be described by those who have not experienced it, that is, the art of shooting guns and manipulating horses, but the embarrassment of the Medik in the book is also based on practical experience, and it is by no means something that can be written by a fantastical literati. To cite the larger ones, there are those who comment on the tactical clouds of the Japanese army in a few words-

"They went from grange to grange, step by step, with dense guards on the flanks, and with long stops, they proceeded slowly.

In the iron-like stubbornness of their movements, although slow, one can feel confident, calculating, and yet at the same time blind. (2 bis)

And the tactics of Lai Fensheng, who fought against them, were narrated when he was training his troops-

"He always doesn't talk much, but he stubbornly knocks on only one place like a man who strikes a dull and strong nail for perpetuity."

(1 of 9)

So when he came out of the forest after the destruction of his army, he saw distant people in the threshing field, and he wanted them to become one with him soon.

Author: Alexa

d

Alexa

d

ovitch Fadeev), I don't know anything about it, except for everything in the Autobiography. Only from the small preface to the English translation of "Destruction", it is known that he is now a member of the adjudication group of the Proletarian Writers' Union.

Also, his romance novel "The Last of Uduig" has been completed, and there will be a translation in Japan.

This book, originally titled Razg

om", Yiyun "broken", or "collapsed", translated into Japanese by Kurahara Yuren, entitled "Bad Destruction", I translated "Sprout" at the beginning of spring, renamed "Collapse", based on this one; Later got R.D.Cha

English translation of ques and Ve

lag fü

Lite

atu

u

d Politik's German translation, which was revised, will be completed because of the discontinuation of "Sprout" and the untranslated third part. The latter two have been renamed "Nineteen People", but their content is almost the same in the German and Japanese translations, while the English translation has many differences, and the three occupy two, so they are rarely used.

The first three articles, "Autobiography", were originally contained in "Literary Russia" and were also translated from the printed version in 1928; One of the articles by Kurahara Weiren, originally titled "Fadeyev's Novel 'Destruction'", appeared in the March 1928 issue of "Avant-garde" and was translated into Chinese by Luo Yangjun. This is all transcribed from "Sprout". V.F

i-tche), which is not found in the three translations, and is translated from the original text contained in the Romance Magazine. But the transliteration has been changed to uniformity here, and the quoted articles have also been changed according to the text I have translated. I hereby declare and express my gratitude.

The portrait of the author of the gravure is that of I. Radi

ov) Paintings, there are already good works of the final evaluation. The six illustrations by N.N. Vuysheslavtsev, taken from the "Roman Magazine", are quite similar to the Chinese "embroidered images", which are not very brilliant. But in the end, it can always help the reader's interest, so it is printed. Here, I would also like to thank Jing Huajun for his kindness in sending these pictures from afar.

Shanghai, 1931, January 17. Translator.

Translator's Notes on Chapters 1-3 of Part 2 of "The Collapse".

Regarding this novel, the explanation of Kurahara Yujin translated in the second book of this journal is quite clear. But when I finished translating the first half of this second part, I wanted to write a few thoughts that would happen at any time during the translation.

These chapters are very important, they can be precious words, they are things that are exchanged for part or all of life, and cannot be written by non-battle-experienced warriors.

First, for example, the anatomy of the petty-bourgeois intellectual, the Medik; He wants to be innovative, but nostalgic; He was fighting, but wanted peace; He couldn't think of it, but he opposed the law that could not be found, and yet he still ate the fruit of the law that could not be found in it, the pork of the Koreans, because he was hungry! I think his view of the benefits of Baklanov's uneducated is correct, but this complex meaning is an experience that Baklanov would not have known unless he had received a bad education of the old style, and Baklanov certainly could not comprehend it. And so on, so they could not understand each other and move forward together. If, when reading this book, the reader feels that Medik is very sympathetic and forgivable, he himself has his own shortcomings, and if he is not aware of his own shortcomings, he will not really understand the revolution that is coming.

Secondly, it is a description of the attack group when it was pressurized, attacked, and dying by the White Army, the Japanese Army and the Kolchak Army. At this time, the team members showed some resistance or indifference to the captain, which was a sign of disintegration. But when the revolution is underway, there must be such a situation, because if everything is stable and the momentum is broken, there is no revolution, there is no fighting. The masses first became revolutionaries, so they raised their arms and shouted, and the people responded, without breaking a soldier, without spending a single arrow, and became a revolutionary world, which was the same as the propagation of etiquette and religion of the ancients, so that Zhaomin turned into a righteous man and a gentleman, so it naturally changed the same utopian thinking as the "State of Chinese Cultural Relics". The revolution has blood, there is filth, but there are babies. This "rout" is a drop of blood before the rebirth, and it is a great lesson that the actual combatants have dedicated to modern people. Although there is indifference, vacillation, and even because of dependence, because of instinct, everyone still moves towards the goal, even if the future is finally "death", but this "death" has lost its personal meaning and merged with the public. So as long as there is a newborn baby, the "rout" is part of the "new birth". Chinese revolutionary writers and critics often demand that the depiction of a happy revolution, a complete revolutionary, is a great perfection, but they are also utopians.

Secondly, it was they who poisoned Forov when they were in danger, and the author wrote this into a very moving scene. There are some "civilized people" in Europe who think that the barbarian killing of babies and the elderly is because they are cruel and barbaric, and they have no heart, but the anthropologists who have now gone on field research have proved that they are wrong: they are killed because of food and forced by strong enemies, and out of last resort, it is more appropriate to kill them themselves than to entrust them to tigers and wolves and to their opponents.

Therefore, in this killing, there is still "love". This passage in the book describes this situation very openly (although it also includes those who are self-interested and feel a little more "lighter"). Western priests often say that the Chinese's "drowning girls" and "drowning babies" are due to cruelty, and it can also be deduced from this that they are fallacious, in fact, they are because they have no choice: poverty. The year before last, I gave a lecture at a school entitled "The Theory of Old Age and Immortality", which was exactly what I meant, but when a young revolutionary writer wrote it down and added a ridiculous paragraph to it and submitted it to the daily newspaper, my speech completely changed.

My thoughts on the translation of this issue are roughly the same, but it is too brief, and there are still many things that cannot be expressed, so I just hope that the reader will have a little help.

If you want to know very well, you must be an actual revolutionary, at least, you must understand the meaning of the revolution and have a broad understanding of society, and at the very least, you must study the materialist history of literature and literary theory.

February 8, 1930, L.