"Bell... Bell ......"

On October 12, the 19th year of the Qiansheng Dynasty, Zhu Ci, the Qiansheng Emperor who was known as a generation of heroes, died in the Qianqing Palace at the age of 65.

During the 19 years of his rule, although the Ming Dynasty experienced several major natural disasters, the overall situation of the government and the opposition tended to be stable.

He also enacted a number of measures to protect workers, which were often superficial and not concrete, but made Ming the first country in the world to have labor legislation.

In the war, he sent troops to fight the Mughals three times, and twice went west to the west, which not only expanded the living space of the Han people, but also allowed the Ming Dynasty to obtain the Kunlun Canal (Suez Canal), one of the world's three major golden canals.

According to the research of later scholars, in the 19 years of his rule, the per capita grain owned by the people of the Ming Dynasty increased from 820 catties to 1,240 catties, and the per capita amount of meat, eggs and milk increased from 24 catties to 35 catties.

In the random inspection of thousands of people in the Qi Kingdom, the height of children born in the first year of Qiansheng at the age of 18 and after the crown is generally one to two inches (3.2~6.4cm) taller than those before the 30th year of the Apocalypse.

All these circumstances show that although the Qiansheng Emperor did not create an era like his uncle Zhu Youzhen, he still pushed the Ming Dynasty to a new height.

Of course, all these are just the comments of later generations, and in this era, when the news of the death of Emperor Qiansheng spread, many people still couldn't help but feel a little sad, but their reactions can also be expressed, in their hearts, Emperor Qiansheng is not as good as Emperor Tianqi and King Qi Wen.

On October 19, the 19th year of Qiansheng, the forty-eight-year-old crown prince Zhu Heyin became the emperor, and the year name was Yongchang.

On the same day, Emperor Qiansheng was buried in Qianling, the temple name is Taizong, the name is Emperor Xiaocheng, and the full name is "Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty".

I don't know how Zhu Di, who was buried in Changling in the distance, would feel when he saw Zhu Ciran's temple number.

On the twentieth day of the winter month, the feudal lords entered Beijing successively to mourn, and on the twenty-seventh day of the lunar month, all the feudal domains entered Beijing, and the Yongchang Emperor Zhu Heyin also held a meeting of the feudal dynasties in Taimiao like his own emperor's grandfather and father.

At the court meeting, Zhu Heyin vaguely expressed the liberalization of the Ming Dynasty's population migration policy.

However, this opening is not arbitrary, but should be appropriately relaxed according to the domestic situation of each country.

Despite this, the princes, princes, and princes of the feudal clans who came to mourn the emperor were still very happy, and they also had a general understanding of the new emperor.

Compared with the two emperors of Tianqi and Qiansheng, who were a little childish for the feudal domains, the current Yongchang Emperor is undoubtedly more atmospheric.

Although the feudal lords did not know where Emperor Yongchang's confidence came from, they also knew that this emperor was unlikely to do something stupid.

He dared to relax the immigration policy, which naturally had a killer weapon that could sanction the feudal domains.

Therefore, while the feudal clans were grateful, they could not help but feel a trace of fear and curiosity in their hearts.

It's just that they are curious, but because of various things in the country, they have to leave the Ming Dynasty and return to their own vassal country.

On their way back, with the ringing of bells to celebrate the New Year, the word Qiansheng became a thing of the past, and they ushered in the first year of Yongchang (1690), which represented the year of Emperor Yongchang.

In the new year, at the Zhengdan Dynasty meeting, Yongchang Emperor Zhu Heyin issued his first will of the new year to the hundred officials.

Considering the pressure of local universities, Zhu Heyin decided to set up a university in each of the administrative offices, and one in the two capitals.

Prior to this, the only places where Daming had universities were Nan, Beijing, and the eight provinces represented by Kunming, Guangzhou, Jiugang, Chengdu, Wuchang, Nanchang, Xi'an, and Shenyang.

After the decree was issued, more than 7,000 teachers from 10 universities that had existed for more than 10 years were assigned to 25 provinces and departments that did not have universities.

As for the two new universities that were separated from the two capitals, they were called Peking University and Jinling University.

These two universities, along with the former ten universities, are known as the "Twelfth Congress" of the Ming Dynasty, while the remaining twenty-five universities are known as the "Little Twenty-Five".

The students who graduated from Daming Middle School all aim to enter the "Twelfth National Congress", followed by the "Primary 25".

In April, the emperor issued a new decree to exempt primary and secondary school textbooks.

On the fifth day of the fifth month of the fifth month, the emperor and the cabinet, the six ministries, the Metropolitan Procuratorate, and the platform of the Governor's Office of the Five Armies exchanged edicts, proposing solutions to the problems of "corruption", "Juntian", and "three redundancies" existing in the Ming Dynasty.

At this time, although the Ming Dynasty was clarified after years of strict crackdown during the Apocalypse and Qiansheng years, many officials were young and fashionable and could control themselves, and they could not help but covet power when they were old.

In addition, officials often form in-laws and collude with each other, and they favor their own families and the children of their in-laws in the selection of talents, which leads to the low administrative efficiency of the imperial court, the huge and bloated bureaucracy, the lack of enterprising spirit of officials at all levels, and the problem of "redundant personnel" is very prominent.

This is not only the case in temples and local yamen, but also many people in the army who do not have the strength to be promoted to the position of officers and generals.

In the Battle of Northern Kunlun, although the Ming army fought very well, it was with sharp weapons.

If we carefully observe the military newspapers, it is not difficult to see that the command problem of the grassroots generals of the Ming army is serious, and this is also a problem raised by Li Dingguo after the war.

It's just that Zhu Ciran was seriously ill at that time, and although he had the heart to deal with it, his body no longer allowed it, so he dragged it until now.

In addition, from the Apocalypse to the Yongchang period, although the economy and cultivated land area of the Ming Dynasty continued to grow, compared with the speed of land growth, the speed of corrupt officials and corrupt officials greedy for ink and land was faster.

Fourteen years have passed since the last inventory of hidden fields, and in the past 14 years, the amount of paper cultivated land in the Ming Dynasty has only increased by 400 million mu, with an average of less than 30 million mu per year.

On the other hand, from the 30th year of the Apocalypse to the 7th year of the Qiansheng Dynasty, the cultivated land of the Ming Dynasty increased by 800 million mu, and the average annual area was close to 30 million mu.

You must know that the comprehensive promotion of the tractor of the Ming Dynasty was not completed until the fifth year of Qiansheng, and according to common sense, the amount of cultivated land should be more than before.

Such data has to make people wonder what the people below are doing.

If the land is not in place, then at the current rate at which people are having children, once the land as an asset is not enough to support a family, then the flight of peasants will begin to appear.

Once the peasants began to flee, it meant that the class contradictions were difficult to ease, and a peasant uprising ensued.

As early as the seventeenth year of Qiansheng, Tian Wenjing, the then Zhixian County of Surabaya Prefecture, Fengyang Prefecture, Nanzhili, was once sparse and said:

"The people of Fengyang have a large number of children, and the average share of acres is very small, if you don't prepare early, you don't know!"

At the same time, Tian Wenjing also said in the recital: "If local officials do not change, the malpractice is getting worse day by day, and the world should be even worse." ”

This note was left in by the Qiansheng Emperor Zhu Ciran, although it was not handled, but it also shows that Zhu Ciran has already taken care of it.

Now, this recital has been taken out in the court meeting, and it is obvious that Zhu Heyin wants to solve all the contradictions.

In this regard, Yan Yinshao, Sun Kewang, and Li Dingguo, the three cabinet ministers, respectively offered their own suggestions.

After thinking about their opinions, Zhu Heyin asked them to draft a charter and implement it on the same day.

On 25 May, the three major cabinet ministers proposed to the four divisions of the Imperial Store, the Factory, and the Salt Mine, the Wine and Tea Division, the method of conducting an in-depth investigation, evaluating the officers of the army, and the solution of checking and filling in the gaps in the officials, the soldiers and horses, the government service, the local yamen system, and the local policy of equalizing land.

On the 26th, Emperor Zhu approved and the cabinet executed.

On the second day of the first month of June, the cabinet appointed Tian Wenjing, the head of the household department, as the imperial history of the left capital of the Metropolitan Procuratorate, and led the officials of the three divisions to patrol the locality.

On the third day of the Lunar New Year, when conservative officials joined forces to impeach the New Deal, Zhu Heyin was furious and expelled more than 300 officials kneeling at the Qianqing Gate from Beijing and sent them to Lingbei as officials.

Seeing the emperor's methods, some conservative officials began to sit on the wall and watch.

They stared at Tian Wenjing's actions, but if Tian Wenjing had the slightest mistake, they immediately impeached, but the only result they got was that the emperor did not leave the impeachment behind.

Seeing that the emperor supported him so much, Tian Wenjing was also full of confidence to investigate thoroughly.

In June alone, Tian Wenjing found out that there were 1,427 vacancies in the local imperial shops in Beizhili, and they were paid more than 17,200 taels a year.

Such a result shocked the government and the opposition, and it must be known that this is only a phenomenon of a regional yamen, and there are still thirty-four such regions in the Ming Dynasty.

If such a result can be found in every region, then Tian Wenjing can save hundreds of thousands of taels for Daming in just one turn.

Zhu Heyin, who learned of the situation, did not dare to relax, but sent the crown prince Zhu Yixuan and the cabinet minister Li Dingguo to be responsible for the assessment of the generals of the Governor's Mansion of the Five Armies, and gave Tian Wenjing Shangfang the sword to hunt on behalf of the Son of Heaven.

Tian Wenjing, who received help, was not idle, but quickly inspected the factories in the Beizhili area, salt mines, wine and tea, and other yamen.

In July, after a month's hard work by Tian Wenjing, 5,724 vacancies were found in 276 state-owned factories in the Beizhili area, with empty salaries of more than 73,000 taels.

In August, Tian Wenjing passed the examination in the local yamen of Beizhili, and cleared out more than 700 subordinate officials who occupied positions and did not do things.

September, October, Winter Moon......

Tian Wenjing went from north to south, from outside the customs to inside the customs and to the central and southern parts of the country at the speed of checking one province in a quarter.

Seeing this, some imperial shops and factories hurriedly filled the vacancies, and the subordinate officials also hurriedly studied when they saw this, so as to avoid this "King of Tianyan".

It's just that their tricks can't hide from a person who really wants to investigate the case.

Everywhere Tian Wenjing wenggled, he would point out the people who were related to the officials and send people to check his news.

In this way, although it is a bit time-consuming and laborious, the past experiences of these people can be revealed by Tian Wenjing one by one.

Tian Wenjing was able to detain the officials in charge of the office, then question the factory workers, and then send the officials to the criminal department along with the people who occupied the vacancies.

Tian Wenjing's actions made Daming busy, and once Daming was busy, the feudal domains were about to benefit.

Since the beginning of the year, with the relaxation of the Ming migration policy, people who want to migrate because of domestic pressure and abundant external conditions have been migrating.

According to the year-end recital, from the first day of the first lunar month to the first day of the first lunar month of the same year, the Migration Division handled a total of 620,000 relocation matters and issued more than 1.86 million iron plates for immigrants.

According to Wang's estimates, if this year passes, the number of people who have emigrated overseas is probably close to 2 million.

Among them, nearly a quarter went to Qi State, and a quarter went to the more remote provinces and divisions of the Ming Dynasty, such as Kunlun, Hezhong, Taixi, Nanzhou and other places.

As for the remaining two-quarters, they basically flowed into the feudal domains, and the number of people was about millions.

This may not seem like a small population, but it is enough to make the feudal clans happy for a long time.

It's just that in addition to being happy, there are some people who are happy and some who are sad.

Most of the people who migrated out of the Ming Dynasty graduated from middle school and have certain skills, so the quality of such a population is naturally needless to say.

Not only the Kunlun feudal clans, which lacked people, wanted it, but even the crowded small Western feudal clans were also salivating.

After 20 years of development in the Qiansheng and Yongchang dynasties, the 200 countries of the 200 countries of the small Western kingdoms now have a national population of 21.42 million, a native population of more than 22.5 million, and about 300 million mu of cultivated land.

It seems that the per capita is close to seven acres, which is very rich.

However, in this era, not every country can use a large number of various fertilizers to increase production like the Ming and Qi countries.

Since the introduction of the Ming Dynasty's japonica rice planting in India, the yield per mu has basically remained at 300 to 340 catties.

It seems that everyone can eat enough, but the problem is that after the Ming immigrants arrived in the vassal state, the condition given by the vassal state in the Indian region was ten acres of arable land each.

In other words, in terms of the land of the feudal domains, they were able to maintain a national population of only 30 million.

The arrival of each group of citizens requires the contribution of countless local people.

This year, 420,000 people have migrated to India, and for this reason the vassals will be able to obtain 4.2 million acres of land from the native people and distribute them to the people.

However, this is not difficult for them, after all, the land of the vassal country belongs to the vassal state, not to the natives, and the people have the right to use it for life, but the natives do not.

They were the equivalent of day laborers on the land, and there was little they could do to stop the vassal kingdom from reclaiming the land.

Of course, there was no shortage of bloody people among the millions of natives, so whenever the feudal kingdom reclaimed the cultivated land, they would riot, but this rebellion was quickly suppressed each time.

Compared with the small Western feudal clans in India, the Kunlun feudal clans did not have so many worries.

There are not many other Kunlun domains, but the number of slaves is one of the best in the world.

Among them, such as the Tang Kingdom, the Rui Kingdom, the Kyrgyzstan Kingdom, the Huai Kingdom and other countries, basically through the slaves to obtain millions of acres of cultivated land every year, there is no need to worry about the problem of arable land after the arrival of immigrants.

Therefore, the Kunlun Domains are also places with high welfare for immigrants, basically between 20 and 30 mu per capita, and the policies of various countries are different.

Relying on such a policy, in the past 20 years, the Kunlun feudal domains have succeeded in bringing the number of citizens to more than 12 million, more than 8 million slaves, and more than 180 million acres of cultivated land.

However, the arable land in this area is not as good as in other areas.

Although Kunlun's soil is fertile and blessed with fertilizers exported by Qi, the months-long rainy season is enough to wash away nutrients from the soil's surface, leaving arable land barren.

Therefore, the Kunlun feudal domains still maintained the fallow and rotational cultivation system set by the King of Qi that year.

As a result of this system, only one-third of the arable land in the hands of the Kunlun feudal domains could be used to cultivate grain every year, and their output was only enough for the daily needs of the people, livestock, and slaves.

In the event of a disaster, the feudal lords still had to import grain from the Qi State.

Fortunately, for so many years, the grain of Qi has been getting cheaper and cheaper, and the reason for this is naturally inseparable from the industrialization of Qi country.

In March of the second year of Yongchang, Qi State played the current situation of Qi State.

[At the end of last year, there were more than 1,600 households, more than 72 million people, more than 1.23 billion mu of cultivated land, and ...... gold and silver minerals]

Since there was no conflict between skin and cultural problems, the Qi State basically pacified the cannibal tribes in the south as early as the twelfth year of Qiansheng, and jointly carried out agriculture and industry in the north and south.

The per capita arable land of 17 acres makes Qi's grain mainly exported.

According to the report of the Kunlun Supervision Envoy and the General Secretary of the European Imperial Store, the grain of Qi basically occupies one-half of the market of the Kunlun Domains and one-quarter of the market of Europe.

Every year, the grain exported from Qi is not less than 500 million stones, and the oil products are not less than 200 million catties.

The household department also played in the first year of Yongchang, and the number of livestock exported by Qi to the Ming Dynasty reached more than 164,000 heads in the nineteenth year of Qiansheng.

At the same time, Qi is also a vassal state with the largest number of national debts held by the Ming Dynasty.

Such a national strength inevitably worries many officials, so it is not uncommon to remind Emperor Zhu Heyin to pay attention to the performance of Qi State.

In the first year of Yongchang alone, there were as many as 474 pieces of music to remind Zhu Heyin to be careful of Qi State, basically one or two every day.

However, for Qi State, Zhu Heyin has always maintained a trusting attitude, and he will not send these songs, and wait until winter to use them as firewood.

In addition to these internal feudal affairs, it is worth mentioning several foreign feudal countries adjacent to the Ming Dynasty.

These countries are Korea, Nanzhang, Siam, Kamphi, Sulu, Boni and Mongolia.

Among them, Mongolia has been cooperating with Yongguo and Dingguo to attack Tsarist Russia and Ottoman respectively, obediently not speaking, and gradually moving closer to the Ming Dynasty politically and culturally.

In the first year of Yongchang, the population of Mongolia exceeded 6 million, of which the number of Mongols reached a rare 2 million, and the army was maintained at about 100,000 people stipulated by the Ming Dynasty for a long time, and did not dare to exceed it.

As for the six kingdoms of Korea and Siam, their circumstances were different, and the only thing they had in common was that they only retained the army that defended the royal city.

For example, countries with large populations such as Korea, Siam, Gan Xiaozhi, and Nanzhang maintained a Beijing army of 30,000 to 50,000, while countries with smaller populations such as Boni and Sulu maintained about a few thousand people.

However, with the deepening of exchanges between countries, in fact, a considerable number of Han people live in each country.

For example, Korea, Siam and other countries mentioned in their recital to Yongchang Emperor Zhu Heyin in the first year of Yongchang that "the people in the country and the people in the country are two or three out of ten, which is a small country." ”

Regarding their praise, Zhu Heyin responded: "The inner and outer worlds are all the people of the Ming Dynasty, and you are also my children, what is the difference?" ”

This is still the case in large countries such as North Korea, such as Sulu and Boni, which originally had a population of only 100,000 or 200,000, and now the people in China are basically Han Chinese.

Most of the Beijing troops who defended the royal capital were also Han Chinese.

They didn't care, and even proposed to attach it many times, but Zhu Ciran did not approve it.

After all, if the Ming Dynasty allowed them to be attached, then the other foreign vassal states and more than two hundred inner vassal states would inevitably not think much about it.

The suzerainty system did not need to annex all countries in the first place, as this would only make the suzerain's dominance uncompetitive and prestigious.

In contrast, the control of the vassal state is what the suzerainty should do, which is also the difference between the Western colonial hegemony and the Eastern Huayi international order.

Compared with the coercion of the colonial hegemony to coerce submission and establish colonies, the relationship between suzerains and vassals can make the other side more civilized without resorting to force.

The current Daming clan system is like a family, Daming is the old lady, and the feudal clans are members.

As long as the old lady Daming is still strong, then this family can last for a long time.

The demands of each country can be realized under the mediation of the old lady, and there is no need to use force to conquer the other side at every turn.

The grievances of the three kingdoms, such as Gan Xiaozhi, Siam, and Nanzhang, have lasted for thousands of years, but under the mediation of the Ming Dynasty, they are now also defenseless and close to each other.

They can do this, not to mention the people of the Ming Dynasty.

It was normal for Han people to travel back and forth between the three kingdoms, and the people of the foreign domains were proud to be a member of the Ming Dynasty.

Cheap goods flooded the market, and the foreign vassals, with the exception of Mongolia, had not experienced war for nearly fifty years.

The prosperity of the Ming Dynasty is not only the Ming Dynasty's, but also the domain's, so maintaining the power of the old lady of the Ming Dynasty is also a thing that every member of the vassal must do.

In this way, things seem to be developing on the bright side.

It's just that compared to the countries under the Ming Sect system, Europe at the moment is not so comfortable......

(End of chapter)