The first is when people are forced to feed on their own kind in order to survive due to severe social famine caused by natural disasters or wars. This phenomenon is commonly recorded in the history books, and every dynasty will have a tragic phenomenon of cannibalism in the years of great famine, even in prosperous times, it is not inevitable, like Bai Juyi's poem "It is a drought in the south of the Yangtze River, and the people of Quzhou cannibalize people", which is just a well-known one. In some dynasties, in disaster years or disaster areas, human flesh will be sold openly on the market. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, during the Jingkang Rebellion, the people of Jianghuai and Huai ate each other, a bucket of rice cost tens of thousands of yuan, the □ of human flesh was cheaper than pork, and the corpse of a young and strong man was only 15,000 (not as expensive as a bucket of rice). In the 45th and 46th years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1617 and 1618), there was a great famine in Shandong, and there were human flesh in Caizhou, which was unbearable. During the third and fourth years of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1864 and 1865), people everywhere in southern Anhui ate people, and human flesh began to be sold for 30 wen a catty, and later rose □ to 120 wen a catty, and at the same time, it was sold for 80 wen a catty in Jurong, Liyang, Lishui and other places in Jiangsu. This phenomenon is of course against human nature, but in a situation where everyone is threatened with starvation, it is still understandable for future generations to live by eating human flesh.

The other category is cannibalism, which is cruelty. Due to the different purposes, the specific manifestations of such situations are different, some people use human flesh to show off their ferocity, some people listen to the evil art of the left way and eat human flesh to treat a certain disease, and some people eat the enemy's flesh to vent their feelings of revenge because of hatred, and so on, all of which are more barbaric and depicable than the forced cannibalism in the famine years. This kind of cannibalism does not belong to the scope of punishment, but it has some similarities with the practice of punishing people by various paintings, which fully shows the cruel consciousness and cruel mentality of the ancient people. Therefore, the second type of cannibalism mentioned above is included in a chapter of this book.

Historically, there have been many violent generals who used human flesh as military rations, and wherever they went, they plundered people for food. During the Sixteen Kingdoms, the former Qin Fudeng led his troops into battle and called the enemy soldiers he killed "cooked food". He said to the soldiers, "You will fight in the morning, and in the evening you will be full of fat, and you will not have to worry about starvation. Therefore, his subordinates were willing to serve, and after the battle, they ate human flesh, and then fought when they were full. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Qin Zongquan often sent his generals to slaughter the people everywhere, and his army did not bring rice and noodles, but salted the killed people and carried them with the army as military rations. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, when Yang Xingmi besieged Guangling, the grain and grass in the city were exhausted, and the soldiers defending the city arrested the people and sold them in the market, and specially sent people to kill them, like slaughtering pigs and sheep.

Zhu Cang at the end of the Sui Dynasty was a famous man-eating demon king. At that time, there was a catastrophe in Xiangyang and Dengzhou, and white rice could not be bought for 10,000 yuan, and the people couldn't eat each other. Zhu Cang took advantage of the chaos to raise troops, and often captured folk children to steam and eat meat. He said to the sergeant, "Is there more food in the world than human flesh? He then ordered his subordinates to divide the way to capture the women and children, steam them and distribute them to the soldiers. Every time he captured a town, Zhu Cang sent orders to distribute the weak men and women to the various departments, and they would be killed and eaten when they wanted. Later, when Zhu Cang surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, Gaozu Li Yuan sent his subordinate general Duan Qu to accept the surrender and labor the army, during the banquet, when Duan Qu was half drunk with rice, he joked to Zhu Cang: "I heard that you like to eat human flesh, what is that taste?" Zhu Cang sneered at each other and said, "If it is a person who has just drunk wine, his meat is like bad pork. Duan Qu was furious and scolded, "You madman, since you have entered my Tang Dynasty, you are just a minion, do you dare to eat people?" Zhu Cang was also furious, so he ordered Duan Qu to be killed and his flesh cooked. In the Qing Dynasty, Chu Ren won the "Romance of the Sui and Tang Dynasties", which has a scene called "Eating Human Flesh and Zhu Cang's Beast Heart", which describes Zhu Cang's atrocities. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, when the Huangchao Uprising occurred, he led the army to besiege Chenzhou, plundered the people for military food, put people in a big stone and smashed them with bones, and cooked them as rice.

Zhao Siwan and Zhu Cang in the fifth dynasty were raccoon dogs. When he commanded his troops to occupy Chang'an, there was nothing to eat in the city, so he killed women and children as military rations, and distributed them to various departments according to a certain amount, and killed hundreds of people whenever the army was sacrificed. Zhao Siwan loves to eat people's livers, he tied the living people to the wooden pillars, cut open the stomach, cut off the liver, fried the full meal, and ate the liver, the person who was cut off the liver is still screaming. Zhao Siwan went from chaos to defeat, eating a total of 66 pairs of human livers.

This kind of substitution of human flesh for military rations is not exempt from certain righteous divisions. For example, during the Anshi Rebellion, Zhang patrolled Suiyang, and the soldiers ate a total of 30,000 people. At that time, people believed that this was the truth and were very surprised, but Han Yu disagreed, thinking that it was impossible, and wrote an article to debate it. Later generations also revisited this matter, saying that the 30,000 people eaten by Zhang Xun's army were not ordinary people, but the corpses of soldiers who had died in battle; and that Zhang Xun's killing □of his concubine and Xu Yuan's cooking of the scholar boy was also inconsistent with the facts, in fact, it was Zhang Xun's concubine who committed suicide when he saw the critical situation, and Xu Yuan's scholar died violently due to fear, and Zhang Xu Ergong took the opportunity to reward the soldiers with their flesh as a means to strengthen the morale of the army. Although the historical books are exaggerated, whether it is Huang Chao or Zhang Xun, there are always cases of eating human flesh due to lack of food in the army. In ancient times, at the special moment of life and death, the environment forced human nature to alienate and return to the state of cannibalism in the animal kingdom. This was not unique to the Tang Dynasty. In the first year of Jingkang in the Northern Song Dynasty (1126), the Jin soldiers invaded the south, and the wars broke out everywhere, and the officers and soldiers and the people had no food to eat, so they salted all the dead and dried them into dried meat for consumption. Fan Wen, a native of Dengzhou, organized the righteous army to resist Jin, and after the defeat, he crossed the sea by boat to Lin'an, and the team was still eating dried human flesh after entering the city. They called the man's jerky "two-legged sheep", the old and thin man called it "Rao Shohuo" (meaning that the flesh of this kind of person is old, and should be burned more), the young woman called it "Bu Envy Sheep" (meaning that the taste of such a person is good, surpassing mutton), and the child was called "Rotten Bone" (meaning that the flesh of a child is tender and cooked with the flesh and bones when cooked). The suffering of the people during the chaos can be imagined. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the world was in turmoil, and the soldiers were everywhere, and the officers and soldiers stationed in Huaiyou were short of food, and they also hunted for food. They consider the flesh of a child to be superior, the flesh of a woman to be secondary, and the flesh of a man to be secondary. There are many ways to eat people. Some put people in a large vat and simmer them on the outside until they are cooked; some put them on an iron rack and roast them on the fire below, like lamb skewers; some people tie their hands and feet, pour boiling water on their bodies, and then use a bamboo broom to brush off the bitter skin on the outer layer of the human body, and then cut off the muscles and cook them; some put the living people in large cloth bags and put them in a large pot to boil; some cut them into several pieces, salt them, and eat them as they please; some cut off only the two legs of a man, or cut off only two breasts of a woman, and throw away the rest of them。 It is difficult to describe in detail the various poisonous practices. They call this kind of human flesh "want meat", which means that after eating it, it is endlessly delicious and makes people miss it. The tyranny of the Yuan Dynasty is only visible from this. Countless people were eaten by officers and soldiers.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the phenomenon of cannibalism among officers and soldiers was frequently recorded. During the Ming Dynasty, Hu Guangdu commanded Peng Lun to follow Zhao Fu to quell the rebellion of the people of Datengxia, tied the captured captives to high poles, and let the soldiers shoot them to death with arrows, and then cut off their limbs for the soldiers to cook and eat. In the ninth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1652), Li Dingguo, the general of the Southern Ming Dynasty, led his troops to attack Xinhui, and the food in the city was exhausted, and the Ming army guards killed the residents for food. There was a daughter-in-law surnamed Mo who depended on her mother-in-law for her life, and the guard was about to kill her mother-in-law, and Mo kowtowed and begged to die for her mother-in-law, and the guard said, "What a good daughter-in-law who is filial!" and agreed to her request, gave up her mother-in-law, and cooked Mo's food. Another woman surnamed Li, whose husband was captured by the guards and was about to be killed, cried and said, "My husband has no son, and if I kill him, I will have no offspring in his family, and what is the use of me even if I live? Another poor scholar surnamed Liang was arrested by the guards and cooked, and his ten-year-old daughter asked to be replaced, and the guards were moved to release the father and daughter together. One day, when the city gate was about to be closed, hundreds of villagers poured outside the city gate to ask for refuge in the city, but the Xinhui county commander did not agree to take them in, and the Qing army guard said, "Let them in! In case of emergency, these people can be used as our rations for ten days." So he opened the gates of the city and let the people in. The county seat of Xinhui was besieged for eight months, and the defenders ate nearly 10,000 people. After the rebellion, the survivor met the Qing army guard on the road one day and knelt down to bow to him. The guard was astonished and asked, "What are you worshipping me for?" The man said, "My father and mother and my wife are buried in your belly, and they have no graves." Now that the Cold Food Festival is approaching, where can I go if I don't bow down to your stomach?" The guard was full of shame and hurried away. This cannibalistic Qing army guard still has a little pity for the ten-year-old girl, and a little shame for the victims' questioning, which shows that his humanity has not been completely extinguished.

In ancient times, there were still many people who, out of their murderous nature or strange habits, ate human flesh and drank human blood to satisfy the hope of remnant paintings. There are many such examples, and they are appalling to say.

In 661 BC, the Zhai people attacked Weiguo, killed Wei Yigong and ate his flesh, but abandoned his liver. There was a minister named Hongyan in the Wei Kingdom, who was on an envoy at the time, and when he heard that there was a change in the country, he hurried back, and when he saw Yi Gong's liver crying incessantly, he decided to commit suicide, using his own body as the (surface), and after committing suicide, he asked people to dig out his internal organs and put Yi Gong's liver into his abdominal cavity for burial. Wei Yigong is the only monarch in history who has been eaten. During the Sixteen Kingdoms, Shi Jilong's crown prince Shi Di was cruel, and when he saw a beautiful nun, he grabbed her, raped her, killed her, cooked her meat with beef and mutton, and gave the meat to the people around him to taste the taste of human flesh. When Sun Si of the Eastern Jin Dynasty rebelled, he captured the county order and chopped him into meat sauce, and killed his wife and children to eat meat. Whoever refuses to eat the flesh of this man shall be put to death in pieces, and shall eat a piece of his flesh.

At the end of the Sui Dynasty, Zhuge Ang and Gao Zan were a pair of extravagant and murderous people. They both compete with each other for wealth, both want to gain the upper hand, host banquets for each other, and do everything possible to boast of luxury, in order to surpass each other as content. One day, Gao Zan invited Zhuge Ang to a banquet, cooked a pair of teenage twins, put their heads, hands and feet on a plate, and served the feast. The guests were full of human flesh and wanted to vomit. Soon, Zhuge Ang feasted Gao Zan and toasted one of his concubines, the concubine laughed for no reason, Zhuge Ang angrily scolded her and ordered her to retreat. After a while, the whole concubine was steamed in a large steamer, put in a cross-legged meditating posture, and placed it on an extra-large lazy plate, and her face was recoated with fat powder, and her body was covered with brocade forging. After this "dish" was brought up, Zhuge Ang personally tore the meat on her thigh and gave it to Gao Zan to eat, and the guests at the same table covered their faces and did not dare to look at it. Zhuge Ang looked calm, tore the fat on the concubine's breasts, ate and chewed to his heart's content. Later, when they encountered a rebellion, Zhuge Ang and Gao Zan were captured by thieves, and the thieves asked them for the treasure, but they could not take it out, so the thieves tied them to wooden stakes, cut off their meat piece by piece, and roasted them as snacks. These two man-eating beasts eventually became food for others as well.

After the Tang Dynasty, there were more cases of such cannibalism. During the Wu Zetian period, Xue Zhen, the lieutenant of Lin'an County, Hangzhou, was good at eating human flesh, and there was a man who collected debts from him and brought a servant to Lin'an and stayed in a hotel, Xue Zhen drunk and killed their master and servant with wine, and then put the corpse into a cauldron, and boiled it with water and water, and turned it into meat sauce with bones and meat. Xue Zhen wanted to cook his wife again, but his wife fled in shock, reported to the county order, and the county order sent someone to arrest Xue Zhen, found out the truth, and flogged him to death. At the same time as Xue Zhen, Lingnan Chen Yuanguang had a violent temperament, once he held a banquet to entertain guests, a male servant came out to toast, Chen Yuanguang was furious, ordered the guards to immediately pull him out and kill him, and boiled his meat and served it to the banquet for the guests to taste. The guests didn't know that it was human flesh, and they said it was delicious while eating, and then they brought it up with two hands, and the guests realized that they were eating human flesh, and they all felt their hearts and vomited out the meat they had just eaten. At that time, there was Shizhou Thorn Shi Duguzhuang who liked to eat human flesh, he didn't want to eat when he was sick, and only recalled that the human flesh he usually ate tasted good, and at this time someone of his subordinates died of a maidservant, so he asked someone to cut off the meat under her ribs and cook it for him to eat. During the Yuanhe period, Jiedu made Zhang Mao often eat human flesh, and later came to serve in the court, others asked him if it was true or false to eat human flesh when he was in Jiezhen, and he replied unabashedly: "Human flesh is fishy, and it is worth eating?" When Dai Zong, Yan Zhen also had the same hobby. Li Kuo was too punctual in □ Prefecture and captured seven thieves, who killed many people before and after, and ate their flesh. Li Kuo asked them why they wanted to eat people, and the thieves in the lead confessed that they had been taught by a certain thief, saying that after eating human flesh, they would sneak into people's houses at night, and the family would not wake up, so they would not be detected when they committed theft. Five dynasties, the Later Jin Chang from Jane from the butcher family was born, because of the military merit officer to the general Zuo Jin Wuwei, successively served as Heyang, Zhongwu, Wuning and other towns and festivals envoys, especially love to eat human flesh, everywhere they went, they sent cronies to capture the folk children steamed and eaten. Liu Xin, the king of Cai of the Later Han Dynasty, was an extremely cruel fellow, when he was in charge of the forbidden army, if anyone committed a crime on the left and right, he would arrest his wife and children, cut them in front of him, and let the criminals eat the flesh of their relatives. The head of the person who was cut by zero was in a different place, his hands and feet were separated, and blood was flowing all over the ground, Liu Xin raised his glass to drink, and let the band play, without any expression of pity. Although Liu Xin himself does not eat human flesh, his actions are indistinguishable from those who eat people.

In the Song Dynasty, cannibalism was not uncommon. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a man named Wang Jixun, who was the son of Wang Rao, the envoy of Zhangde Jiedu and the half-brother of Empress Xiaoming, who was awarded an important position by the imperial court because he was the emperor's family. Later, he was degraded for his illegal acts, unhappy, and had a perverted mentality, and took pleasure in mutilating slaves and maids. In the third year of Kaibao (970), he was reinstated and divided into two cases, and his temperament became more and more cruel, and he often forcibly bought young men and women as slaves, and if he was not satisfied, he killed them and cooked them. After Zhao Jiong, Taizong of the Song Dynasty, succeeded to the throne, his crimes were exposed, and the imperial court dismissed him from office in the second year of the Taiping Rejuvenation (977). He confessed to killing more than 100 servants. Because of the conclusive guilt, he was beheaded in Luoyang. During the Renzong period, Zhigao's mother in Guangyuan Prefecture also loved to eat human flesh, and killed a child for her to eat at every meal.

In all these cases, people are killed, and human flesh is roasted, steamed, cooked, etc., and eaten by means of fire, and if we look at the use of fire, these still have a slight human smell. What's more, in ancient times, there were many people who ate human flesh or human blood, human brains and human internal organs, which were no different from animals, and there was no human nature at all.

As early as the Warring States Period, this incident happened. The country has two warriors, one in the east of the city and the other in the west, who are not convinced by each other. One day, they suddenly met in the rush to see who the real warriors were. They went to the hotel together to drink, and one of them said, "You can't drink without food." So he drew his knife and cut off a piece of his flesh for the other to eat. The other showed no weakness, and also drew a knife to cut his own flesh for the other to eat. In this way, you cut a piece, I cut a piece, cut and cut, and both of them died in a short time.

These two warriors are typical of brave and ruthless people. They are just mutilating themselves, which is very poisonous, but it is different from the bestiality that we are going to describe. Indeed, there were some people in history who were as ruthless as wolves, and they hunted and ate others alive. During the Three Kingdoms, Gao Li, the general of Wu Guo, was a good drinker, loved to kill people and drank people's blood. Every night, he plundered passers-by near his residence, killed them and drank their flesh. During the Zhenguan period of the early Tang Dynasty, Liu Lan, the governor of the acting state, rebelled and was beheaded, and a general named Qiu Xinggong dug out Liu Lan's heart and liver with his hands and ate it raw, he wanted to show his hatred of the traitor and win the emperor's favor, but Tang Taizong Li Shimin hated his brutal behavior and reproached him: "The law clearly stipulates what kind of punishment a traitor should be imposed, why do you need to do this? If eating the heart and liver of a thief alive is considered a sign of loyalty and filial piety, then Liu Lan's heart and liver should be given to the prince and the kings to eat, how can it be your turn?" Qiu Xinggong had a boring discussion and retreated in shame. According to legend, Li Zanhua, the king of Dongdan in ancient Khitan, was fond of drinking people's blood, and he often pierced a hole in the body of his maidservant and sucked blood from the wound with his mouth, like a child sucking milk. Wang Yan, the general of the Northern Song Dynasty, was promoted to command the troops to fight, and after the victory, he would order a banquet to tie the captured enemy prisoners to the side, and he tore off the captives' ears with his hands, put them in his mouth and chewed, while slowly raising his glass and drinking. The captive's face was drenched in blood and screamed in pain, but Wang Yansheng ignored it and talked and laughed with the guests. In this way, he ate the ears of hundreds of captives.

In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, Han Yong, a native of Changzhou, was a general and led the army to quell the rebellion of the Zhuang and Yao people in Guangxi. Once, when he and his generals were discussing military affairs in Yuanmen, he pulled several captives over and beheaded them, then gouged out the hearts of the dead, smashed open the skulls and took out the brains, and ate them while they were hot. The general was shocked, and Han Yong's attitude was calm □ and he didn't take it seriously. Zhu Youxi, the fifth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the fifth son of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, has a penchant for eating people alive, and loves to eat people's liver, gallbladder and brain juice raw. When it was dark, he saw people passing by the palace where he lived, and he ordered his men to lure them into the palace and kill them for him to eat. Later, people did not dare to pass by in front of or behind his mansion. An imperial nobleman like Zhu Youxi is so violent, and it is not surprising that the cannibalism of the fierce officials and fierce generals under him is not surprising.

Liu Zeqing at the end of the Ming Dynasty was also a typical figure who ate people alive. He was the chief soldier in the Hongguang Dynasty, guarding Luzhou (now Hefei), usually reading and writing poems, on the surface it seems to be elegant, but in fact, his temperament is extremely ferocious □. He has two chimpanzees in his house, and he is tame enough to do simple chores. One day, Liu Zeqing held a banquet and asked an orangutan to kneel and toast to the guests with a golden ou containing three liters of wine. The orangutan looked hideous, and the guests were so frightened that they didn't dare to take the wine. Liu Zeqing smiled and said, "Are you even afraid of this beast?" He asked someone to pull over a death row prisoner, beat him to death on the spot in the banquet hall, took out the brain and heart and liver and put them in another golden pot, let another orangutan hold it, Liu Zeqing ate the bloody human heart and liver, drank the human brain of the white flower, and if there was no one around, the guests were all terrified. Later, Liu Zeqing surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty was worried that he would be capricious and found an excuse to put him to death. This man-eating beast did not end well in the end.

Now for the case of those who believe in left-handed sorcery and use human flesh to cure a certain disease. If it is said that cannibalism in order to satisfy tyrannical desires mainly shows the ferocity of animal nature left over from human nature, then the act of vainly trying to cure diseases by eating human flesh is not only ferocious, but also shows animalistic ignorance. From the point of view of modern science, there is no fundamental difference in the composition of human flesh or some organs of human beings compared with other animals, and the human body contains about organic substances, which can also be found in other animals. Moreover, the microorganisms, trace elements or medicinal organic substances contained in certain animals such as deer, tigers, otters, musk deer, turtles and some insects are superior to the human body. Therefore, even if the human body has a certain nutritional □ value and medical □ value, it can be completely replaced by the body of other animals. In ancient times, alchemists, sorcerers, and leftists advocated cannibalism and healing, with the aim of revealing the mystery of their spells and creating a terrifying atmosphere that shocked people's hearts, so that people would be fearful and obedient. Their practices are □ superstitious in nature, and like evil arts such as prayer and exorcism, they are harmful to people. They took advantage of the ignorance of the people at that time to use deceptive means to achieve the goal of obtaining money. Generations of truly scientifically minded celebrities or doctors never believed in cannibalism can cure diseases, and those who believed in the evil art of the left way were mostly greedy and stupid dumb officials or local tyrants and ruffians, who had enough money to satisfy the selfish desires of the alchemists, and enough power to plunder the eaten, otherwise, the alchemists would not have offered them the evil scheme of cannibalism and curing diseases.

The prominent representative of this type of person is Ma Shumou of the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty issued an edict to open the Bianqu, and Ma Shumou was appointed as the governor of the river. After arriving in Ningling, he fell ill and was bedridden and sought medical treatment. The doctor said that the fatty mutton must be steamed and then added to the medicine and taken together. Uncle Ma asked people to find a few lambs and steamed them with apricot cheese and schisandra, which was called "crispy belly". There were about thousands of people from the countryside who came to offer lambs, and Uncle Ma sought to collect the lambs and gave them a good reward. There is a man named Tao Lang'er in Xiama Village, Ningling County, who is rich but fierce, his family's ancestral grave is close to the river, and he is afraid that he will be excavated when digging the river, so he steals a three- or four-year-old boy from someone else's family, cuts off his head and feet after killing, and steam it into a food box to give to Ma Shumou. Uncle Ma was very satisfied with the meat that tasted different from the lamb's meat, so he ordered the river to make a bend when it passed the Tao family's cemetery. The Tao Lang brothers thanked Ma Shumou for his kindness, and continued to steal the steamed baby and give it to Ma Shumou to ask for a reward. When the other people learned of the Tao brothers' actions, they followed their example and stole the country children in exchange for a reward. At that time, hundreds of children were lost in the attached villages, and the cries of mothers who lost their children could be heard everywhere. Therefore, all the families with children in the local area made a large wooden cabinet, wrapped it in iron sheets, and hid the children in the cabinet at night, locked it with a large lock, and the whole family lit candles on duty to guard it. When the cabinet is opened at dawn, if the child is still there, the whole family celebrates. Even so, incidents of losing children continue to occur. Later, Uncle Ma was full of evil, and Emperor Yang of Sui punished him for the crimes of "cannibal son, receiving people's money, sending thieves to steal treasures, and unauthorized access to rivers", and sent the general to arrest and execute him, and the Tao Langer brothers also corrected the law at the same time. Uncle Ma's plot to eat people has been recorded in many books, and such a plot was also written in Ruan Dacheng's legend "Mu Ni He" in the late Ming Dynasty.

In fact, the doctor's prescription for Uncle Ma was not human flesh, Uncle Ma Mou changed to eating human flesh because of the deception of Xiao Xiao's flattery, and he could not accept it as soon as he ate it, so he left his name in the annals of cannibalism. In ancient times, there were many people who directly adopted the prescriptions of the alchemists to eat human flesh, and their behavior was even worse than that of Uncle Ma.

During the Jiading period of Ningzong in the Southern Song Dynasty, Lin Qianzhi served as the governor of Qinzhou, Guangxi, and got a disease (terminal disease), and a doctor told him that eating the flesh of boys and girls can strengthen muscles and bones. Therefore, Lin Qianzhi sent people to catch young men and women in the territory of Benzhou and make dried meat, which is called "ground chicken" and "ground duck". In the tenth year of Jiading (1218), this matter was denounced by the local Tusi, and Lin Qianzhi was dismissed by the imperial court, but he was not sentenced to death and was only exiled to Hainan. Due to the political corruption of the Southern Song Dynasty, such a cannibalistic comatose official was not punished. Some people believe that sucking on people's brain spinal cord can cure diseases. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Gao Ben, a tax-collecting eunuch sent by the imperial court to Fujian, was a castrated person, and he was told that he could take the brain marrow of a boy and a girl and take it together with medicine, which could make a penis and a penis. regrows and restores sexual function, so Gao grabbed the folk children and sucked the brain, causing the pool of the tax superintendent to be full of bones. During the Shunzhi period of the early Qing Dynasty, the deer of Anyi Zhixian County suffered from the disease of impotence (hemiplegia), and there was a monk who claimed to be the reincarnation of Liu Haichan, who knew how to help the horse, and told him that eating children's brains could cure the disease. The deer believed his words with all his heart, bought a child with a high □, struck it on the head to death, and took out the brains and stewed them. In this way, he ate many children, but his condition did not improve, and he asked Fang Shi to help him to ask for immortals, and Fang Shi taught him to eat raw brain pulp. So the deer tried his best to knock the captured child open the skull and suck the brain. However, the deer's illness did not heal, and he died soon after. This example illustrates that sucking the brain spinal cord of a person is unlikely to have a beneficial effect on the treatment of diseases.

There are also people who believe that the human fetus has a great tonic effect, so they cook the fetus in order to strengthen the body. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a wealthy man named Wang Guan, who was keen on the art of the house. He had more than ten concubines, indulged in wantonness, and when the concubine was pregnant and about to give birth, the crown let her take medicine to have a baby. When the fetus is born, the crown puts the fetus in a stone mortar and pounds it into a meat sauce and prepares it into pills. He also buys other people's young children to cook meat. Later, the matter was revealed, and the crown was punished and Ling Chi was executed. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were still people who practiced Vajra Zen and also ate human fetuses. It is said that there were paddy fields in Dongxiang of Yangzhou at that time, and one night, the peasants who were protecting the green in the grass huts in the fields saw a fire in front of the land temple by the river in the distance, big or small, flickering and dimming. When they were suspicious, they gathered a few young men who were strong and strong, and each with his club went and looked at it. When I walked to him, I saw a monk sitting on the ground, with an iron pot supported by a stone next to him, and he was adding firewood to boil. When the peasants asked him what he was doing, the monk said, "When I came back from worshipping Buddha in the South China Sea, I passed by here, and when I was hungry, I cooked some food. As the peasants were leaving, one of them smiled and said, "Isn't the monk fasting, why am I idle with the smell of meat in this pot?" The people were so frightened that they beat the monk with sticks. He Yi fell to the ground wounded, and said with a few breaths, "My breath has reached the end. I am a Vajra Zen practitioner, and I must eat enough thirty-six male fetuses to become a great way, and I have just eaten seven before I meet you. It's all my fault, and my life should be like this. Beat me to death, don't say anything more. The peasants were so angry that they shot the monk to death and threw his body into the river. The so-called Vajra Zen practiced by this monk must belong to the category of left-hand evil arts, and can only be carried out secretly behind people's backs. His tragic fate illustrates the fact that cannibalism, for whatever reason, cannot be understood by the general public, who at any time show strong opposition to such cruel practices.

Finally, there is the phenomenon of eating each other's flesh to vent hatred. This type of cannibalism or biting is a means of expressing affection, as opposed to the cruel acts of cannibalism described above. According to historical records, Hou Jing was in rebellion during the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasty, and was killed by Yang Kun after the defeat, and the corpse was sent to Jiankang (now Nanjing), where the people cut and ate it one after another, and later burned his bones to ashes, and those who suffered from the scourge of Hou Jing mixed his ashes in the stomach of wine. Yang Xuan of the Sui Dynasty rebelled, and Emperor Yang captured him for rectification, and the nine clans were guilty, and ordered the officials below the court secretary to cut his flesh. After the death of Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty, his favorite ministers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong brothers were killed, and the people rushed to cut the meat of the two of them, fried and eaten, the meat was fat and white, just like the fat of pigs. Five generations later, when the Jin Dynasty was in the Jin Dynasty, Zhang Yanze was captured and killed by Yelu Deguang, and the citizens smashed his head, dug out his brain, and cut off the flesh on his body, and cooked it together. During the reign of Ming Zhengde, the eunuch Liu Jin was executed by Ling Chi after the fall, and the enemy paid to bribe the executioner to buy every piece of his meat to eat raw to relieve the hatred in his chest. During Jiajing, Wang was killed by Yan Song, and later Yan Song's son Yan Shifan was convicted and beheaded, Wang's son Wang Shizhen and Wang Shimao brothers spent money to buy the executioner of the execution, cut off one of Yan Shifan's legs and took them home, cooked them to commemorate their father, and after that, the two Wang brothers sat opposite each other and ate the meat on the human leg. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Li Zicheng broke through Luoyang, killed the blessed king Zhu Changxun, and took his blood and cooked it with venison, and gave it to his subordinates to taste, called "Fulu wine". These practices, although they are only for the purpose of catharsis, cannot but be said to be a primitive and barbaric way of revenge, which is not desirable today. With the improvement of the civilization level of human society, this phenomenon will gradually disappear.

In addition, there is the phenomenon of biting people's flesh to vent hatred. Qian Cai's "Saying Yue Quanbiography" wrote that Zhang Juna attached Qin Hui and participated in the murder of Yue Fei, and later after the death of Gaozong, Xiaozong ascended the throne, opened the coffin of Qin Hui and killed the corpses, and sentenced Zhang Jun, Qin Xi, Luo Ruji, and Wan Qi to death. When the beheading, the people of Lin'an looked for Zhang Jun to take revenge, Mrs. Yue rewarded Zhang Jun to them, and everyone tied Zhang Jun to a willow tree. And there was a joke, I don't know that out of a scoundrel, I don't know what kind of grudge he has with Zhang Jun, he went down and actually bit off Zhang Jun's genitals. In later generations, Suzhou had a colloquial saying that "biting a person to death does not pay for his life", which is said to have been learned from "The Complete Biography of Yue Yue". When there is a grudge and dispute among the people, some people retaliate by "biting". In the eleventh year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1872), the imperial court issued an edict to let Suzhou pay tribute to gold leaf. Originally, there were some gold leaf workshops in Suzhou, and the number of craftsmen who made a career out of this was small and profitable, and in order to maintain vested interests, they did not want to pass on this technology to more people, so they set a rule among their peers, stipulating that each craftsman was only allowed to bring one apprentice in three years. Because if there are more people in this industry, some people will lose their jobs due to the lack of livelihood. At that time, there was a scoundrel, also a little gold leaf craft, he heard that the court wanted tribute, so he took the opportunity to recruit more apprentices, as long as he handed him 600 yuan, he included it, for a time willing to learn gold leaf craft gathered in front of his door. When the craftsmen were very angry at him for breaking the rules, some of them proposed to rush to the man's house according to the proverb that "biting a man to death does not pay for his life", and they grabbed him and bit him indiscriminately, and one of them bit him to death in a short time. The people of his family went to the county government to report the case, and the magistrate of Wu County personally went to the scene to conduct an autopsy, and counted a total of 133 bites. But it is impossible to find out who bit it. The magistrate is not able to pursue more people, and only sentences the person who proposed to bite to death, and gives the bite to death. The above is just a few examples of the various manifestations of cannibalism and biting in ancient times, and one of the many examples of cruelty in ancient times can be seen. In addition to the records in historical books and notebooks, novels, operas and other literary works often write about such plots. For example, "Journey to the West" writes that the Tang monk and apprentice passed by the country of bhikshus, and the king was bewitched by the goblin and suffered from an incurable disease, and the goblin asked him to take medicine with a decoction of the heart and liver of a child of 1,111 children, and he could live forever after taking it. When the king listened to him, he caught as many children as he did and put them in cages, so much so that the people called the capital of the bhikshu kingdom "the city of children." Another example is the legend of Zhang Dafu in the early Qing Dynasty "Hai Chao Yin", which wrote that King Miaozhuang sought the way of immortality, and Shurakshasa told him to use 360 male babies over three years old and under five years old to take one person's brain marrow every day. King Miao Zhuang then ordered the collection of boys and girls, and asked the cook to steam the children in a steamer, and take the brain marrow for him to eat. The cook was also indignant at this atrocity of King Myaozhuang, saying, "It is ordered that medicinal herbs be boiled in the palace and a baby is adopted in a cage, and as long as the king lives long, who cares about the flesh and blood of the people?" The depictions in the novels and operas are based on myths and religious stories, but in fact they are a reflection of the remnants of the real world, and the people who have eaten people in various ways throughout the ages are the goblins of the bhikshu kingdom and tyrants of the king of Myaozhuang.