Zhuge Liang's achievements in military affairs:

1. Ideology of Governing the Army:

Zhuge Liang is good at governing the army, and Chen Shou mentioned in "Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi, Zhuge Liang Biography" that Zhuge Liang "governs Rong for the long". Zhuge Liang also said in the article "On Recommending Liu Ba": "Strategizing is in the middle of the curtain, I am not as good as Zichu Yuan!" If the drum is raised, it will be the gate of the army, and the people will be brave and brave, and they should be the ears of the people. It can be seen that Zhuge Liang governs the army well. Zhuge Liang is good at governing the army and has the following characteristics:

First of all, the army should be governed by the light. Zhuge Liang's governance of the army includes both positive and negative aspects, and from the positive side, Zhuge Liang's governance of the army is manifested as: 1. Put forward clear moral requirements. For example, the article "Jiang Yuan: Waiting" focuses on this aspect. Zhuge Liang believes that the teacher is out of the law, and if the law is lost, it is fierce, and there are fifteen laws, which clearly refers to

It is necessary to "be brave", "honest", "peaceful", "forbearing", "forgiving", "faithful", "respectful", "clear", "benevolent", "loyal" and other relevant moral requirements.

In the article "General Garden, General Material", the general is required to have the talents of "benevolence", "righteousness", "courtesy", "wisdom" and "faith". In the article "Cheap Sixteen Strategies: The Sixteenth of Yin Cha", it is said that the government of Yin Cha should have five virtues: "prohibiting violence and stopping soldiers", "rewarding the virtuous and punishing crimes", "peace and harmony with the people", "protecting the great and determining merit", and "refusing to slander".

2. Strict legal provisions. For example, Zhuge Liang personally wrote two volumes of "Legal Inspection", two volumes of "Military Order" (only 15 articles of "Military Order" exist, and formulated "Eight Affairs", "Seven Precepts", "Six Fears", "Five Fears" and other regulations. The article "Sixteen Cheap Strategies: Cutting off the Fourteenth" seriously deals with the seven situations of "light", "slow", "thief", "deceit", "back", "chaos" and "mistake" who do not obey the fatwa.

Second, be faith-based. Zhuge Liang ruled the army and re-trusted. Zhuge Liang believes that "faith, re-promise", that is to say, "faith" is to do what you say, do what you do, and do what you say. Those who are not sincere are dishonest, and if they do not know how to keep their promises, then the battle will definitely fail; If there is a decree that cannot be enforced, then even if there are millions, it is useless. On the other hand, if you use faith to encourage soldiers, there is nothing that soldiers do not work hard for.

Therefore, Zhuge Liang emphasized that the management of the army should be based on faith, "the husband commands the martial arts division, and the great faith is the foundation." Based on faith, as far as rewards and punishments are concerned, Zhuge Liang believes that "rewards and punishments should be faithful", because if rewards and punishments are used to judge merit and demerits, soldiers will know to keep promises; As far as the generals are concerned, Zhuge Liang believes that the so-called faith in the generals, that is, "there is a generous reward for entering, and there is a severe punishment for retreating, the reward is not overdue, and the punishment is not expensive".

Second, the use of troops in the south of the middle school

The ministers of Shu such as Zhu Bao, Yonghong, and Gao Ding rebelled, and Nanzhong Haoqiang Meng was involved. Under the difficult situation of Cao Wei's troops in the north, Sun Quan's Jingzhou army in the east, and the rebellion of the three counties in the south, Zhuge Liang adopted the strategy of "resisting Cao Wei, Sun Quan in the east", and sent Deng Zhi to Eastern Wu in October of the first year of Jianxing (223) to repair and achieve diplomatic success. Then, in the second year of Jianxing (224), he actively carried out campaign preparations such as troop replenishment and training. In this way, at the beginning of the third year of Jianxing (225), the conditions for the southward counterinsurgency operation were already met, so Zhuge Liang began to organize this southern campaign in Chengdu.

In May of the third year of Jianxing (225), Zhuge Liang's army crossed Lushui and entered Yizhou County. After overcoming difficulties such as climate, terrain, and transportation, they caught up with Meng Huo's troops in the area north of Wei County (now Qujing, Yunnan), and after fierce battles, defeated Meng Huo's troops and captured Meng Huo alive. Then, Zhuge Liang's army marched south to the Weixian area to join Li Hui's troops. Subsequently, the army advanced westward, marched into Dianchi (present-day Jinningdong, Yunnan), and divided its troops to pacify the surrounding tribes. In the autumn of the third year of Jianxing (225). The whole campaign ended victoriously.

3. Northern Expedition to Cao Wei:

In order to support the Han dynasty and unify the Central Plains, Zhuge Liang successively sent troops out of Hanzhong from the spring of 228 to the winter of 234 and launched five wars against Cao Wei.

In the spring of the sixth year of Jianxing (228), Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang set up suspicious troops in Xiegu, and led a large army to attack Qishan. Zhang He broke the horse in the street pavilion, and Zhuge Liang returned to Hanzhong.

In the winter of the sixth year of Jianxing (228), Zhuge Liang made the second Northern Expedition. Out of the scattered pass, surrounded Chencang, attacked for more than 20 days, and the Shu army retreated with all food.

In the seventh year of Jianxing (229), Zhuge Liang's third northern expedition, Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to capture Wudu and Yinping. Wei general Guo Huai led troops to rescue, Zhuge Liang personally led the army to Jianwei, Guo Huai retreated, and Shu Han successfully obtained the second county.

In the ninth year of Jianxing (231), Zhuge Liang's fourth northern expedition, the Shu army surrounded Qishan, and Sima Yi and Zhang He led troops to rescue. Li Yan did not continue to transport grain, and the Shu army retreated from the army. Zhang He pursued the Shu army to Mumen and was shot by the Shu army.

In the twelfth year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang's fifth Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang's martial arts Wuzhang Yuan. Due to the unsuccessful seizure of the Northern Plains, it was in a stalemate with the Wei army for more than 100 days. In autumn, Zhuge Liang died, and the Shu army retreated to Hanzhong, thus ending the Zhuge Northern Expedition.

Zhuge Liang's achievements in military inventions:

Zhuge Liang has also been highly recognized as a military strategist in the past dynasties. After Zhuge Liang's death, Sima Yi saw Zhuge Liang's camp and praised him as "the genius of the world".

Tang Taizong and Li Jing mentioned Zhuge Liang's method of governing the army and the Eight Formations many times in "Tang Taizong Li Weigong Asks the Right", and gave a very high evaluation, and showed that Chen Shou's evaluation of Zhuge Liang in "Three Kingdoms" is "Historians rarely know the soldiers, and they can't record their deeds". In the Tang Dynasty, Zhuge Liang was also selected as one of the ten philosophers of Wumiao, and enjoyed the same status as Zhang Liang, Han Xin, Bai Qi and other nine soldiers of the past dynasties.

Zhuge Liang also wrote many military works, such as "Southern Expedition", "Northern Expedition", "Northern Expedition", etc., and made certain contributions to China's military circles. Zhuge Liang also had dexterity in technological inventions, such as the improved repeater. Zhuge Liang also deduced the art of war and made eight formations, which was still highly respected by Li Jing, a general in the Tang Dynasty.

Zhuge Liang's achievements in calligraphy:

Zhuge Liang lived in an era when the art of Chinese calligraphy was maturing. Zhuge Liang loves calligraphy, and has been trained hard since he was a teenager, and can write a variety of fonts, including seal script, eight points, and cursive script.

Liang Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasty was a great calligrapher, and his "Sword Record" recorded: "In the first year of Shu Zhangwu (221 AD), Xin Chou mined gold and ox mountain iron, and cast eight iron swords, each three feet six inches long,...... And it is the corner of Kong Ming's calligraphy. ”

Yu Li's "Ancient Ding Lu" recorded: "Zhuge Liang killed Wang Shuang, returned to Dingjun Mountain, cast a tripod, buried in Hanchuan, and its text said: Dingjun Ding." It also makes eight arrays of tripods, sinking in the water of Yong'an, all of which are big seals. "In the second year of the first master Zhangwu (222 AD), a tripod was cast in Hanchuan, the name was Ke Han Ding, placed in the Bing hole, and the eight-point book cast a tripod in Chengdu Wudan Mountain, the name was Zen Ding; Another tripod is cast in the Jianshan Pass, the name of the sword mountain tripod. And the small seal book, all are the traces of the Marquis of Wu. "In the third year of Zhang Wu (223 AD), Yi made two tripods, one and the king of Lu, and the text said: 'Rich and prosperous, Yihou Wang.'; One and the king of Liang, the text said: 'Great auspiciousness, King Yigong. And the ancient book, three feet high, are all traces of the Marquis of Wu. ”

In the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Yue's "Ancient and Modern Law Book Garden" also recorded: "The first master of Shu tasted three tripods, all of which were eight points of Wuhou Seal, which was extremely wonderful. ”。 Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasty was only more than 200 years away from Zhuge Liang, and his observations and accounts should be based on facts.

Volume 13 of Xuanhe Book Pedigree of Xuanhe Inner Mansion of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty recorded: Zhuge Liang "is good at painting, and also likes to make cursive characters, although he is not called a book, the world has its relics, and it will be cherished." He also said: "The cursive script in the collection of the Imperial Mansion is 1: "Far Away Post". This shows that at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (1119-1125), Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were still treasured in the palace. Chen Si's "Book of Small History" in the Southern Song Dynasty recorded: Zhuge Liang "is good at its seal for eight points, and there are words such as 'Xuanmo Taiji, mixed yin and yang' in today's law, and it is a special work".

Zhuge Liang also often practiced calligraphy in government affairs and military activities. "Changde Mansion Chronicles" recorded: "Wolong ink pool is in the Wolong Temple in the west thirty miles of Yuanjiang County. It is said that Han Zhuge Wuhou Dimo is in this temple, because of the name. "Zhuge Liang's activities in Changde were after the Battle of Chibi, and the war was very tense and frequent, but he did not forget to practice calligraphy.

Zhuge Liang's achievements in painting:

Zhang Yanyuan of the Tang Dynasty wrote in "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties": "Zhuge Wuhou's father and son are both good at painting. Zhang Yanyuan also recorded the collection and sale of paintings at that time in his book "On Painting". He said: "Today is divided into three ancient times to determine the noble and low, and the three kingdoms of Han and Wei are ancient, then Zhao Qi, Liu Yan, Cai Yong, Zhang Heng, Cao Chao, Yang Xiu, Huan Fan, Xu Miao, Cao Buxing, Zhuge Liang and others are also. ”

Zhang Yanyuan described the selling price of the paintings of some modern painters at that time, such as Yan Liben and Wu Daozi: "A screen is worth 20,000 yuan, and a fan is worth 15,000 yuan," and "a fan is worth 10,000 yuan." He also said that the works of the painters of the Han and Wei dynasties (that is, ancient times) were already "the treasures of the country and the family" and "the treasures of the Xi Dynasty" in the Tang Dynasty. In Zhang Yanyuan's account, we can roughly see Zhuge Liang's historical position and artistic achievements in the history of Chinese art.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty historian Chang Xuan's "Huayang National Chronicles" recorded: "In Nanzhong, its customs recruit witches and ghosts, curse the alliance, throw stones and grass, and officials often ask for it with a curse." Zhuge Liang is to make a map for Yi, first draw the heaven and earth, the sun and the moon, the Great Wall Mansion, and then draw the dragon, the dragon Shengyi and the cow, horse, camel and sheep. The chief officer of the painting department, riding a horse and a banner, patrolling and commemorating. He also painted the image of the morning glory carrying the wine and the golden treasure, so as to give the innocence, and the slaughter was very heavy. From the above records, it can be seen that Zhuge Liang did have extraordinary painting talents. His paintings are not only based on real life, but also magical and rich imagination (such as dragons, etc.), and the composition is magnificent and the scene is extensive.

Zhuge Liang's achievements in music:

Zhuge Liang is proficient in music and rhythm, and likes to play the piano and sing. Chen Shou's "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Zhuge Liang" recorded: "Xuanshu, Liang bowed and cultivated Longmu, so as to sing for Liang's father." Xi chisel's "Xiangyang Old Records": "Xiangyang has the former residence of Kong Ming...... The west of the house is near the water, Kong Ming often climbs it, and the drum is "Liang Father's Yin", because the name of this mountain is Leshan. Of course, there is also Wolong Yin, which is really a swan song for the ages, "Zhongxing Bibliography" records: "The Book of Qin" is a volume, Zhuge Liang wrote about the beginning of the piano making and the sound of the seven strings, and the meaning of the thirteen emblems to take the image. Xie Xiyi's "Treatise on the Qin" also recorded: "Zhuge Liang wrote "Liang's Father's Yin". "The Chronicles of the Land" recorded: "There is a stone qin in the temple of Wuhou in Dingjun Mountain, and the sound is very clear, and it is said that Wuhou is left behind. From the above records, it is enough to see that Zhuge Liang has a very comprehensive cultivation and high artistic achievements in music. He was good at vocal music—he could sing; He is also good at instrumental music - good at playing the piano; At the same time, he also composed music and lyrics, and also made musical instruments – lyres and stone harps. Not only that, but he also wrote a treatise on music theory - "The Book of Qin".