The content of this fictional passage is understood as follows: "

1. Sun Tzu said that those who arrive at the battlefield in advance to wait for the enemy army are energetic and comfortable, and those who arrive at the battlefield and rush into battle are passively tired. Therefore, the good fighter mobilizes the enemy and never is mobilized by the enemy. To be able to mobilize the enemy to come to the battlefield I envisioned is to lure him with benefits; The fact that the enemy cannot come to the battlefield before us is the result of setting up obstacles and obstructing them from all sides. Therefore, if the enemy is at ease, he can fatigue him; If the enemy has enough food, he can make him scarce; If the enemy is unmoved, he will be compelled to act.

2. Advance through undefended areas of the enemy and attack at a time when the enemy does not expect them. Traveling thousands of miles without getting tired is because walking in an area where the enemy army has no one to resist or is unable to resist, as if entering a no-man's land. If I attack, I will win, because I am attacking where the enemy is not defending. My defense must be solid, because I have held the place where the enemy will definitely attack. Therefore, those who are good at attacking can make the enemy not know where to defend and how to defend. And those who are good at defense make the enemy not know where to attack and how to attack. Esoteric, subtle, not even a trace of form; It's magical, it's mysterious, and it doesn't leak a little news. So you can be the master of the fate of your enemies.

3. When attacking, the enemy is unable to resist, that is where the enemy's forces are empty; When retreating, the enemy cannot pursue, that is, the enemy cannot catch up with the rapid movement. Therefore, our army has to fight, and even if the enemy builds a high wall and digs a deep ditch, he has to come out to engage our army, because our army has attacked the vital point where it must be saved; Our army did not want to engage the enemy, although it was only a defensive right to draw a line on the ground, and the enemy could not engage our army, because I had managed to change the direction of the enemy's attack.

4. Therefore, to keep the enemy in the open and our in concealment, so that our forces may be concentrated and the forces of the enemy will have to be dispersed. (If the total strength of the enemy and the enemy is equal), I concentrate my forces with one point, and the enemy is scattered in ten places, and I am ten to one. In this way, (on local battlefields) there is a situation in which our enemy is outnumbered, and in this situation, our army has less force and more success. The enemy does not know where the battlefield of our army is predetermined, so it will divide its forces everywhere to be prepared, and the more places to be guarded, the fewer enemy troops will be able to directly engage our army in a specific place. Therefore, if you are defending the front, you will not have enough troops in the rear, if you are in the rear, you will not have enough troops in the front, if you are defending the left, then you will not have enough troops on the right, and if you are guarding against the right, you will not have enough troops on the left, and if you are on guard in all places, you will not have enough troops in all places. The lack of troops is all due to the division of troops to defend against the enemy; The abundance of troops was due to forcing the enemy to divide his forces to defend us.

5. Therefore, knowing both the place and the time of the battle with the enemy, it is possible to engage the enemy even if he marches thousands of miles. If you cannot predict the place of battle with the enemy, and you cannot predict the time of the battle, if you meet the enemy in a hurry, the left army will not be able to save the right army, the right army will not be able to save the left army, the front army will not be able to save the rear army, and the rear army will not be able to save the front army, not to mention that the distance between them is ten miles, and the close ones are several miles. According to my analysis of Wu, although the Yue State had many soldiers, how did it help him to victory? So: victory can be created, and the enemy, despite his large numbers, can make it impossible for the enemy to participate effectively in battle.

6. Through careful analysis, it is possible to judge the merits of the enemy's battle plan. By instigating the enemy, you can understand the rules of the enemy's activities; Through the "manifestation", it is possible to find out whether the terrain is favorable to the enemy; Through a tentative attack, it is possible to find out the strength or weakness of the enemy's forces. Therefore, when the method of showing the form to lure the enemy is used extremely skillfully, there is no flaw at all. In such a situation, even the deepest hidden spies will not be able to find out what I am really about, and even the most intelligent adversary will not be able to think of a way to deal with me. Adopting a winning strategy according to the enemy's situation will not be understood by everyone even if it is placed in front of them. People know how I can defeat my opponents, but they don't know how I use them to win. Therefore, the strategy and tactics of defeating the enemy are different every time, and they should be flexibly applied according to the enemy's situation.

7. The nature of the soldier is like water, when the water flows, it avoids the high place and flows to the low place, and the key to victory with the soldier is to avoid the enemy with strong defense and attack its weak points; The water flows according to the topography, and the army adopts a winning strategy according to the enemy's situation. Therefore, there is no immutable situation in fighting with troops, just as flowing water does not have a fixed shape and destination. Those who can win according to the changes in the enemy's situation are called using soldiers like gods. The five elements of metal, wood, water, fire, and earth are mutually reinforcing, and none of them always wins; The four seasons are one after another, none of them are fixed, the daylight hours are long and short, and the moon is round and absent. Everything is in a state of flux.

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"The minister will tell me about the course of the war."

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1619 Ming Dynasty and Later Jin Dynasty Changing Power Balance Campaign: Battle of Salhu

The Battle of Salhu was a counterattack battle in February and March of 1619 (the 47th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty and the 4th year of the Later Jin Mandate), in the war between the Ming Dynasty and the Later Jin, Nurhachi defeated the Ming army in the vicinity of Salhu (near the Dahuofang Reservoir in the east of Fushun, Liaoning) and the area near Salhu, and was a strategic decisive battle in the war between the Ming Dynasty and the Later Jin Dynasty in Liaodong.

In the battle of Salhu, the Ming army gathered 200,000 elite troops and North Korean troops, known as 470,000 troops, launched an attack on Liaodong, and marched in four ways, with 60,000 troops led by Juniper in the middle of the left road, 60,000 troops led by Li Rubai in the middle of the right road, 40,000 troops led by Malin on the north road on the left, and 40,000 soldiers led by Liu Ling on the south road on the right, and 40,000 soldiers from North Korea. On the Houjin side, Nurhachi "came by a few routes, and I only went all the way", that is, he concentrated his forces to attack all the way, mainly to destroy the enemy's living forces. Within five days, the Ming army broke through three routes, annihilated about 50,000 Ming troops, and seized a large number of military supplies. After the Battle of Salhu, Jin Quansheng and the Ming army were defeated.

This battle was an important turning point in the history of Ming and Qing wars, a decisive war in the history of the rise and fall of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and a typical example of winning more with less.

First: the rise of Houjin

The Later Jin Dynasty was a regime established in the late Ming Dynasty by the Jianzhou Jurchens who lived in the Changbai Mountains of China. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jurchen Wanyan and other tribes established the Jin Dynasty and entered the Yellow River Valley from the northeast, while other tribes still lived in the northeast. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, these Jurchen tribes living in the northeast were mainly divided into three major tribes: the Jianzhou Jurchen, the Haixi Jurchen, and the East China Sea Jurchen. In the Northeast at that time, the most important military force was the troops of Li Chengliang, the general army of Liaodong. He took advantage of the contradictions between the Jurchen tribes and with other ethnic tribes in order to control the situation.

In the second year of Wanli (1574), Li Chengliang, the chief military officer of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, led tens of thousands of troops to capture the village of Wang Gao, killing and plundering people and animals. In the eleventh year of Wanli (1583), Wang Gao's son Ataitu avenged his father and repeatedly attacked the Ming army. The Ming general Li Chengliang surrounded the Gule village where Atai was hiding. Atai's wife and Nurhachi were cousins, and Nurhachi's grandfather, Jue Chang'an, in order to save his granddaughter from war, entered the city with Nurhachi's father, Takshi, to persuade Atai to surrender. Unexpectedly, the city lord of Tulun City, Nikan Wailan, secretly communicated with the Ming Dynasty, and the city was in chaos, and the Ming army took the opportunity to attack the city. Nurhachi's grandfather and father died in the fighting. [14] The twenty-five-year-old Nurhachi wanted to take revenge on his father, but he was alone, and on the way back, Nurhachi met Eyidu and others to support him, and used the thirteen pairs of armor left by his ancestors and father to raise troops and began the war to unify the Jurchen tribes in Jianzhou. After he returned to Jianzhou, he sent people to question why Ming Dynasty killed his grandfather and father. [15] The Ming Dynasty returned the remains of Nurhachizu and his father, and gave him 30 edicts, 30 horses, the title of General Longhu, and the edict of the governor of Jianzhou. Nurhachi reorganized the old department, and the people in the department included Ambulu, Anfeiyangu father and son, etc., plus the new department also had dozens of people.

From the 11th year of Wanli to the 16th year of Wanli (1583-1588), the Jurchen leader of Jianzhou Nurhachi (surnamed Aixin Jueluo) unified the departments of Jianzhou, and merged the departments of Haixi and East China Sea, and controlled the vast areas bordering the sea in the east (today's Benhai), the Liaodong Prefecture of the Ming Dynasty in the west, the Yalu River in the south, and the Xing'an Mountains in the north north of the Heilongjiang River. The soldiers of the Eight Banners are soldiers when they go out, and they are the people when they enter. At the beginning, there were only yellow, white, red, and blue flags. In the forty-second year of Wanli (1614), four flags were added with yellow, white, red and blue, a total of eight flags. The Jurchens were divided into eight banners, with a total of more than 100,000 soldiers, mainly heavy cavalry. In addition, castles such as Hetuara (now Xinbin, Liaoning) were also built, horses and war equipment were replenished, and grain was stored in the fields to actively prepare for war. In the forty-fourth year of Wanli (1616), Nurhachi established Houjin, the year name was the Mandate of Heaven, called the Khan of Jin, and Hetuala was the capital.

Second: the corruption of the Ming Dynasty, the Mingshenzong who ignored the government for a long time

Since the late Jiajing period, the Ming Dynasty has become increasingly politically corrupt. During the period from Ming Muzong to Shenzong, although Zhang Juzheng and other ministers implemented financial and military reforms, which changed the decline of the Ming Dynasty to a certain extent, it was short-lived after all. Soon, the Myojin Sect began to neglect the government for a long time. In November of the 14th year of Wanli (1586), Mingshenzong began to indulge in wine, and at the same time, in order to compete for the crown prince, it became a protracted "national capital dispute", and the battle for the gateway was flourishing day by day, and they were pouring into each other. Donglin Party, Xuan Party, Kun Party, Qi Party, Zhejiang Party, there are many names.

Because of the establishment of the crown prince, he disputed with the cabinet for more than ten years, and finally simply did not leave the palace gate for 30 years, ignored the government and politics, did not go to the suburbs, did not go to the temple, did not go to the court, did not see, did not approve, and did not speak. In the seventeenth year of Wanli (1589), Zhu Yijun of Mingshenzong no longer received courtiers, and the cabinet appeared the phenomenon of "people stuck in the official" and "Cao Office is long and empty". As for the greed for money, Zhu Yijun confiscated the family properties of Feng Bao and Zhang Juzheng after he became pro-government, and asked the eunuch Zhang Cheng to move all into the palace and put them at his disposal. In order to plunder the money, he sent eunuchs to serve as mine supervisors and tax envoys, and searched everywhere for people's wealth.

Between the twentieth and twenty-eighth years of Wanli (1592-1600), Mingshenzong launched the three major expeditions of Wanli in response to the problem of the frontier, which cost a lot of silver. In the twentieth year of Wanli (1592), Bibai and Bichengen father and son rebelled in Yinchuan, Ningxia, and the Mingshen sect sent Li Chengliang's son Li Rusong as the chief soldier to lead the army to quell the rebellion and quell the Bibai rebellion in one fell swoop. [9] From the twentieth year of Wanli (1592) to the twenty-seventh year (1599), Toyotomi Hideyoshi of Japan launched a war of aggression against Korea, and the Korean royal capital fell, and the eight provinces fell to seven provinces. [10] The Joseon Dynasty requested assistance from the Ming Dynasty, and Myojinjong decided to send troops to Korea to aid the Korean War. The war was fought intermittently for more than seven years. In the end, Japan withdrew the invading Japanese army from Korea due to the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. In the seventeenth year of Wanli (1589), Banzhou (Banzhou is now Zunyi, Guizhou) Xuanwei envoy Yang Yinglong launched a rebellion, and Mingshenzong Zhu Yijun sent troops to quell the rebellion. This war was intermittent until the twenty-eighth year of Wanli (1600), and the final outcome was that the Ming army marched on the eighth route and won in April, quelling Yang Yinglong's rebellion. [11] These three wars also severely drained the financial resources of the Ming Dynasty.

Third, the defense of Liaodong will be tight next year

After the Ming Dynasty unified China, it set up officials and fortifications in the northeast. Wanli set up "nine sides" from the Yalu River to Jiayuguan, that is, nine important towns, of which Liaodong governed most of the area of present-day Liaoning. The Ming Dynasty's rule over the Jurchen tribes, on the one hand, used a policy of restraint to envelop their leaders, and rewarded them with official titles and knights; On the one hand, the Jurchen tribes were divided and turned against each other in order to divide and rule.

In the confrontation between the Ming and the Later Jin, the Yehe tribe of the Jurchen tribe living near Kaiyuan, in order to avoid being annexed by Nurhachi, attached themselves to the Ming Dynasty and opposed the Later Jin. The Lee dynasty of Joseon, east of the Yalu River, also leaned towards the Ming dynasty. The Mongolian Chahar tribe, which lived between Guihua City (present-day Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) and Chengde, was opposed to the Later Jin, but the relationship with the Ming was also good and bad. The Mongolian Horqin tribe, which lived in the southern part of the Great Khing'an Mountains, and the Mongolian Khalkha tribe, which lived north of the Daling River, tended to be attached to the Later Jin, and often cooperated with the Later Jin to harass Liaodong.

After the Wanli Korean War, Liaozhen's combat effectiveness began to decline, and the elite was lost. According to Li Yingce's statistics, the original number of troops in Liaodong was 95,000, and it was only 40,000 in the twenty-eighth year of Wanli (1600), which means a decrease of 60%; After the Renchen War, the lack of troops and the weakness of Liaodong's defense can be seen. In the late Ming Dynasty, because they were busy suppressing the peasant uprising in Guannai and the Gaohuai rebellion in Liao, they were unable to take care of the defense of Liaodong, and the Ming army stationed in Liaodong was deserted in training, outdated equipment, lack of food and salary, and had a false amount of more than 100,000, and there were only tens of thousands of soldiers. Coupled with political corruption, the garrison is scattered, and the combat effectiveness of the army is poor. In the context of the increasingly serious situation in Liaodong, Xu Guangqi's strategy towards the Jurchens was different from that of the Tatars, and it was constantly changing. He first proposed a military offensive strategy of training elite troops and uniting Korea and Beiguan (Yehebu of the Hercynian Jurchens). He believes that with the training of elite soldiers, "it is beneficial to use 20,000 Liaoshi, 10,000 in Beiguan, and even more to levy 20,000 from North Korea. In order to unite North Korea, he asked for a personal envoy to North Korea. In the later battle of Salhu, although the Ming court adopted the strategy of uniting Korea and Beiguan, the first did not have elite troops, and the second war was wrongly guided, not attacking from all directions but from four directions, which were not coordinated with each other. At that time, Xu Guangqi pointed out: "Advancing troops from four routes is a big fallacy", and predicted that Nurhachi would "join the army to respond all the way, and those who deserve it will be the general." As Xu Guangqi expected, Nurhachi concentrated his forces, broke through each of them, and first met Juniper, resulting in a great defeat for the Ming army.