"Tell more people to steal from school?"

"Overtaking in a corner?"

Gu Xiu's words made Liang Sining a little confused.

First of all, stealing the teacher is a big problem, and it is actually difficult for them to steal the teacher's identity, after all, the identity position is here.

As for overtaking in corners?

"In recent years, although our domestic semiconductor industry has basically been standing still, wafers, design and even etching have actually been improving."

"And the biggest shortcoming is the lithography machine, which is also the main business of Liang Ling's sister's company."

"So, the lithography machine has now become the most difficult problem, and it is also the technology that restricts the development of the semiconductor industry the most, right?"

"That's right." Liang Sining nodded:

"The lithography machine has always been a very critical part of the entire chip production, but because the requirements for high precision are getting higher and higher, the lithography machine has also become the most technically challenging thing."

Over here.

It is necessary to understand the process of making a chip.

The chip process is complicated, but it is also very simple.

In layman's terms, the process is nothing more than that.

Create silicon wafers, lithography, miscellaneous, packaging and testing.

The first step is to create a wafer, which is naturally required to be silicon, a semiconductor material that sits between a conductor and an insulator, and is a very suitable material for transistors in its own right.

The main reason, of course, is the ease of extraction and the fact that it is almost inexhaustible.

After all, this thing is that after the sand is added to the charcoal burning, it can be burned into a pencil crystal column, and then cut into pieces and polished into silicon wafers.

Once the wafer is done, the next step is lithography.

Because semiconductors need to set up circuit nodes and switches one after another, it is necessary to design a reasonable design drawing, and then lithography is carried out according to the lines on the design drawing.

The process is actually easy to understand.

To put it bluntly, it is to apply photoresist on the wafer, then mask according to the design drawing, and finally use the ultraviolet light of the lithography machine to penetrate the mask, and then dissolve the exposed wafer part.

Grooves are exposed.

And then, it's miserable, through ion implantation, which gives the transistor its properties.

To put it bluntly, boron and phosphorus are injected, then filled with copper, and the circuit is set up according to the design drawing, and the metal wires are connected.

Layered on top of each other, densely packed like a highway, but basically at the millimeter level.

And finally.

It is the final packaging and testing link, with a heat sink and a substrate substrate, which is basically a complete CUBE.

The whole process seems simple.

It's not that complicated.

Even on military equipment, a very large piece of silicon can be made to process ultra-complex data and instructions.

But.

With the progress of the times, the demand is getting higher and higher, and what seems uncomplicated has become more and more complex.

The easiest to say.

That is, the size of the mobile phone chip remains basically the same every year, but the wiring inside is becoming more and more complex, and more and more work needs to be done and more instructions need to be processed on a small wafer.

This requires more lines on a chip, with more precise and subtle channels.

And lithography has become a very important part of it, and it is also a very critical link from the beginning.

Lithography technology determines that more things can be made on this chip.

At present, the top technology in the world has reached 193

M's lithography technology, even if it is a leader such as Nikon, is still studying how to break through 193

m's technology.

and posterity at every turn7

m naturally there is a difference, but in this day and age, 193 itself is an insurmountable threshold.

Don't look like it's a lot worse.

But domestically......

What is 193?

I don't dare to think about it, I don't dare to think about it at all.

After all, lithography technology has been stagnant for so many years, let alone 193

m up, even if it's 265

M is still a huge threshold, stopping many people.

"This thing needs a little bit of grinding, a little bit of research and development, and a little bit of research."

"Similar to the neon side."

"Only by investing countless manpower, material resources and resources can we win the hegemony."

"As for overtaking in corners, there are no corners on this track."

"And we are too far behind, to put it mildly, even if we have other people's technology now, let us study this technology, if we want to catch up with their current progress, I'm afraid it will take a few years."

"In a few years, I'm afraid they'll have already broken through 150

m below, if you want to catch up, you can only continue to work hard. ”

"There's no such thing as overtaking in a corner."

Liang Sining said with a sigh.

Although I don't want to admit it, the facts are in front of me, even if it is difficult to say, I can only admit it.

Domestic technology, compared to overseas powers.

It's a bit far from perfect.

"I don't deny that this thing needs hard power, but I think hard power is very important, but it is not impossible to overtake in corners."

Gu Xiu shook his head, he didn't give Liang Lao a chance to continue to refute, and said at this moment:

"Actually, Mr. Liang, when you talked to me about the semiconductor industry before, I have seen a lot of related reports myself."

"It just so happens that I have also read some relevant professional reports on lithography machines."

"The report says that at the moment 193

M is a headache for many companies. ”

"According to the Rayleigh equation, R=k1*(λ/ΝΑ)"

"To reduce the resolution R of the lithography machine, you need to lower K1 or λ, or increase NA."

"The most direct and effective way is to reduce the wavelength λ ...... of the light source."

Speaking of this, Gu Xiu paused.

Because he found that Liang Sining was looking at him with a dull face, and there seemed to be something strange in his eyes.

"Am I not right?" Gu Xiu scratched his head.

He repeatedly confirmed some of the materials he had read in his previous life to make sure that his memory was not wrong.

Am I being deceived by the media?

Just when Gu Xiu was thinking about whether he had said the wrong thing and the class had an axe, he saw Liang Sining suddenly ask excitedly:

"You...... What kind of magazine did you read about this kind of stuff? ”

"This ......" Gu Xiu was dumbfounded, and said casually: "Oh, I saw it on TV before, from a teacher in Hawaii." ”

"On TV? Teachers in Hawaii? Liang Sining's face was dazed, and he felt that his words were a little winding.

"Ahem, how do I know, it doesn't matter, does it?"

Gu Xiu coughed dryly.

"In fact, it is quite important that this kind of report is completely professional, and if we can see it, it may be able to give us a lot of promotion."

Liang Sining muttered, but still nodded: "You go on, what else does the report say?" ”

"The report said that reducing the wavelength λ of the light source is the most direct and effective way, but now this road has basically come to an end, at least in the short term." Gu Xiu said.

Liang Sining nodded and said seriously:

"That's the reason, we also have limitations in this regard, reducing the wavelength of the light source λ has always been the direction we are working towards."

"Compared with overseas, we still have a big gap."

"I didn't expect that overseas has reached a bottleneck, and it seems that this road is indeed very difficult."

"It's really tough."

Gu Xiu thought of the purple aurora of Asml in the later generations, this thing was made by gathering the world's top teams, and even including the strength of several super teams in the United States who studied world peace.

But......

"It's really hard, and it's destined to be a difficult path, but if there's a big breakthrough in the short term, there's an easier way."

"What's the solution?" Liang Sining asked.

"Junior high school physics knowledge!"

"Huh?" Liang Sining's face instantly became strange, and he even suspected that Gu Xiu was deceiving himself.

Can be a second.

Liang Sining's face changed.

Because he heard it, Gu Xiu gently spit out two words:

"Refraction!"