Chapter V: Internal and Foreign Affairs
At the end of the fifteenth year of Jian'an, after Liu Bei got Yizhou and Jingzhou, a series of internal adjustments began.
The first is to carry out military rectification.
After pacifying Yizhou, Liu Bei got a large number of Yizhou soldiers.
Among them are Zhang Lu's troops and generals, as well as a large number of Liu Zhang's soldiers and horses who returned to Shun because Liu Zhang chose to hand over Yizhou.
Especially in history, Yang Huai, Gao Pei, Deng Xian, Leng Bao, Zhang Ren, Liu Bi, Fu Ban, and Xiang Cun, who were unwilling to submit to Liu Bei, abandoned them because Liu Zhang abandoned the city and fled, so that they were cold and defected to Liu Bei.
In this way, Zhang Lujun and Liu Zhangjun combined, about 70,000 or 80,000, plus the left-behind garrisons scattered in the rear of various places and the soldiers led by the fleeing generals such as Pang Xi and others, nearly 100,000 people.
These people must be reorganized, the old and the weak must be eliminated, and elite soldiers must be trained.
Now it is up to Guan Yu and Pang Tong Xu Shu to do these things, starting from getting Yizhou in August last year to the end of this year, it took more than a year.
In the fifteenth year of Jian'an, in 210 AD, counting the 50,000 horses of Liu Bei's headquarters, about two-thirds of them were eliminated.
There are about 150,000 people in Yizhou, and in the end, only about 50,000 elite people remain.
These elite men can be described as the best of the best, almost more than ninety percent of them are young and strong between the ages of 20 and 30, and they are also veterans of a hundred battles, with rich experience, and belong to the first-class level of soldiers and horses.
About half of the eliminated soldiers are older or younger, all of them are under 20 years old or over 35 years old.
These people gave them land so that they could be reunited with their families and become taxpayers.
The other half are age-appropriate, and the situation is not good. Either they are recruits and inexperienced, or they are tired of fighting and do not want to participate in the war anymore and want to be disarmed and returned to the field.
For this part of the people, Zhuge Liang, Pang Tong, and Xu Shu, who are in charge of the government, have also made arrangements.
Some stayed and became county soldiers in Shu County, Qianwei County, Ba County and other places, some went to serve as county government officials, and some gave them fields to return to their hometowns to cultivate.
After more than a year of restructuring, about 50,000 people, about 50,000 of whom originally had about 150,000 horses, became the main force of Yizhou.
The remaining 50,000 people returned to the countryside, and more than 30,000 people scattered in various counties to become second-line county soldiers or county government officials.
In this way, the soldiers and horses that can be called in Yizhou are about 50,000 main forces plus 30,000 county soldiers, a total of 80,000.
Actually, though, it's a little bit more.
Because Liu Bei got Jingzhou and Yizhou, the treasury was extremely rich, and the rewards for soldiers were also very high, so that many elite people of the Ba people also enthusiastically joined the army.
After Zhuge Liang arrived in Bashu, he went around for field investigations, thinking that the barbarians who were willing to submit were available, and the barbarians who were unwilling to submit needed to subdue them, so he planned to establish a barbarian army, selected 10,000 elite barbarians and Ba people, and became the main force.
As a result, in addition to the 50,000 main elite soldiers and 30,000 county soldiers, there were 10,000 ethnic minority troops who could climb mountains and mountains and walk on flat ground.
In this way, all the soldiers and horses that Yizhou can call together add up, and the total number reaches 90,000.
Of course.
The current situation is that this minority force is still in the process of being established and needs time to be selected and trained.
Now a large number of people living in difficulty have been relocated to the plains, given land to cultivate with the Han people, and integrated into the Han people.
Liu Bei also fulfilled his promise to make the leader of the seven surnamed Yi kings become officials in various places, and if he really did not have the ability to govern, he would also be given the corresponding status and wealth.
Moreover, according to the policy, if you make meritorious contributions in war, you can not only be promoted, but also have a large number of coins, silks, land and other rewards.
In this way, when the leader was co-opted and the low-level people got land and benefits, the enthusiasm of the people to join the army and fight was very high, and many people signed up for the army.
There are countless low-level and Han people who want to join the army and leap into the class, and the recruitment offices everywhere are full.
The situation is very good.
It's just that Zhuge Liang also knows that the reason why Liu Bei dares to throw coins now is because he has obtained the treasury accumulated by Liu Biao and Liu Zhang for many years.
Liu Bei is not a stingy person, he can use all the coins in the treasury for rewards.
But Zhuge Liang knew that if he really gave away all the things in the government treasury, the government would not have a large amount of inventory to guarantee it, and in the event of an emergency, it would be easy to have financial difficulties, and the people would be poor and the country would be poor.
Therefore, in the midst of this false prosperity, Zhuge Liang wrote to Shen Chen many times, exchanged views with each other, and adopted a series of economic measures and internal reforms.
For example, vigorously develop Shu brocade, set up brocade officials under Shen Chen's suggestion, improve looms, and a variety of mulberry hemp.
Then he took aim at Hanjia Gold and Zhu Tiyin, and sent people to Hanjia County and Zhuti County to set up gold and silver officials and copper officials to explore untapped minerals and mine the developed gold, silver and copper mines to make up for the losses of the treasury.
At the same time, the monopoly of salt and iron was made, and Mi Zhu and Zhou Lin established government-run salt merchants and grain merchants, and transported grain-rich grain from Jingzhou to Yizhou, and Yizhou, which produced abundant salt, to Jingzhou, so as to promote economic and trade between the two places.
Although the implementation of a series of policies has not yet seen immediate results, after two or three years, it is bound to make the land of Yizhou and Jingzhou rich, the government treasury full, and greatly improve the poverty of the people.
You must know that in this era, the economy in the north under Cao Cao and Jiangdong under Sun Quan has almost collapsed, and the people are stuck in the period of barter, and commerce is close to stagnation.
Only Jingzhou and Yizhou are in much better condition because they have not been seriously affected by the war in the north, and there are still trade and trade exchanges on the Yangtze River, so they will not be bartered.
Now the Nanyang Basin continues to produce grain, coupled with the introduction of Zhancheng rice by Shen Chen, Jingzhou has gained a lot of grain in the past two years, and almost more than ninety percent of the people in Jingzhou can eat enough, unlike the phenomenon of starvation in the north.
Therefore, through the complementarity of grain and salt between Jingzhou and Yizhou, plus Shu brocade, gold, silver and copper and other valuables as a guarantee of national reputation, the people will maintain commercial prosperity without worrying about financial collapse.
When the government had money, it was able to hire the people to build water conservancy, and at the same time pay the officials and the soldiers, so as to stabilize the social order and ensure the foundation of the rule.
Therefore, even if Zhuge Liang's reform does not have an effect now, it will be of great help to Liu Bei Group in the future.
In this way, the current military situation in Yizhou is that there are 50,000 elite soldiers, of which 35,000 are in charge of the general Guan Yu, the military division is in charge of Xu Shu, the commander of the army, and the other 15,000 people, of which 5,000 are stationed in Chengdu and 10,000 are stationed in Jiangzhou.
Then there were 30,000 soldiers from all over the country, each with a guard. Finally, there are 10,000 troops still under construction, as well as thousands of cavalry currently led by Zhang Fei, which is the current military situation in Yizhou.
The situation in Jingzhou is similar.
During Liu Biao's period, there were more than 200,000 people, but it was a big fat man who relied on Shen Chen's help to get the Nanyang Basin and a large number of people, and became rich overnight through Tuntian.
After pacifying Jingzhou, after two years of weight loss, more than 200,000 people were also reduced to about 100,000.
Among them, Shen Chen led 50,000 of them, under the jurisdiction of Wenpin and Ganning, stationed in Nanyang and Xiangyang respectively to guard against Cao Cao.
Liu Pan had about 20,000 people, stationed in Changsha, and 30,000 Jiangxia sailors and thousands of elite foot soldiers, led by Huang Jie, stationed in Jiangxia County and Xunyang County in Lujiang County.
Moreover, Jingzhou's heritage is much stronger than Yizhou, in addition to the 100,000 main soldiers, there are about 50,000 county soldiers and thousands of embroidered cavalry. In addition, the Wuxi barbarians who returned to Shun also selected 10,000 elite soldiers to form a legion, and Jingzhou had 170,000 soldiers and horses.
In this way, the entire Liu Bei group could use 260,000 soldiers and horses, 150,000 main soldiers, 80,000 second-line county soldiers, and about 20,000 ethnic minorities and 7,800 cavalry.
It doesn't seem like much, because Yuan Shao was before the Battle of Guandu, and Cao Cao was before the Battle of Chibi, and the total number of troops must have exceeded this number.
Yuan Shao's total strength at that time may have been more than 250,000, and Cao Cao was even more, which should have been more than 300,000. Otherwise, if there was no large defense force in the rear, it would be impossible for them to send more than 100,000 troops to launch two major battles.
But Liu Bei is different from Yuan Shao and Cao Cao.
At this time, Liu Bei's group was the total number of troops after the reduction of elites and the restructuring of the army.
If we simply consider the number and do not consider the combat effectiveness of the army, with the current population of 10 million in Jingzhou and Yizhou, there is no problem at all in pulling out 450,000 troops.
Therefore, these armies are the armies that maintain the current peaceful situation, not only to ensure that Yizhou and Jingzhou will not be invaded, but also to make Jingyi richer and more populous, and more food and grass, so that they will consider continuing to expand the army and start foreign wars.
The process of military rectification lasted one to two years, and Hanzhong was garrisoned by General Guan Yu, with 35,000 soldiers, plus 5,000 county soldiers, and 3,000 cavalry of Zhang Fei's department, which is the current military strength of the entire Hanzhong.
On the Nanyang side, the Jingzhou army led by 50,000 Shen Chen, plus Zhang Xiu's thousands of cavalry, and then counting the Jiangxia naval army of Huang Xuan, is the overall external situation of Liu Bei's group.
Military reform was followed by domestic and foreign affairs.
Liu Bei, the internal affairs of Yizhou, was handed over to Zhuge Liang and Pang Tong, Zhuge Liang sat in Jiangzhou, not only responsible for handling Yizhou's affairs, but also dealing with official documents from Jingzhou.
Pang Tong was in Chengdu, responsible for the actual management of Yizhou's affairs, and also had to run around to inspect the local situation.
Jingzhou's internal affairs were handled by Fazheng, Zhang Song and Jia Xu.
Liu Bei, in accordance with Zhuge Liang and Shen Chen's suggestion, won over the eight great families in Jingzhou and gave them official positions for their juniors, allowing them to formulate laws, manage people's livelihood, and have a high political status.
The great families reciprocated by handing over a large amount of land and population, and compiling the existing population into a register and paying taxes in a unified manner.
It seems to be a win-win situation, but in fact, the family loses blood.
Because what Liu Bei can give them is only a part of the power.
And what they have lost is the ultimate goal that they once used their power to obtain.
The Chinese's obsession with land and obsession with the land is always something that Westerners cannot understand.
In all dynasties, the first thing most businessmen did after making money was to buy land for themselves and return to their hometowns to be big landlords with peace of mind.
Many scholars have studied hard for decades, and once they became officials, the first thing they did was to use their power for personal gain and get land.
Kuang Heng, the protagonist who chiseled the wall and stole the light, stole the light when he was a child, grew up and stole the land, and owned more than 300,000 acres of land.
Xu Jie, who overthrew Yan Song, a corrupt official in the Ming Dynasty, was the image of a Qing official in many Ming Dynasty TV dramas in later generations, but in fact, Xu Jie was more greedy than Yan Song, owning more than 400,000 acres of land.
How did the wealthy family come about?
When any of the ancestors became a 2,000-stone official, they began to engage in land and property, and the family prospered, and then concealed the population, hid the land, embezzled the state property, and became a wealthy party.
So in this era, being an official is to engage in land, and what the big families want to have is land and power in parallel, just like Cao Cao was forced to compromise with the Yingchuan family and the Yanzhou family, they got official positions, and the family's land and population would not be inventoried, it was as simple as that.
Under Liu Bei's rule, although he got an official position and power, the family's land and population were cleared out, which was unacceptable to the family and could easily cause civil strife.
Fortunately, in this era, there are not only a large number of corrupt officials and corrupt officials, but also great hermits like Pang Degong, Sima Hui, and Huang Chengyan.
They don't attach much importance to fame and fortune, and to some extent, they can be regarded as class betrayers, with their help, the Pang family and the Huang family took the lead in handing over a large amount of land and population, and the rest of the Kuai family and the Cai family also cut flesh and bleed because of the relationship between Cai Mao and Kuai Yue.
Later, Ma, Xiang, Yang, and Xi also paid their land and population, and almost half of the land and population were confiscated, and the remaining land and population were also registered and began to pay taxes.
A series of actions is quite a bit of the meaning of how much the Pang family and the Huang family have, and how much the other six families must follow.
But the gentry's money does not need to be returned in full.
The liberation of a large amount of land and population eased the government finances of Yizhou and Jingzhou, and the wealth of Liu Bei's group far exceeded the imagination of Cao Cao and Sun Quan's group.
It's just that the Eight Great Families are only the larger Eight Great Families in Jingzhou, and the reason for getting them is that with the support of sensible people like Pang Degong and Huang Chengyan, the rest of the small and medium-sized families are unwilling to hand over their land, and there are many people who can't see the situation clearly.
Not only Jingzhou, but also Yizhou.
In this case, Zhuge Liang, Pang Tongfa, Zhang Song and others could only raise the butcher knife in their hands.
In August of the sixteenth year of Jian'an, Nanyang Lou's family refused the new policy, secretly sent a letter to Yecheng, colluded with Cao Cao, and wanted to act as Cao's internal response.
Because there are often hundreds or thousands of clansmen in the big clans, there are also people with lofty ideals among these people, who are willing to accept the decrees of the government, but the control of the clan is in the hands of the lord.
Just like the Deng Shen two clans in Huangmen Pavilion, although the two clans have intermarried with each other for many years, they are like a family, but the actual control is in the hands of Deng Mao and Deng Hong and their brothers.
Therefore, in order to avoid harming the innocent, Shen Chen's chosen method was to kill those who did not obey the decree and support those who were class traitors among the great families to be the masters. In this way, pulling one faction to fight another faction and dividing those big families can reduce the possibility of large-scale civil strife.
It's just that this kind of thing is, after all, cutting the flesh of the big family, and you can't expect every clan to have enlightened people. In ancient times, the interests of the clan were above all else, and often the people of the whole clan went into battle together, and there were not many rebellions against the government.
From the end of the 15th year of Jian'an to the 20th year of Jian'an, the government decree was in violation, negative attitude, and there were countless families who directly opposed the government and even directly opposed the government.
For example, in February of the 17th year of Jian'an, the Wang clan and the Huan clan of the Linxiang clan, the Li clan of the Quanling clan, and the Zhao clan of the Zhaoyang clan plotted to launch a rebellion, wanting to secede Jingnan and defect to Sun Quan.
Fortunately, Sun Quan actually sent someone to inform Liu Bei in advance, and Liu Bei immediately notified Fa Zheng, who gave Liu Pan an order to quickly cut through the chaos and eliminate hidden dangers.
In September of the seventeenth year of Jian'an, there were also many families and Nanban uprisings in the south of Yizhou, and Zhuge Liang sent people to pacify them.
This happened from time to time in the past five years, and almost everywhere the policy was implemented, there were no more rebellions. In just five years, more than 20 clans have been eliminated, thousands of people have been killed, and tens of thousands of people have been implicated.
But the achievements in the past five years are also remarkable, Liu Bei's total population under the rule of more than 10 million, including millions of barbarians, such as Wuxi Man, Erren, Ba people, Nanban, Qiang people and so on.
It covers a large number of ancestors of ethnic minorities such as Tujia, Miao, Dong, Dai, Yao, Bai, Zhuang and Yi in Hunan Province, Guizhou Province, Yunnan Province and Sichuan Province.
Removing these ethnic minorities, the real Han population may be eight or nine million.
At least more than half of them are controlled by the clans.
Now that the policy has been issued, more than 3 million people have been liberated, and at the same time, tens of millions of mu of land and newly reclaimed land have been liberated, which can bring an unimaginable increase in the finances of Jingzhou and Yizhou.
It's just that these are things in the future, and at the end of the fifteenth year of Jian'an, to the beginning of the sixteenth year of Jian'an, their work has just begun.
Liu Bei sat in Jiangzhou, and at the end of the year, he took turns to convene the chief generals, chief officials, and vassals.
In addition to Shen Chen, Zhuge Liang, Pang Tong, Xu Shu, Fa Zheng, Zhang Fei and Guan Yu, the seven great fathers each had 500 catties of gold, 1,000 catties of silver, 50 million copper coins, 1,000 horses of Shu brocade, and countless treasures, the rest of the ministers and soldiers also had many gifts, and the rewards reached hundreds of millions, almost emptying the treasury.
And a large number of generals have also been set up, and the names of the generals of Liu Bei's group are flooded, basically starting from here. There are more than 40 people with the names of civil and military generals, and in addition to the miscellaneous generals that originally existed in the Han Dynasty, there are more than 20 more.
Zhao Yun wrote to dissuade him, hoping not to reward so much money and reward so many generals. But Liu Bei still insisted, and in the end, because he offended too many people, Zhao Yun was sent to Lujiang County to serve as the Taishou of Lujiang and became the guard of Xunyang County.
Outsiders thought it was a distribution, but they didn't know that it was Shen Chen's suggestion.
And in this feast of rewards, Zhuge Liang and Shen Chen kept silent and let Liu Bei squander it wantonly.
Because they knew that Liu Bei had no choice.
First, there is the issue of reward.
As an outsider, Liu Bei has no roots in Jingzhou and Yizhou, and there will inevitably be conflicts between the local faction and the foreign faction in the two places.
Just like Liu Yan's trip to Yizhou in history, it also triggered many rebellions of Yizhou families.
Differences between the two sides are inevitable.
Therefore, in order to win them over and gain the support of their land population, it is necessary not to be stingy in the reward, and not to be less than the reward that should be given.
For example, people like Zhang Lu's original strategist Yang Song are obviously a villain, but he did help Liu Bei get Hanzhong.
Therefore, such a villain Liu Bei can't kill him, but wants a big reward, which has the effect of buying horse bones.
Otherwise, when Cao Cao is attacked in the future, who will choose to surrender?
The second is the issue of official position.
Liu Bei is now a left general, although in the official sequence of the Han Dynasty, the front and rear generals are second only to the generals, hussar generals, chariot generals, and Wei generals, ranking above Jiuqing, and belong to the senior generals of the Han Empire.
But he can't give a position beyond this position, just like when Ka Dazuo came to power in the later world, he was just a "colonel", and he couldn't reward a general.
Therefore, except for the local taishou and county orders, the rest of the senior lords can only be placed by miscellaneous generals.
For example, Mi Zhu worked hard and worked hard, and he scattered all his family wealth to help Liu Bei, so he was awarded the position of General An Han, which was above many miscellaneous generals, which was regarded as giving him a superb status.
Zhuge Liang is now a military general, and he is also the Taishou of Banan, acting as the general of the left general's office, which is essentially equivalent to the prime minister, and he has great power.
Guan Yu was a general of Dangkou and was in charge of the Hanzhong military.
Zhang Fei was the general of the conquest and the Taishou of Bazhong, and was in charge of the military of Ba County.
Shen Chen was the general of the town army and the Taishou of Nanyang, and was in charge of the Nanyang military.
Zhao Yun was the general of the Yijun army and the Taishou of Lujiang, and was in charge of the small half of the Lujiang military that Liu Bei's group obtained from Sun Quan.
Huang Jie was the general of Hengbo and the Taishou of Jiangxia, inheriting his father's position and taking charge of the Jiangxia Naval Army.
Liu Pan was the general of Jianwei and the Taishou of Changsha, and was in charge of the Jingnan military.
At present, these six people are the commanders of the six major military distribution areas in the two theaters.
Because according to Shen Chen's strategy, Yizhou only needs to defend and does not need to take the initiative to attack, plus the geography is conducive to defense, so there are only two small war zones in Hanzhong and Ba County, and Jingzhou has four small war zones to deal with Sun Quan and Cao Cao.
And the reason why Guan Yu did not concurrently serve as the Taishou of Hanzhong was because Liu Bei had promised to let Yang Song be the Taishou of Hanzhong, and for the effect of buying horse bones for a thousand dollars, he pinched his nose and gave him the position of Taishou of Hanzhong.
However, the new decree is that the status of the generals in the war zone is higher than that of the chief governor, so Guan Yu's rank is above Yang Song, and there is no need to worry about Yang Song making trouble.
After a year or two, then find an excuse to get Yang Song away, or rise and fall secretly, and send him to Jiangzhou.
After the vassals, Jingzhou Yizhou tended to stabilize.
The new policy was implemented, and although some families were dissatisfied with the civil strife, it was within the scope of tolerance, so everything was going in a good direction.
At the same time, Sun Quan has also been urging Liu Bei to marry Sun Shangxiang, so at the end of the fifteenth year of Jian'an, Liu Bei should go to Jiangdong to discuss the specific matters of the marriage.
At the beginning of the sixteenth year of Jian'an, Liu Bei was two years later than in history, and finally completed his marriage with Sun Shangxiang and took the Sun family to live in Jiangling.
The reason why Sun Shangxiang lives in Jiangling is that she said that she didn't want to be too far away from Jiangdong and didn't want to go to Yizhou.
In fact, he was instructed by Sun Quan to hope that she could stay in Jiangling and observe the military situation in Jingbei and Jingnan, thinking that she should respond.
Including his betrayal of the Jingzhou rebel family, it was also to win Liu Bei's trust, once the war between the north and the south changed, Liu Bei relaxed his vigilance, which was when he sneaked up on him and stabbed him in the back.
Liu Bei naturally knew this, and he also knew that Zhuge Liang promoted this marriage, and he himself had the intention of planning it.
So he simply pushed the boat down the river, built a palace for Sun Shangxiang in Jiangling, and did not restrict her movements, and often went to live in a small house, so that outsiders thought that he had a deep relationship with the Sun family, so as to make the Sun family believe that he trusted the Sun family.
Unexpectedly, Sun Shangxiang was not too barbaric after he came, but was knowledgeable and very virtuous.
This is also normal.
In history, her marriage to Liu Bei belonged to the next marriage.
At that time, Liu Bei was displaced, and there was no stable territory, which was far inferior to Sun's secession of Jiangdong.
Therefore, Sun Shangxiang's brutal and willful nature was exposed, which aroused everyone's disgust.
Now that Liu Bei is powerful, Sun's power is weak, no matter how brutal and willful she is, it is not good for Jiangdong, not to mention Sun Quan's repeated instructions, she can only hide her nature and pretend to be virtuous and virtuous.
So the husband and wife began a secret contest in this kind of superficial appearance, but in fact, they were deceitful and deceitful.