For these fundamental reflections on social and economic issues, Zhu Yuan in his previous life has never publicly mentioned them.

Again, it's not pleasing.

This time, in two lives, his mentality has changed unconsciously, and in order to prove his worth, in order to live better in the Hongwu Dynasty, the relevant conclusions do not need to be buried in the bottom of his heart.

Inside the main hall.

Zhu Yuan's words fell, waiting for Zhu Yuanzhang to taste it a little, and then gestured to the picture scroll on the wall: "Your Highness looks at this picture, the villain wants to use this as a reference, so he will first say the word 'production'." ”

Zhu Yuanzhang, who frowned and pondered, temporarily let go of the doubts in his heart and turned around.

Zhu Yuan said: "Man is the primate of all things, and the biggest difference between us and birds and animals is production. Birds and beasts can only take what they already have in heaven and earth, but people can grow grains, vegetables and fruits independently, and raise chickens, guavans, cattle and sheep, which is the so-called production. ”

Saying this, Zhu Yuan raised his hand and drew along the void of the curve on the map: "Your Highness, please see, although this curve has been up and down for thousands of years, it is generally upward, why?" ”

Zhu Yuanzhang pondered slightly, couldn't understand, and returned the original words: "Why?" ”

Zhu Yuan said: "Here, the villain should first introduce a few new words, namely 'producer', 'productivity' and 'means of production'. ”

In fact, there is also the concept of 'production relations'.

However, Zhu Yuan thinks that it is better not to talk about it for the time being, because the fact that the productive forces determine the relations of production is difficult to explain and cannot be explained in this era.

After speaking, without waiting for Zhu Yuanzhang to ask questions, Zhu Yuan began to take the initiative to explain: "The so-called 'producer' is the easiest to understand, and it is hundreds of millions of people. 'Productivity' can be explained as the ability of the people to produce the fruits of their labor in a certain time, for example, a person ploughs ten acres of land a year and gets twenty stone of rice. ”

Zhu Yuanzhang listened to Zhu Yuan's explanation, and then looked at the picture scroll on the wall, and gradually realized.

Zhu Yuan continued: "The basis of 'productivity', in addition to 'producers', is 'means of production'. "Means of production" can be interpreted as "producers" to engage in production activities required "resources" and "tools", there is no obvious distinction between the two, so they are collectively referred to as "materials", "means of production" specifically include land, water, seeds, agricultural tools, etc., back to this figure, according to the "means of production" difference, thousands of years of history in China, can be divided into three eras. ”

Zhu Yuanzhang subconsciously wanted someone to record the whole process, and asked along Zhu Yuan's words: "Which three eras?" ”

Zhu Yuan raised his hand again: "Before the Xia Shang, the first democracy had to work and hunt with stone tools, this is the 'Stone Age', the Stone Age means of production are shoddy and primitive, the productivity is low, one person has ten acres of land a year, slash and burn, and the rice or less than two stones, so the population of China at that time was only a million. ”

Hearing this, Zhu Yuanzhang interrupted: "Xiao Xiucai, how do you know what happened thousands of years ago?" ”

Zhu Yuan smiled and said, "There are two evidences. First, from an archaeological science, if His Royal Highness sends people to search the world, he can find stone tools used by the ancestors in many ancient ruins to prove the words of the villain. Second, I have inherited thousands of years of Chinese heritage to have today, and outside of China, countless barbaric wilderness people, without the accumulation of Chinese wisdom, still use stone as a knife, bone as a stick, slash and burn, stop in the Stone Age. For example, there are many island tribes in the South Seas at present, which is exactly such a state, if Your Highness wants to know more, you only need to find one or two people who have traveled overseas, and you can find out by asking. ”

Zhu Yuanzhang nodded slightly and gestured, "You go on." ”

Zhu Yuan once again drew a picture scroll on the wall, and said: "From the Xia Shang Zhou to the end of the Qin and early Han dynasties, metal smelting technology appeared, but it was mainly copper, and the ancestors gradually began to use bronze utensils, and the productivity increased rapidly. ”

Zhu Yuan said this, Zhu Yuanzhang had already expected the Han Dynasty.

Zhu Yuan also quickly uncovered the mystery: "Since the Han Dynasty, iron tools have begun to flourish, compared with bronze tools, iron tools are sharper, and the productivity has increased greatly again, entering the 'Iron Age', until now." ”

Zhu Yuanzhang is a very smart person, he knows how to draw inferences, and he followed Zhu Yuan's train of thought until he browsed to the falling curve at the end of the picture scroll, and suddenly felt something.

Since there was the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age, will there be a new era of productivity once again after these three ages?

However, Zhu Yuanzhang's thinking was limited by the times, steel was already the hardest metal he could think of, and he didn't think that there could be anything else that could replace iron.

That being the case, it seems, there is no then.

Although he couldn't figure it out, and even secretly gave himself an answer, Zhu Yuanzhang still planned to ask, and just as he was about to speak, Zhu Yuan had already said: "Your Highness may be wondering, after these three eras, will there be a new era?" ”

Zhu Yuanzhang nodded: "Exactly." ”

Zhu Yuan once again arched his hand and said: "Your Highness, please forgive the villain for not being able to say it now, it still has to wait for three years." ”

Three years, and another three years!

Zhu Yuanzhang suddenly burst out of some small flames in his heart, but when he thought of his previous promise and the 'prosperous era unseen in a thousand years' that Zhu Yuan said, he still pressed it, but he just said in his heart: Boy, you'd better give me a satisfactory answer in three years, otherwise, you look good!

Zhu Yuan couldn't see Zhu Yuanzhang's face, but he could feel Lao Zhu's emotional changes, and in order to avoid a volcanic eruption, he hurriedly opened his mouth to divert his attention: "Your Highness, using tools and materials as a division of the times is just a symbolic concept, and it is actually much more complicated, just like tools are just a type in the concept of 'means of production'. Next, please take a specific dynasty as an example for a more detailed analysis. ”

The words were a bit fast, and Zhu Yuan unconsciously began to speak more vernacular.

Some of them don't know if there are new words in this era, and they can't take care of so much, Zhu Yuan even thinks that Lao Zhu can't understand it, but it's better.

It can avoid the butterfly effect.

Seeing Zhu Yuanzhang nodding, Zhu Yuan gestured to the scroll on the wall again: "Qin Dynasty, the first great unified dynasty in China, the reason why Qin can unify the six countries and dominate the world, the elite of Qin soldiers is one reason, however, in the view of the villain, Qin's productivity has been greatly improved, which is the key." Does His Royal Highness know the allusion to Zheng Guoqu? ”

Zhu Yuanzhang said: "Han Zhishui Zheng Guo was ordered to enter Qin to lobby, and the plan to offer Jing water into Luo was to exhaust Qin, and the king of Qin allowed it, and in the next ten years, Qin was unable to advance eastward. Zheng Guoqu Cheng, so Guanzhong was fertile, Qin was rich and strong, and the princes were merged. ”

Zhu Yuan listened to Zhu Yuanzhang say this allusion fluently almost by recitation, a little surprised, and then suddenly.

Zhu Yuanzhang is a person who likes to read history as a reference.

The allusion of Qin Xiu Zheng Guoqu happens to be in line with Zhu Yuanzhang's nine-character and three-character strategy of 'building a high wall, accumulating grain, and slowly becoming king' to seize the world. At the end of the day, it's all about accumulation.

There is nothing new under the sun.

Thinking like this, Zhu Yuan resisted the urge to pat the horse, knowing that Lao Zhu would not like the people around him to do this, so he said: "Zheng Guoqu was recorded in the history books because of the self-defeating plan of tired Qin, however, Zheng Guoqu is only one of them, Qin State also built Dujiangyan and Lingqu one after another, so that Guanzhong, Sichuan and Shu were all anointed places, and millions of Qin soldiers were enshrined, so the first emperor was able to unify the world." The root of all this is that these three major water conservancy projects as an important 'means of production' greatly improved Qin's 'productivity', making Qin's national strength far superior to other countries at that time. Without this premise, millions of Qin soldiers would not have left Tongguan, or they would have returned hungry with empty stomachs. ”

Zhu Yuanzhang keenly caught that all kinds of new words such as 'production' or 'distribution' began to emerge in Zhu Yuan's words, such as the word 'key' just now, and 'water conservancy project', which seemed to be quite imposing when the two words were connected.

Zhu Yuan also continued: "Water conservancy projects are still only an important kind of means of production that promote the development of productive forces. By the time of the Han Dynasty, the iron-smelting technology was becoming more and more mature, and a small number of iron tools appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period began to be used on a large scale, and the agricultural tools using iron parts such as hoes, harrows, plows, and cocoons greatly improved the farming efficiency, and this fundamental change in the means of production promoted the further development of the productive forces. As a result, the land of China was able to produce more, and the population rose to 60 million at the peak of the Han Dynasty. Later, from the two Jin Dynasty to the Sui and Tang dynasties, each dynasty continued to dig more water conservancy projects, the labor tools were more diverse, and the means of encouraging production by the imperial court were also more perfect, and more high-quality and diverse crops were introduced from the Western Regions or the South Seas, and the productivity continued to increase, so that in the Song Dynasty, the total population of each country in the Central Plains reached 150 million. ”

After that, Mongolia entered the Central Plains, with a peak population of only 90 million, which is too short for Mongolia. Another important reason is that Mongolia rejected Chinese culture, including various advanced means of production, which led to a significant reduction in productivity in the Central Plains. Otherwise, with the vastness of Mongolia's territory, if we adopt the advanced production method of our China to feed the 200 million people who surpassed the Song Dynasty, the national Zuo will last for two or three hundred years, which is more than enough, and it will never reach the current situation. ”

"To sum up, in any given day, productivity determines the upper limit of the population it can carry, such as the scroll on the wall. Therefore, the imperial court also needs to use all available means to continuously improve the means of production and continue to increase productivity. Otherwise, if one day, the productive forces cannot support the people's livelihood, the world will be chaotic, and a change of dynasty is inevitable. ”

"The above is the so-called 'production' of His Majesty that the villain wants to mention."

After Zhu Yuan's long words were finished, Zhu Yuanzhang began to regret that he could not write down the whole process, while nodding frequently, the doubts caused by watching the picture scroll in front of him for more than ten days have been dissipated after Zhu Yuan's explanation, and his expression even revealed some joy of seeing the future road of the Zhu Dynasty.

In his heart, Zhu Yuanzhang has quietly established Zhu Yuan's positioning.

The talent of Zaifu.

Moreover, at the age of this little showman, don't talk about yourself, even if you ...... in the future Not to mention, it can also assist him in the fifty years of the Zhu dynasty. In 50 years, it may really be able to create a prosperous era that has not been seen for a thousand years, so that the Zhu family will continue to be endless.

Zhu Yuanzhang even had some sense of fate.

His name is Zhu Yuanzhang, and this little show is called Zhu Yuan, isn't it the will of God!