Such an allergy case can be regarded as a warning, and after chatting a few words, Zhu Yuan decided that he should open an article in the next issue of "Daming Monthly" to talk about this matter.

Let Dai Sanchun write it.

Penicillium therapy has spread in Mingzhou, and it is impossible for Zhu Yuan to stop people from using it indiscriminately, so he can only guide everyone to use it as correctly as possible.

Dai Sanchun also agreed to come down.

However, this is not the main reason why Dai Sanchun stopped Zhu Yuan from coming here.

After talking about allergies, Dai Sanchun helped Zhu Yuan open another note, and said: "Because of the 'melon green', and the adults came to dial it last time, the lower official found a direction and felt ...... Strains are really important, and one direction in the future should be to look for strains with higher penicillin content. ”

"This must be right, is there a breakthrough?"

Dai Sanchun shook his head: "Not yet." ”

"It doesn't matter, the time is short," Zhu Yuan said: "Any research, as long as it is in the right direction, there will always be a successful day." ”

As he spoke, Sanqi returned, holding a tray of all kinds of small things in his hand.

Zhu Yuan looked at it.

The tray contains a variety of glass or ceramic testing instruments, as well as a ...... A small hand-cranked machine, on closer inspection, seems to be a ...... Blow dryer.

Waiting for Sanqi to put down the things in the tray and withdraw again after giving a salute, Dai Sanchun continued: "My lord, in addition to looking for better strains, Xiaguan has also been experimenting with how to extract penicillin from the solution, this is ...... An idea that I don't know if it's feasible. ”

Zhu Yuan lowered his head again and asked, "Is there an eyebrow for the problem of making a high-concentration solution?" ”

"Yes," Dai Sanchun said: "The adults have given the idea, according to what you said, with the principle of 'dissolving' and 'insoluble', plus the 'adsorption' of the activated carbon, repeated attempts, and then there is a 'melon green' strain, which is indeed getting better and better, and the problem is stuck in the last step, which is also the problem we talked about last time. ”

Dai Sanchun said, and Zhu Yuan had already begun to browse the contents of the notes.

Just looking at the first paragraph, Zhu Yuan had a sense of surprise.

The thing is probably that Dai Sanchun's daily observation found that the frost in winter was ...... It seems that it is not formed by water, coupled with the physical knowledge obtained from Zhu Yuan, combined with theory and practice, Dai Sanchun feels that this may be 'gaseous' water, which directly condenses into a 'solid state'.

Since gaseous water can be directly converted into a solid state, is there a possibility that solid water can also be directly converted into a gaseous state.

The idea was opened, and it came to the extraction of penicillin.

The concentrated penicillin solution, not to mention high temperature, is easily inactivated even at room temperature, and the solid penicillin must be extracted to be stored for a longer time.

However, the traditional boiling method has been tried, from the solution to the powder, but you can get something, the problem is that the powder substance obtained by boiling at high temperature has completely lost its activity, and there is no sterilization effect at all.

Dai Sanchun also tried alcohol, because he learned from Zhu Yuan that the boiling point of alcohol is lower.

Of course, it still failed.

As for the assumption that the boiling point of water in another high-altitude area is also low, the conditions are not available for the time being.

Then, the high temperature will inactivate the penicillin, and the low temperature will ...... On the other hand, it can be stored for a longer time, so if it is frozen, it will not be longer. Zhu Yuan doesn't know whether this conclusion is right or not, but, in theory, it must be stored longer than high temperature or room temperature anyway.

So I returned to Dai Sanchun's inspiration.

Is it possible to vaporize the penicillin solution directly in the frozen state?!

In this way, the water can be removed to obtain a solid penicillin without ensuring the activity of penicillin.

Of course, Zhu Yuan knows this.

It is also a basic knowledge of physics.

To put it simply, a substance that is directly converted from a gaseous state to a solid state is called 'condensation', and a direct conversion from a solid state to a gaseous state is called 'sublimation'.

Although the reason is simple, if there is no reminder from Dai Sanchun, Zhu Yuan, who has too many things in his head, may not be able to remember.

Suddenly, before Zhu Yuan could speak, Dai Sanchun had already turned to the opposite tray: "My lord, the lower official will show you." ”

Saying that, we started to operate.

Dai Sanchun opened a porcelain cup, and Zhu Yuan looked at it, and there were ice cubes inside.

Dai Sanchun carefully tapped it with a stone pestle a few times, then turned to tweezers to pick and choose, made a very small one, put it on a piece of glass, and then picked up the thing that was really a hand-cranked hair dryer, and quickly began to shake it against the ice particles that were less than the size of rice grains.

In the whirring wind, it only took a moment for the ice particles to disappear.

Although you could see the melt just now, in the blink of an eye, the glass was already dry, as if there were no ice particles there.

After operating this whole set, Dai Sanchun sent the glass piece to Zhu Yuan, with excitement in his expression: "My lord, look at it, this is the discovery of the lower officials, but I don't understand the reason, and I hope that the adults will solve their doubts." ”

Zhu Yuan glanced at the glass in front of him, and did not answer immediately, but raised his head and turned to Dai Sanchun again: "Sir, seriously, if this continues, I think I will soon worship you as a teacher." ”

"Adults are too modest, but the 'economic science' can't be understood," Dai Sanchun shook his head: "Compared to the people who have been through the world, it is only in front of me, but it is ......"

Dai Sanchun wanted to be modest, but he also felt in his heart that if this penicillin could be refined, it would not be a trivial matter at all, and it would also save the people, so he would not be humble for a while, and he was stuck there.

Zhu Yuan didn't let Dai Sanchun continue to bother searching for words, gestured to the glass in front of him, and said: "In terms of physical terms, matter directly changes from a solid state to a gaseous state, which is called 'sublimation'......"

As soon as he spoke, Dai Sanchun had already interrupted: "Wait a minute, sir, the next official will take note." ”

As he spoke, he pulled up a chair and sat down on the opposite side, looking for a pen and paper, like a schoolboy waiting seriously to listen to the lecture.

Zhu Yuan saw that Dai Sanchun was ready, so he continued, briefly talked about the concepts of 'sublimation' and 'condensation', and then gestured to the hand-cranked hair dryer opposite: "How did you remember the operation of blowing ice particles with a hair dryer?" ”

"It's just that, it's also a daily experience, I accidentally spilled something on the laboratory table, and after I dried it, I found a fan like a book, and it dries faster."

Zhu Yuan nodded, and once again habitually analyzed the fundamentals: "This is a way to promote the evaporation of liquids by speeding up the flow of air. At the microscopic level, it is the rapid flow of air that can carry away the molecules on the surface of the liquid faster. In the same way, solid water, i.e. ice, as long as it comes into contact with air, even if the weather is cold, will not melt, and will slowly and directly 'sublimate' from the solid state to the gaseous state, and eventually disappear. However, in your office, the temperature is relatively high, and you have just operated it with a hair dryer, but in fact, it is still melting and sublimating at the same time, and the melting ratio must be higher. ”

Dai Sanchun recorded quickly, his mind was also very active, and he accurately grasped the key point: "My lord, then, how can Xia Guan keep the penicillin solution solid for a long time and sublimate it?" ”

Zhu Yuan smiled: "This, sir, you are a fan of the authorities." ”

"Huh?"

Zhu Yuan raised his hand and pointed to the north: "My lord has been to the north, so you should know that as long as you arrive in Hebei, when you count nine cold days, even if you are under the sun during the day, the ice will not melt." ”

Dai Sanchun raised his hand violently, almost slapping the table.

didn't take a faux pas, quickly bowed his head, and recorded carefully.

Zhu Yuan also continued: "In fact, there is a way to freeze water through manual operation, but with our current level of science and technology, it will take one or two generations of accumulation to achieve it." ”

Dai Sanchun held the charcoal pen and asked: "My lord, which ...... How does it work? ”

"This involves the problem of conservation of energy, the so-called energy, in our problem, you can simply understand it as heat," Zhu Yuan said: "For example, the simple one, ice melts into water, it is to absorb heat, huh...... To put it more intuitively, we have to boil the water before it can turn into gas, and in the process, a lot of heat needs to be absorbed. In the same way, when water vapor turns back into water, it releases heat, and when water condenses into ice, it also releases heat. ”

Dai Sanchun quickly pondered, feeling that he had caught something, and he felt that he had caught nothing.

Zhu Yuan patiently continued: "There is another case, saltpeter, this kind of thing, when it melts into the water, it needs to absorb a lot of heat, and with this physical transformation, people can make ice in the summer. ”

Saltpeter ice is also a traverser artifact.

Another golden finger, in a few words, lost, a certain traverser is too unqualified!

Please call me 'Zhu Loser'.

I complained to myself in my heart, Zhu Yuan didn't listen, and continued: "You can try this when you have time, anyway, it won't help what we're talking about, at this stage, we can only use natural conditions to achieve our goals." In the future, if possible, it will be what I just said...... The gentleman's thinking was restricted, so he didn't think deeper. Let's go a little further, compare the three states of water, let's say, is there a substance, at room temperature, it's a gas, but, through compression, we can convert it into a liquid, like water, this process will release a lot of heat, then, in turn, we only need to release this liquid at room temperature, turn it into a gas, it will absorb a lot of heat around it in a very short time, this absorption, enough to turn the surrounding air to below zero, and condense the water into ice. ”

This is actually how refrigerators and air conditioners work.

Dai Sanchun heard Zhu Yuan say this, his thoughts were completely transparent, imagining some pictures, and his hand holding the pen even trembled a little.

However, after trembling, I thought of Zhu Yuan's words just now.

This will only be possible after the accumulation of one or two generations.

Inevitably, he was unwilling and asked, "My lord, now...... Really? ”

"If you invest at all costs, maybe ten or twenty years, you will be able to have results," Zhu Yuan said: "The problem is that we don't have enough resources to do this now, and Daming still has too many basic things that have not been completed, and even if it is done, it can only stop at the laboratory level and cannot be applied on a large scale." This is also mentioned in my "Economics", large-scale industrialization, mass production, mass application, this is the industrial age. ”

Dai Sanchun was only briefly depressed, but soon became uplifted again, as long as it can be realized in the future.

As for now......

Dai Sanchun gestured to the hand-cranked hair dryer and other equipment in front of him: "Then, my lord, the idea of the lower official." ”

Zhu Yuan thought about it for a while, and said: "You need to go to the north, you want to be safe, and even, Hebei is not enough, the northeast outside Yuguan, where the winter can reach thirty or fifty degrees below zero, splashing water into ice, is the best, in this state...... Through the operation you have just done and repeated experiments, you may be able to extract active penicillin, which is a hypothesis with certain practical production significance. Now...... Well, since you've thought of it, haven't you tried it in the lab before? ”

Dai Sanchun nodded and shook his head: "Ice is easy to find, it's just that this Jiangnan ...... In the end, the weather was not cold enough, Xia Guan tried several times, put the refining solution outdoors to freeze, and as a result, either it was not frozen, or frozen, and then used this ...... method of 'sublimation', and as a result, the penicillin powder obtained several times was still inactivated. ”

Zhu Yuan thought for a moment and made a judgment: "It's still too long." ”

Dai Sanchun also sighed: "Listening to the words of the adults, the lower officials can't wait to go to the north immediately." ”

"Heh, don't be in a hurry, it's useless to be in a hurry, what's more, the Northeast I just said, we can't go to it now," Zhu Yuan said this, and suddenly remembered: "It's the New Year soon, but I forgot to ask, Mr. still hasn't returned to his hometown this year?" ”

The topic changed, and Dai Sanchun was also stunned, and then said: "Xia Guan was still thinking about when to talk to adults, but when he mentioned it, he happened to say it." ”

"How?"

"Earlier, it was already agreed with the family that after the next New Year's Festival, the wife and children of the lower officials will come to Jinling from Jinhua and live in Beijing in the future...... When the time comes, the lower official will ask the adult to resign and move out of the adult's house. ”

"This is a good thing," Zhu Yuan didn't pretend to be polite, and said with a smile: "You are already a waiter of the medical department of Zhengsanpin, and it is not suitable to live in my house like a guest again." Anyway, if you move out, it must be around here, I have a headache and brain fever, and I can call you at any time. ”

Dai Sanchun nodded, and also sighed: "In the past, Xia Guan only thought that he would come to Beijing for a few years and serve the imperial court before resigning and returning to his hometown, so he never thought about taking his wife and children over. It can be expected that in just one year, there is such an opportunity, and it is said that it is all supported by adults. ”

When I saw Dai Sanchun for the first time last year, the other party was still a military doctor with Zhengbapin.

Now, almost a year, Dai Sanchun is already the third grade waiter of the medical department, and he also serves as the vice president of the fourth grade of Houhu Medical University.

However, Zhu Yuan thinks that this is also what the other party deserves.

Let's just say that the 'sublimation' related to it is common sense buried in the corner of Zhu Yuan's mind for Zhu Yuan, but Dai Sanchun can summarize it with his daily observations, and this insight, if he continues, is enough for him to complete all the research related to antibiotics.

As long as the antibiotics can be made, in the future, Dai Sanchun will leave a biography in the history books, not to mention the current Zhengsanpin waiter.

Thinking of this, Zhu Yuan waved his hand: "Don't mention these, when your family comes, let's have a meal together, huh...... How many children does Mr. have? ”

"Two sons and one daughter," Dai Sanchun mentioned this, showing a gentle smile, and said: "The eldest son Dai Li is 11 years old, he hasn't seen him for three years, and he doesn't know how his studies are, and the second son Dai Song is 7 years old, and the youngest daughter is ...... Xia Guan was just born when he left home, and he will turn three years old this year. ”

"I haven't seen you for three years, it's time to pick it up."

After a few words, the topic turned back to the present, Zhu Yuan thought for a moment, and then said: "Mr. Dai just said that if you want to let the penicillin solution condense into ice by placing it, and then sublimate it, I think it is too much, the sublimation operation can indeed avoid penicillin inactivation caused by high temperature, but, if it is only a small amount of extraction, there is no need to be so troublesome, the key is this hair dryer." ”

Dai Sanchun also quickly turned back to his thoughts, picked up the hand-cranked hair dryer and sent it to Zhu Yuan: "My lord, what do you think?" ”

Zhu Yuan took it, fiddled with it and said, "Hair dryer, what else can there be, blow!" ”

Once......

When a hair dryer blows your hair, it doesn't just speed up the air flow and make your hair dry faster.

The truth has just been explained.

Putting the previous glass piece in front of him, Zhu Yuan shook it with a hand-cranked hair dryer, and said: "Through blowing, not only can the ice particles be sublimated, but also the liquid can be quickly evaporated." That's the basic truth. There are two more key points. First, the larger the area of contact between the liquid and the air, the faster the evaporation. Second, the faster the wind speed, the faster the evaporation rate. Of course, there is actually a third and fourth, the higher the temperature, the faster the evaporation, and the lower the pressure, the lower the boiling point, which can also lead to faster evaporation, about the pressure, we said last time. However, now we definitely can't use high temperatures, and the pressure is not easy to adjust. However, just the first two conditions, let's spread out the concentrated penicillin solution, increase the area as much as possible, and make a few larger hair dryers to blow hard, imagine the evaporation rate. I'm sure this will dry out quickly. Although large-scale mass production cannot be achieved, some samples at the laboratory level are likely to be available. ”

Dai Sanchun listened to Zhu Yuan's halfway point, and he had already sat down again and quickly started recording, and when Zhu Yuan finished speaking, he summed up the truth, and he was so excited in his heart that he almost slapped the table.

Oh, yes.

It's such a simple thing, but I think deeply.

Zhu Yuan saw Dai Sanchun's eagerness to try and a little annoyed, and said: "However, your method of sublimation, I think it is better, relatively speaking, through the sublimation operation, you can get more penicillin samples in a stable state that avoids inactivation as much as possible, and even achieve small-scale mass production, as for the stupid method just now, it is only for research." ”

Dai Sanchun nodded, but still said: "It's still because the lower officials don't understand the reason, the adults' knowledge, the physics, the chemistry, the lower officials have read some of it, but they still can't do it like the adults, and apply what they have learned." ”

"That's because the knowledge you get is not comprehensive enough, the main thing is that I can't think of everything in my head for a while, I can only write so much."

Moreover, another reason is that what Zhu Yuan said used to be known.

Zhu Yuan has always understood a truth, human imagination is actually very lacking! Therefore, many seemingly inconspicuous inventions, such as wheels, water cups, etc., are magnified to the entire history of human civilization, which are very great innovations.

Besides, relying on the knowledge given by Zhu Yuan, Dai Sanchun was able to observe and associate sublimation, and even found that speeding up the flow of air can promote the evaporation of liquids, which is already very remarkable.

Seeing that Dai Sanchun was already eager to try, Zhu Yuan was about to leave, but he remembered it temporarily, and asked again: "By the way, about penicillin research, has Mr. told my ancestor about the recent progress?" ”

Dai Sanchun has already begun to think about what kind of hair dryer the Equipment Bureau will create, and when he heard this, he said: "No results, how can you say it?" ”

"In this way, try it this afternoon, I guess you must have a concentrated penicillin solution here, if you make an active powder, I will write to my ancestors tomorrow morning, just right, I will also help talk about the 'Medical Ancestral Hall', see that you have the results here, and the promotion of the 'Medical Ancestral Hall' will only be smoother."

Hearing the 'Medical Ancestral Hall', Dai Sanchun was a little annoyed, and he knew that this was the truth, so he immediately agreed.

Zhu Yuan saw that Dai Sanchun wanted to send off the guests and was patient with etiquette, so he didn't ramble anymore, and took the initiative to get up with a smile: "Then I'll go back first, you're busy, I hope there will be good news this time." ”

Dai Sanchun followed and got up: "I'll send the adult." ”

came to the outside of the courtyard where the laboratory was located, signaled Dai Sanchun to stay, and Zhu Yuan sat in his soft sedan chair.

Waiting for the sedan chair to start moving forward, Zhu Yuan motioned to Lin Xiaoyu, who was carrying him, to open the curtain, called Zhao Xu, and instructed: "Who is responsible for the cement I explained last time, who is in charge of the Ministry of Engineering, ...... in the afternoon." Go now, I'll call over before I nap and tell me how things are going. ”

(End of chapter)