The fever has not subsided, and the popular science chapter transitions to a day.

Please subscribe as appropriate.

···

Zhao Yu was a native of Youfu Fengshu County (now southwest of Wugong, Shaanxi), and was a literary talent when he was young, and served as a government official in Kyoto as a historian.

In the third year of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (154 BC), he served as the commander of the history because of his honesty and served the Taiwei Zhou Yafu.

In the fifth year of Emperor Jing (152 BC), Zhou Yafu served as prime minister, and Zhao Yu served as prime minister, and the palace praised him for being honest and fair.

But Zhou Yafu didn't trust him, and said: "I know Zhao Yu very well, but he is very strict in law enforcement, and he can't work in the big official mansion." ”

During the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhao Yu accumulated merit by virtue of hosting copywriting and was promoted to the imperial history.

The emperor thought he was capable and promoted him to the rank of middle doctor.

He and Zhang Tang formulated various laws and regulations and made the "Law of Seeing and Knowing", which officials used to monitor each other, spy on each other, and admonish each other, probably from this time.

[Original; Zhao Yu, slashing people. Supplement the central capital with the history of the Zuo, use the incorruptible as the history of the order, and the matter is too lieutenant Yafu. Yafu is the prime minister, Yu is the prime minister's history, and the house is called incorruptible. Ran Yafu Ren, said: "I know that Yu is harmless, but the text is deep, and you can't live in a big mansion." "Today, Yu with a knife and pen to accumulate labor, a little moved to the imperial history. I thought I could, but I was a doctor in Taizhong. Discuss the laws and decrees with Zhang Tang, make insights, and pass on the officials to supervise the department. The usage is engraved, and the cover starts from here. 】

("Historical Records: The Biography of Cool Officials" Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty)

Zhao Yu is honest and arrogant, and since he became an official, there have been no guests at home.

When the three princes and nine kings went to visit, Zhao Yu never thanked him, the purpose was to cut off the contacts between close friends and guests, so as to independently implement his own ideas.

When he saw the letter of the law, he adopted it, and without reviewing it, he dug deep into the secret sins of the officials.

The ministers came to Zhao Yu's house with heavy gifts, but who knew that Zhao Yu met the ministers and just chatted.

Ignoring the hints of the ministers asking him to revise the law, after a while, the ministers saw that they could not say any more, and got up to take their leave.

Who knew that before leaving, Zhao Yu insisted on returning the heavy gifts they brought.

In this way, people really feel that Zhao Yu is an extremely honest and honest person, and some people ask Zhao Yu, don't you consider what the people around you think of him?

He said: "I cut off the requests of friends or guests in this way so that I can decide and handle things independently, and do things according to my own will, without the interference of others.

Zhao Yu was dismissed halfway through the process and soon served as a court lieutenant.

At first, Zhou Yafu, the Marquis, thought that Zhao Yu was cruel and vicious, and when Zhao Yu served as the Jiuqing of Shaofu, it was even more cruel and urgent.

In the later years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, state affairs became more complicated.

Ordinary officials tried their best to implement harsh punishments, but Zhao Yu was lenient in enforcing the law, so he gained a reputation for being light.

Wang Wenshu and others were latecomers, and their law enforcement was harsher than Zhao Yu's.

In his later years, Zhao Yu was transferred to Yan Guoxiang because of his old age.

A few years later, the comatose rebel committed a crime and was dismissed from his post and returned home. More than ten years later, the old man died at home.

·

Zhang Tang is a native of Dulingyi, his father was Chang'an Cheng, and when he went out, Zhang Tang guarded the family as his son.

When my father returned, he found that the meat had been eaten by rats, and my father was furious and lashed out at Zhang Tang.

Zhang Tang dug a mouse hole, caught the rat who stole the meat, and found the leftover meat, and then filed a case to torture and interrogate the rat, circulated a document for retrial, thoroughly traced it, and took the rat and the leftover meat, the crime was determined, and the rat was sentenced to death in the hall.

When his father saw it, he took and read the words of his interrogation of the rats, and was very surprised like an old prison officer who had been handling cases for many years, so he asked him to write the documents for the treatment of the prison.

After his father's death, Zhang Tang inherited his father's position. He served for a long time as a Chang'an official.

When Zhou Yang Hou Tiansheng was serving in Jiuqing, he was detained in Chang'an for his crimes.

Zhang Tang was dedicated to helping him. After his release, he was named a marquis, and he had a deep friendship with Zhang Tang, and introduced Zhang Tang to meet the nobles.

Zhang Tang served as the internal history of the matter, for Ning Chengpeng, because of the correct work, he was recommended to the prime minister, transferred to Maoling Lieutenant, and handled affairs in the mausoleum.

Wu'an Hou Tianwei served as prime minister, recruited Zhang Tang as prime minister, and recommended it to Emperor Wu, and reappointed him as the imperial history ("Hanshu" as the imperial history), so that he could handle the lawsuit.

While dealing with the case of Empress Chen's witch Gu, he pursued her henchmen in depth.

Therefore, Emperor Wu thought he was very capable and promoted him to the rank of Taizhong doctor.

He and Zhao Yu jointly formulated various laws and regulations, which must be strict and meticulous according to the law, especially for the officials who serve.

Soon, Zhao Yu was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to Shaofu, and Zhang Tang was also promoted to court lieutenant, and the two had a close relationship, and Zhang Tang treated Zhao Yu like a brother.

Zhao Yu is honest and arrogant, and since he became an official, there have never been diners in Shedi. The ministers invited Zhao Yu one after another, but Zhao Yu never reciprocated, and his intention was to prevent the invitation of friends, relatives, friends and guests, so as to insist on his own ideas.

Zhang Tang is cunning and cunning, playing with wits to control others.

At the beginning, he served as a small official, and he had a close relationship with Chang'an's palace merchants, Jia Tianjia, Uncle Yu Weng and others.

As for the position of official Jiuqing, he accepted and befriended well-known scholars and doctors from all over the country, although he did not approve of the other party in his heart, he still showed admiration on the surface.

At that time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty favored people with literary talents and learning, and Zhang Tang decided big cases, wanting to attach the righteousness of the ancients, so he asked those who studied "Shangshu" and "Spring and Autumn" among the doctoral disciples to fill in the history of Yanwei to solve the difficult matters in the decree.

The difficult cases played above must have been the original reason for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to distinguish the case, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty affirmed it, so he wrote the Law of Judgment as the legal basis for Yanwei's judgment to show the wisdom of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

When he was reprimanded, Zhang Tang thanked Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he also speculated on the intentions of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, citing the correct remarks of the court commanders, the eunuchs, and the historians, saying: "They had originally made suggestions for the ministers, but if the saints reproached the ministers, they thought that the ministers had not adopted their suggestions. His subordinates are foolish, and that's all. ”

Therefore, mistakes are often forgiven, and sometimes they are praised for their deeds to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and they say: "Your Majesty does not know how to march to Your Majesty in this way, but a certain court commander, eunuch, or Peng Shi wrote a recital." When he wants to recommend someone, he often praises the person's strengths and hides their weaknesses.

If Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wanted to add to the crime, he would let the court commander or Peng Shi punish him; If Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wanted to pardon his crimes, he asked Tingwei or Peng Shi to reduce his guilt.

If the convicted offender is strong, he will be slandered and punished by law. If it was a poor and inferior commoner, it would immediately report orally to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Although the provisions of the law are still used to punish crimes, the rulings of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty are often as Zhang Tang said.

Zhang Tang was very cautious with high-ranking officials, and often gave their guests wine and food. For the children of old friends, whether they are officials or poor, they are especially thoughtful; Seeing the great loss of the ministers, they did not avoid the cold and heat.

Therefore, although Zhang Tang's usage is severe, profound, and unjust, he has gained a good reputation because of his practice.

And those who are used by him like harsh officials like minions are also attached to those who are literate and learned.

When dealing with the cases of rebellion by the three kings of Huainan, Hengshan, and Jiangdu, they all pursued and dealt with them vigorously and tried them thoroughly.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wanted to release Yan Zhu and Wu Quilt.

Zhang Tang argued with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: "Wu was originally planning a rebellion, and Yan Zhu was close to His Majesty's close ministers who entered and exited the palace, and the same was true for privately befriending princes, and if they were not punished, they would not be able to be punished in the future." ”

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty therefore agreed to punish Wu and Yan Zhu.

He took credit for squeezing out ministers in the trial of cases, and it was like this.

Since then, Zhang Tang has been more respected and trusted, and has been promoted to the imperial historian.

It happened that the Xiongnu Hun evil king and others descended to the Han Dynasty, the Han court mobilized a large army to crusade against the Xiongnu, the drought east of the Kunshan Mountain, the poor people wandered and migrated, all relied on the government to supply food, and the government inventory was empty.

Zhang Tang thus accepted Emperor Wu's will and requested the manufacture of platinum currency and five baht coins to monopolize the production and trading of salt and iron, and squeeze out the wealthy merchants.

He also issued arrest warrants, cut off the families that had been annexed by the powerful and powerful, and used rhetoric and clever slander to assist in the implementation of the law.

Every time Zhang Tang went to the court to play an event and talk about the country's financial use, it was often until dusk, and Emperor Wu even forgot to eat.

The prime minister is nothing but nothing, and all major national affairs listen to Zhang Tang's opinions. The whole country has been made miserable and in an uproar, and the various productions that have been raised by the government cannot make a profit.

The officials took advantage of the fishing profits, and were severely punished according to the law.

Therefore, officials below the minister's level, and even ordinary people, reprimanded Zhang Tang.

When Zhang Tang was ill, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty went to visit him in person, and his grandeur reached this point.

The Huns came to ask for peace, and the ministers discussed the matter in front of the emperor.

Dr. Dishan said, "Harmony is good for us. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked what the benefits were, and Di Shan said, "The weapon is a murder weapon and should not be used many times." Emperor Gao wanted to conquer the Xiongnu and fell into trouble in Pingcheng, so he made peace with the Xiongnu.

When Emperor Xiaohui and Empress Gao, the world was happy because of this;

As for Emperor Xiaowen, he wanted to take military action against the Xiongnu, and the northern border was sluggish and suffering from war;

During the time of Emperor Xiaojing, the seven kingdoms of Wu and Chu rebelled, and Emperor Xiaojing went back and forth between the two palaces, and he was afraid for several months;

After the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu and Chu was put down, Emperor Jing never talked about military affairs, and the country was rich and fulfilling.

Now His Majesty has begun to send troops to attack the Xiongnu, which has made our country empty, and the people in the border areas are extremely poor and destitute. From this point of view, it is better to be close. ”

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Zhang Tang, and Zhang Tang said, "He is a stupid Confucian scholar with no knowledge. ”

Di Shan said: "His subordinates are indeed foolish and loyal, but like the imperial historian Zhang Tang, they are deceitful and loyal. For example, when Zhang Tang tried the case of rebellion against the kings of Huainan and Jiangdu, he wantonly slandered the princes and kings with vicious language, dividing the flesh and blood relatives of the clan, and making the ministers feel uneasy. Therefore, the minister knew that Zhang Tang was deceitful and loyal. ”

So Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty said to Di Shan with an unhappy face: "I let you be the governor of a county, can you not let the Huns enter and plunder?" He replied, "No."

Again, "What about being in charge of a county?" He replied, "No." ”

Then he asked, "What about being in charge of a beacon?" Di Shan knew that if he said no more, he would be punished, so he had to say "yes".

So Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Di Shan to the border to take charge of a beacon barrier. More than a month later, the Huns cut off Di Shan's head and left. From then on, the ministers were shocked and did not dare to talk about peace again.

Zhang Tang's doorman Tian Jia, although he is a businessman, has a good character.

When Zhang Tang was a small official, they exchanged money with each other, and when Zhang Tang became a big official, Tian Jia once blamed Zhang Tang for his mistakes in acting, and also showed the demeanor of a loyal and strong man.

When Zhang Tang served as the imperial historian for the seventh year, he was dismissed from the official position and punished.

Li Wen, a native of Hedong County, had an estrangement with Zhang Tang, and soon served as the middle of the imperial history.

In order to vent his anger, he searched for evidence unfavorable to Zhang Tang in the documents he played many times, but he did not succeed.

Zhang Tang had a beloved subordinate named Lu Yuju, knowing that Zhang Tang was dissatisfied with Li Wen, so he instructed others to play a performance insinuating that Li Wen had a treacherous deed, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty handed over the matter to Zhang Tang to deal with, and Zhang Tang sentenced Li Wen to death.

In fact, he knew in his heart that this matter was done by Lu Yu.

Emperor Wu asked about this incident and said, "How did the accusation of Li Wen's plot to misdeeds come about? Zhang Tang pretended to be surprised and said, "This is probably caused by the resentment of Li Wen's former acquaintances." ”

Lu Yuju was sick and lived in a family in the lane, Zhang Tang went to visit him in person and massaged Lu Yuju's feet.

Zhao relied on smelting and casting for profit, and Liu Pengzu, the king of Zhao, accused the iron officials many times, but Zhang Tang always rejected the king of Zhao, and the king of Zhao looked for Zhang Tang's ulterior affairs.

Lu Yuju once tried the lawsuit of King Zhao, and the king of Zhao was resentful of him, and wrote to denounce: "Zhang Tang is a minister of the imperial court, and Peng Shi Lu Yuju is sick, but Zhang Tang personally went to him to massage his feet, I suspect that they may have some big conspiracy." ”

The matter went down to Yanwei for trial, and Lu Yuju died of illness, and the matter implicated his younger brother and was detained with the supervisor.

Zhang Tang also went to the official office of the supervisor to interrogate other prisoners, met his younger brother, and wanted to help him secretly, but he pretended not to know him on the surface.

Lu Yuju's younger brother did not know his intentions, so he resented Zhang Tang and instructed someone to write a letter to denounce Zhang Tang and Lu Yuju's conspiracy, and jointly denounce Li Wen on the charge of conspiracy.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty handed over the case to Jian Xuan, who had a discord with Zhang Tang, and after taking over the matter, he pursued and ruled ruthlessly, and did not advance to Emperor Wu.

It happened that someone stole the burial money from the cemetery of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, and Prime Minister Zhuang Qingzhai went to court and made an appointment with Zhang Tang to apologize.

In front of Emperor Wu, Zhang Tang secretly thought that only the prime minister went to the mausoleums of various countries at four o'clock to pay respects, and the matter should only be pleaded by the prime minister, and he himself was not involved in the matter, so there was no need to take responsibility.

After the prime minister apologized, Emperor Wu sent the imperial historian to review the matter. Zhang Tang wanted to report that the prime minister knew about the theft, and the prime minister Zhuang Qingzhai was deeply frightened.

The three elders of the Prime Minister's Mansion were therefore ready to attack Zhang Tang and frame him for crimes.

Zhu Maichen has always resented Zhang Tang, Zhang Tang was a small official at that time, and those who wanted to bow down asked Zhu Maichen to come forward.

Soon, Zhang Tang served as a court lieutenant to try the case of Huainan Wang's rebellion, squeezing out Zhuang Zhu, and Zhu Maichen was dissatisfied with this.

When Zhang Tang was promoted to the imperial historian, Zhu Maichen was promoted to the lord of the capital with the title of Huiji Taishou, and was in the position of Jiuqing, and a few years later, he was dismissed for violating the law and demoted to Shou Changshi. He once went to visit Zhang Tang, Zhang Tang sat proudly on the bed, and his Fucheng and Peng Shi were not polite to Zhu Maichen.

Zhu Maichen was a scholar from Chudi; He was deeply resentful of this, and often wanted to put Zhang Tang to death.

The dynasty is a native of Qidi, because he knows how to do magic, and the official is the right internal history.

Bian Tong, who learned the art of the Warring States Period, was a person with a strong personality, and was appointed twice as an official to the Kingdom of Jinan.

Their status was higher than that of Zhang Tang, and soon they lost their official positions and served as prime ministers, so they had to make compromises in front of Zhang Tang, and Zhang Tang acted as prime ministers many times, knowing that these three long histories have always been noble, so they often deliberately insulted them.

Therefore, the three long histories jointly planned and said: "At the beginning, Zhang Tang and the prime minister made an appointment to apologize to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but soon betrayed the prime minister; Now he wants to impeach the prime minister with the matter of the temple, which is to retain the position of replacing the prime minister. We know Zhang Tang's ulterior deeds. ”

They sent their subordinates to arrest and interrogate Zhang Tang's friend Tian Xin and others, saying that Zhang Tang had made a suggestion to Emperor Wu, and Tian Xin knew in advance, so he accumulated profits and shared them equally with Zhang Tang.

They also said that Zhang Tang had other treacherous things, and these words soon reached Emperor Wu, who said to Zhang Tang: "What plans I have, the merchants know in advance, and they have doubled their stockpiling, and this is all because someone told them about my plan." ”

After Zhang Tang listened; He didn't apologize, but said in surprise: "Someone must have done this." "Minus Xuan played the matter of Lu Yuju again.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty really thought that Zhang Tang was sinister in his heart, and lied to his face, and sent envoys with books to accuse Zhang Tang of eight crimes.

Zhang Tang denied them one by one and refused to accept them, so Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhao Yu to reproach Zhang Tang.

After Zhao Yu saw Zhang Tang, he persuaded Zhang Tang and said: "Your Excellency doesn't know how to measure, how many people have you interrogated and executed, and now that people are accusing you, the Holy Lord attaches great importance to your case and wants you to deal with it properly, why do you need to testify many times?" ”

Zhang Tang then apologized for the crime and said: "Zhang Tang has no credit for the size, he started from a sword and pen officer, and was promoted to the third prince because of His Majesty's favor, and there is nothing to exonerate the crime." However, it was the three long histories of the Prime Minister's Mansion who conspired to frame Zhang Tang. ”

So he committed suicide.

After Zhang Tang's death, the family's property did not exceed 500 gold, all of which were rewarded by the emperor, and there was no other property.

His brother's son wanted to bury Zhang Tang, and Zhang Tang's mother said: "Zhang Tang, as the minister of the Son of Heaven, was slandered to death, what is there to bury him!" ”

His body was then loaded in an ox cart and buried, with only a coffin and no coffin.

When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty found out, he said, "Without such a mother, you can't give birth to such a son." Therefore, the three elders were sentenced to death.

Prime Minister Zhuang Qingzhai was forced to commit suicide.

released Tian Xin; Emperor Wu was very sorry for Zhang Tang's death and promoted his son Zhang Anshi to the official position.