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Han thinker, politician, and educator

This entry is a polysemous term, with a total of 5 meanings

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Dong Zhongshu (179 BC-104 BC), a native of Guangchuan (Guzhuang Village, Dadong, Guangchuan, Jingxian County, Hebei Province), was a philosopher of the Western Han Dynasty.

Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty was a doctor at the time and lectured on "The Spring and Autumn Period of the Ram". In the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (134 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued an edict to solicit the strategy of governing the country, Dong Zhongshu combined Confucianism with the needs of the society at that time in the famous "Virtuous and Good Countermeasures", and absorbed the theories of other schools of thought, and created a new ideological system with Confucianism as the core, which won the appreciation of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and systematically put forward the doctrine of "Heaven and Man Induction", "Great Unification" and "Those who are not in the science of the six arts and the sorcerers of Confucius, are all out of their own way, do not make them go together", "overthrow the hundred schools of thought, and respect Confucianism alone" The proposition was adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, making Confucianism the orthodoxy of Chinese society, has had an impact for more than 2,000 years. Its study is centered on Confucian patriarchal thought, mixed with the theory of yin and yang and the five elements, and runs through the divine power, monarchical power, paternal power, and husband's power to form an imperial theological system.

He put forward important Confucian theories such as the induction of heaven and man, the three outlines and the five constants. Subsequently, Dong Zhongshu served as the prime minister of Jiangdu Yi Wang Liu Feiguo for 10 years; In the fourth year of Yuan Shuo (125 BC), he served as Liu Duanguo, the king of Jiaoxi, and resigned and went home after 4 years to write books. After that, whenever there was a major matter to be discussed in the imperial court, the emperor would order envoys and court captains to go to Dong's house to ask for his advice, indicating that Dong Zhongshu was still respected by Emperor Wu of Han.

Dong Zhongshu went through three dynasties in his life, spent the heyday of the Western Han Dynasty, and died of illness in 104 BC at the age of 75. After his death, he was favored by Emperor Wu and was buried in the Xiama Mausoleum in Chang'an.

Chinese name

Dong Zhongshu

alias

Dong Zi, Dong Fuzi, Dong Sheng

nationality

China

ethnic group

Han Chinese

Origin

Guangchuan Town, Jing County, Hebei Province

Dong Zhongshu's character relationship

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Sima Qian

student

Sima Qian (145 B.C.-87 B.C.), the word is long, known as "Shi Qian", "Taishi Gong" and "Father of History", a native of Xiayang (now Hancheng, Shaanxi) in the Western Han Dynasty. He was a historian, writer, and thinker of the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Qian lived in his hometown in his early years, and entered Beijing with his father at the age of ten, and successively learned the "Shangshu" and "Spring and Autumn" ram studies from the ancient literature master Kong Anguo and the modern literature master Dong Zhongshu, and had extensive study of Confucianism, Taoism and other schools. The first Langzhong, sent to the southwest. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Yuanfeng three years (108 years ago) succeeded his father as Taishi Ling, and began to compile the "Historical Records", and later for Li Ling's defense, angered Emperor Wu, was sentenced to corruption, after being released from prison, angry to write a book, in the first year of Zhenghe (92 years ago) to complete this huge work, completed soon after the completion of the death. Sima Qian created China's first general history of the chronicle style "Historical Records" (formerly known as Taishi Gongshu) with the historical knowledge of "studying heaven and man, through the changes of the past and the present, and becoming the words of a family", the style of the book, writing skills, and language characteristics have had a deep impact on later generations of scholars, and have also accumulated valuable experience for the creation of future generations, and have become the object of future generations of dramas, and vigorously promote the humanistic spirit, and set up a glorious banner for future generations of writers, which is a model of Chinese history books, and is also the "first of the twenty-five histories", and was praised by Lu Xun as "the swan song of historians, Rhymeless separation". Sima Qian also wrote works such as "The Book of Reporting to Ren'an" and "The Tragic Man Does Not Meet the Fu".

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Wang Shouren

Wang Shouren (October 31, 1472 - January 9, 1529), whose real name is Wang Yun, the word Bo'an, the name Yangming, also known as the Leshan Jushi, was born in Beicheng, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province (now Yangming Street, Yuyao City, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province), an outstanding thinker, writer, military strategist and educator in the Ming Dynasty. Wang Shouren is the son of Wang Hua, the secretary of Nanjing, the twelfth year of the reign of Ming Xiaozong Hongzhi (1499) Jinshi, served in the three dynasties of Xiaozong, Wuzong and Shizong, and served as the director of the Ministry of Criminal Affairs successively served as Guizhou Longchang Yicheng, Luling Zhixian, the right to the imperial history, the governor of Nanjiang, the governor of Liangguang, etc., successively pacified the rebellion of Nanjiang, Liangguang and Chenhao, and was awarded the title of Xinjian Bo for his merits, and became one of the three civil servants of the Ming Dynasty who were knighted for military merits (the other two were Jingyuan Bo Wang Ji and Weiningbo Wang Yue). In his later years, the official worshiped the Nanjing Military Department Shangshu and the Imperial History of Zuodu. He died in November of the seventh year of Jiajing (January 1529) at the age of fifty-seven. Ming Muzong posthumously presented the new marquis, nicknamed "Wencheng". In the twelfth year of Wanli (1584), he was enshrined in the Confucian Temple. Wang Shouren's study is based on "heart", he takes "heart" as the ontology of the universe, puts forward the proposition that "heart is reason", and asserts that "there is nothing outside the heart, nothing outside the heart, and no reason outside the heart". He proposed the theory of "unity of knowledge and action", and the post-dictator "to conscience", believing that "conscience" is "heavenly principle", emphasizing the understanding of heavenly principle from the heart. The basic course of the development of psychology in the Ming Dynasty can be summarized as follows: Chen Xianzhang opened, Zhan Ruoshui perfected, and Wang Shouren collected the greatness. Wang Shouren's Yangming Xinxue was later introduced to Japan, Korea and other countries. His disciples are extremely numerous, and he is known as the "Yaojiang School". The article is broad and Changda, and there is a handsome atmosphere between the lines and ink. There is "Wang Wencheng Gongquanshu" handed down.

Mencius

Mencius (372 BC-289 BC), Ji surname, Mengshi, Ming Ke, Ziyu (to be examined, a word Ziche, Ziju), and Confucius and called "Confucius Meng", Lu Guo Zou (now Zoucheng, Shandong) people. One of the representatives of Confucianism during the Warring States Period, he was an ancient Chinese thinker, philosopher, politician and educator. Mencius's father died early when he was a child, and his mother depended on each other, in order to create a good atmosphere for him to grow up, Mencius's mother moved three times, which also became a good story. After completing his studies, Mencius began to "travel around the world", and throughout his life, Mencius lobbied the princes, and the countries of Qi, Liang, Song, Teng, and Lu were all useless. In his later years, Mencius returned to his hometown, where he preached and taught, and together with his disciples, he wrote and expounded his thoughts, and finally completed the book "Mencius". Died in the twenty-sixth year of King Zhou (289 BC). Mencius's ideas and theories had a profound and tremendous impact on China after the Tang and Song dynasties, and the philosophical speculation and ethical enlightenment of many of these propositions still imperceptibly influence China and even the whole of East Asia. Mencius's status is second only to Confucius, and he also has a very far-reaching impact on the inheritance and development of Confucianism. Although the book "Mencius" has only 7 chapters and more than 34,000 words, it has long been part of the world cultural heritage. Mencius not only developed Confucius's ideas in philosophy, but also established a political ideological system based on the "people-oriented". In the process of the confrontation and fusion of Confucianism and Buddhist theory, the influence of Mencius is particularly important. Mencius emphasized "power" rather than ethical principles. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu wrote "The Yuan Dao", and regarded Mencius as the only person in Confucianism before the Tang Dynasty to inherit Confucius's "Taoism". Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty also combined Mencius, the Analects, the University, and the Mean into the "Four Books", making it one of the basic classics of Confucianism.

Zhu Xi

Zhu Xi (1130-1200), the character Yuan Hui, the word Zhong Hui, the number of the An, also known as Ziyang, known as Mr. Hui'an, Zhu Wengong. A native of Wuyuan, Huizhou (now Jiangxi), he was born in Youxi, Jianzhou (now Fujian). He was a physicist, philosopher, thinker, politician, educator, and poet in the Southern Song Dynasty of China. Zhu Xi lost his father at an early age, settled in Chong'an (now Wuyi Mountain) with his mother, lived according to his father and friend Liu Ziyu, and was employed by Mr. Hu Xian, Liu Mianzhi, and Liu Zihui. In the eighteenth year of Shaoxing (1148), he was born as a Jinshi, and later served in the four dynasties of Gaozong, Xiaozong, Guangzong and Ningzong. He used to be the governor of Nankang, Jiangxi, Zhangzhou, Fujian, and eastern Zhejiang. The official worshiped the Huanzhang Pavilion and lectured for Emperor Song Ningzong, and later because he was worried about the recurrence of the dictatorship of his relatives, he used the lecture to attack Han Yanxuan, who was a relative, many times. However, Han Yanxuan was supported by Ning Zong, so Zhu Xi was dismissed from the court. In the second year of Qingyuan (1196), Shen Jizu, the superintendent of the imperial history, impeached Zhu Xi for deceiving people with pseudo-learning, and attacked him as the "leader of pseudo-learning", listing six major crimes. Zhu Xi was dismissed from his post for the crime of pseudo-learning, and returned to Jianyang to lecture and write. In the sixth year of Qingyuan (1200), Zhu Xi died at home. Zhu Xi is the only person who is not a disciple of Confucius and enjoys the Confucian Temple, ranking among the twelve philosophers of the Dacheng Palace; He is a student of Li Tong, a disciple of the third transmission of "Ercheng". Zhu Xi's philosophical system is based on the theory of "Ercheng", and is formed by absorbing Zhou Dunyi's Taiji theory, Zhang Zai's qi theory, Buddhism, and Taoism. Together with the "Ercheng" doctrine, it is called "Cheng Zhu Lixue". His ideas had a great influence on the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties and became the official philosophy of the three dynasties. He has written a lot, including "Notes on the Collection of Chapters and Sentences of the Four Books", "Explanation of Taiji Diagram", etc., and his descendants have "Zhu Zi Daquan" and "Zhu Zi Ji Yu Xiang". Among them, the "Annotations on the Collection of Chapters and Sentences of the Four Books" became the standard for textbooks and imperial examinations. Zhu Xi is the author of more than 1,250 poems, and has attainments and achievements that cannot be ignored. (Picture in the overview: Portrait of Zhu Xi painted by the Song Dynasty in the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei)

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Character life, ideological achievement, personal work, character evaluation, character anecdote, postmortal commemoration, TA saying, references

Biography of the character

Eager to learn at an early age

Dong Zhongshu's hometown, Guangchuan Dadong Guzhuang Village, is in the southeast of Hengshui, adjacent to Qilu, north of Yanzhao, and west of Sanjin.

In the first year of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty (179 BC), Dong Zhongshu was born into a large landlord class family with a large collection of books. [1]

Confucianism was taught

At the age of 30, Dong Zhongshu began to recruit a large number of students and taught them carefully. He lectures, he hangs a curtain in class, he speaks inside the curtain, and the students listen outside the curtain. At the same time, he often asked his protégé Lu Bushu and others to teach him.

Confucianism was taught

In this way, many people have studied with him for many years and have not even met him. Through lecturing, Dong Zhongshu cultivated a group of talents for the Han Dynasty, and some of his students later became ministers of the princely kingdoms, and some became chiefs. As Dong Zhongshu recruited protégés and promoted Confucian classics, his reputation also grew, and he became a doctor during the reign of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, in charge of teaching scriptures.

Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty was a doctor. He once went out of the house, set up an altar to teach, and the lectures were very exciting, and there were many disciples, and the disciples taught the disciples again, and some of the disciples even had only heard of his name, but had never met him. He was so devoted to teaching and research that he didn't even go home to see it for three years. His behavior and demeanor follow etiquette, and many scholars respect him as a teacher. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, Dong Zhongshu served as the minister of Jiangdu. He governed Jiangdu Kingdom, mainly under the guidance of "The Ram", by deducing the causes of "natural disasters" and "wrong operation of yin and yang", and then when he asked for rain, he could turn off yang qi and release yin qi to make it rain; When the rain stops, it can turn off the yin energy and release the yang energy to stop the rain. In Jiangdu Kingdom, he did this, and there was never a mistake. Later, he was deposed as a middle doctor. Dong Zhongshu, a native of Guangchuan. In order to govern "Spring and Autumn", Xiaojingshi is a doctor. Under the curtain to recite, the disciples passed on to a long time to receive karma, or do not see their faces, cover three years Dong Zhongshu does not look at the garden, its essence is so. Advance and retreat are tolerated, indecent is not okay, and all bachelors are respected by teachers. Now he is on the throne and is the prime minister of the river. With the change of spring and autumn disasters to push the yin and yang, so the wrong line, so ask for the rain to close the yang, longitudinal yin, and the rain is the opposite. If you go to a country, you can't do what you want. The waste is the middle doctor.

Confucianism had such a great influence in China, and this person in the Han Dynasty contributed a lot.

A true disciple of history and Chinese studies

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Depose the hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone - Dong Zhongshu's new school of Confucianism

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Heaven and man asked

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he asked all over the country to recommend virtuous literary scholars, and Dong Zhongshu was elected to participate in the consultation. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Dong Zhongshu three times in a row, and the basic content was the relationship between heaven and man, so it was called "three strategies of heaven and man". In the first question, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty mainly asked about the fundamental principle of consolidating his rule, the second question, Emperor Wu mainly asked about the political skills of governing the country, and the third question was mainly about the induction of heaven and man.

A total of 9 photos

Statue of Dong Zhongshu

In his countermeasures, Dong Zhongshu elaborated on the induction of heaven and man, discussed the relationship between divine power and monarchical power, and put forward the suggestion of "deposing a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".

Persuade Liu Fei

After Dong Zhongshu took countermeasures, he was sent by Emperor Wu to Liu Fei, the king of Jiangdu, to be the minister of state. Liu Fei is the elder brother of Emperor Wu, this person is rough, arrogant, and a martial artist, but because Dong Zhongshu had a high reputation at that time and was a well-known Confucian in the country, he respected Dong Zhongshu very much. Moreover, Liu Fei compared Dong Zhongshu to Guan Zhong who assisted Duke Qi Huan to dominate the princes, that is, he hoped that Dong Zhongshu would assist him in the same way that Guan Zhong assisted Duke Qi Huan in order to usurp the central power.

(End of chapter)