"That's right. I see that you speak Greek quite fluently, and it turns out that you are an old acquaintance. The Queen Mother nodded.

"My teacher was a resident of Seville and also fled to Tunisia." Muhammad said of his teacher: "Our group, who studied the teachings of Ibn Lucid and the writings of Aristotle, are familiar with the Greek language. ”

"I also know some Latin, because we often communicate with universities in Rome, Padua and other places. They have always liked our side of the story, so there was a lot of communication between the two sides. Oh, and by the Latin name, we should call it the School of Averroi. He introduced.

"But when it comes to enlightenment, in fact, I was not young at that time." He smiled embarrassedly and wryly: "Hey, I was ignorant when I was young, and I wasted too much time. ”

"And how did you get to Syria?" The Queen Mother asked with interest.

"The whole of North Africa is very interconnected. There was no strong unified dynasty there, but there were many scattered tribes and princes. Scholars often traveled between the courts of the various emirs and acted as guest ministers. Muhammad said.

"I was living in Morocco for a while, but when my studies had improved, my teacher recommended me to go to Tunisia to study with the erudite Lord Ibn Khaldun. However, it may be that he often encountered setbacks in his political career, so Mr. Heldun was more radical in his thinking and had many enemies in the local area. So he was invited to Egypt, where he was more open-minded, and finally to Syria to give lectures. ”

When Timur was raiding Syria, a group of scholars came forward to ask him to restrain himself, and Mr. Heldun was one of them. After talking with him, Timur respected him very much, so he only took the money and left, without slaughtering the town. This made him famous in the area, and more people began to invite him to give lectures. We were also invited to visit several territories in Syria when your country received them, and it was there that we got to know you. ”

"What doctrine did he propose?" The Queen Mother asked curiously.

"His doctrine is believed to have originated from the Murtazilites, whose core ideas were the early 'doctrine of freedom of will' and rationalism from Greece." Muhammad said.

"The Murtazilites believed that Hu Da was the only master who created the world through reason. Because God is 'one,' He is omniscient and omnipotent, and therefore there are no virtues outside of the Being, that is, they cannot be impersonal and cannot be seen by believers in the kingdom of heaven. ”

At the same time, because God is one, the scriptures are created by God, and cannot be equated with God, so they do not have the characteristics of beginninglessness, eternity, and infallibility that are unique to God. In layman's terms, the scriptures are not gods, so there may be mistakes, and they can be corrected. ”

On the other hand, they insisted that Hu Da was the most just and therefore did not pretend human behavior. Man has unlimited free will, and man's actions are carried out entirely on his own, and God judges the good and evil of human actions, and determines rewards and punishments. Because of this view, they are also called 'justiceists'. ”

They also advocate rationality and reject the idea that faith is superior to reason, arguing that reason is the supreme principle of faith and a prerequisite for human free will. If we lose our reason, we will succumb to evil and lose our freedom. Therefore, we should attach importance to the practice of rational philosophy, take responsibility for our own actions, and use knowledge and reason to achieve the state of 'correct faith'. ”

This doctrine was supported by Caliph al-Ma'mun, the founder of the 'House of Wisdom', and for a time became a prominent scholar who began to actively annotate the scriptures. But because of the failure of the political struggle, he was beaten and expelled. However, many people have moved to relatively marginal areas, such as Andalusia, to continue their research and teaching. ”

"My Heavenly Father, I'm sure it's a philosopher." The Queen Mother looked at Wang Da Lama, shook her head as if giving up, and looked at Guo Kang: "You should be able to understand, right?" I'm already dizzy. ”

"This has a lot in common with some Aristotelian doctrines that we have here." Guo Kang replied: "Fortunately, I can understand." ”

"In fact, there are still many differences, it can only be said that this school of thought was influenced by Aristotle, but there are still conflicts on some key issues." "Old sea urchin" said.

According to Aristotle, God is the unchanging 'first mover'. However, the justiceists attach great importance to the study and analysis of concepts such as finite and infinite, eternal and static. After analyzing it, they argued that the world cannot be eternal, nor can it be static. This is also an old topic of debate. ”

"What does the teacher think?" Guo Kang asked.

"My teachers tend to study history." Muhammad saw that he understood, and he was also excited: "He also tried to enter politics in his early years, and he was very shrewd and capable. But for various reasons, every time it comes to a critical moment, it will encounter defeat, and it can only run back and forth between the various emir states. ”

Later, he became discouraged and decided to concentrate on his academic studies, but was hit by the loss of his relatives in a shipwreck. It may be that he has encountered too many hardships, so he learned from the pain and began to work hard to collect information, compile history books, try to study the laws of history, and find out the logic behind the decline of the country and the blow to civilization. ”

He wrote these research results into a book "Introduction to History", which he taught to future students, calling on everyone to analyze and study the logic of the present world through verifiable historical materials, and take human beings themselves as the research center. As for religion, it is believed that it is something at the spiritual and spiritual level, which should be handed over to Hu Da. Human beings themselves, just deal with the affairs of the earth - this view is quite radical in the local area. ”

"And what did he do?" Guo Kang asked.

He believes that history itself is continuous and has antecedents and consequences. Examining historical events in the context of the overall development, analyzing the laws between causes and phenomena, and then linking these logical relationships will help to sum up the laws of the rise and fall of chaos. Muhammad said.

Through historical data, he tried to find some simple patterns. For example, the rise and fall of dynasties has obvious cycles. In the Berber regimes of North Africa, four generations is a clear cycle. It is a pity that this cycle is not widely applicable, and this is not the case in the more developed Egypt and Andalusia. ”

"In order to explain this problem, we think that it should be because different regions, material resources, climate and environment are different. These geographical circumstances influenced the local social form, which in turn affected the fate of the country. We may need more detailed research to be able to prescribe a specific solution to a specific problem, just like a doctor would see. ”

Of course, on the whole, he was certain that there was a recurring and cyclical phenomenon in the history of the Heavenly Sect dynasties. Moreover, this rise and fall seems to be a natural law, and is not subject to the subjective will of the princes. ”

He therefore concluded that the claims of the caliphs and sultans as projections of Huda in the world were in fact just boasting. The true projection of God is thousands of ordinary people. And these rulers, who are just moths in society, are basically engaged in destruction. The work and activities of ordinary people are the driving force for the evolution of history and the replacement of cycles. ”

"Of course, you know, this conclusion will certainly not please the emirs." He spread his hands: "These Emirs of Africa are too conservative. I think that although he moved to Egypt for Alexander's books, as a means of studying the laws of economy and society, it must have been an integral factor. ”

"Not bad." Grand Lama Wang comforted: "I didn't arrest him, but just put pressure on him, which is already much better than most God-worshipping countries......"

(End of chapter)