The war ended
Pershing achieved the result he wanted, Sun Gan was given a respite, and he returned to Paris with his assault battalion. The war had nothing to do with him, and the decline of the Germans was becoming more and more apparent.
Amiens is an important transport hub in France, and the main railway line that runs across the French mainland passes through Amiens. Foch had been restless after the Germans had occupied Amiens, because it had undoubtedly put a nod around the neck of the French, and on July 24, 1918, he presented to the Allied Military Council a plan for the capture of Amiens. The basic idea of the plan was to get rid of the defense and move towards a full-fledged attack on the Germans in Foch by recovering the missing routes along Amiens and the Khali line, and the plan was unanimously agreed by the Allies.
Foch planned to invest 17 infantry divisions, 3 cavalry divisions, 2,684 artillery pieces, 511 tanks, 16 armored vehicles, and about 1,000 aircraft, and the campaign was under the unified command of the British Expeditionary Force Commander Haig.
However, the German army in the vicinity of Amiens had only one army group with a total of 7 divisions, 840 artillery pieces and 106 aircraft. Compared to the Entente, Germany was clearly at a disadvantage.
Not only was the Allied forces superior to the Germans in terms of numbers, but on the basis of learning the lessons of the German infiltration tactics in the first half of the year, Haig changed his tactics. He ordered the coalition forces to attack without artillery fire, but to launch a surprise attack led by tanks. In order to achieve the effect of the surprise attack, Haig demanded that all pre-battle preparations be carried out covertly and secretly. 230 troop carriers and 60 bomb trains shuttle back and forth on quiet summer nights; The roads were paved with sand and straw, and the piles of supplies were camouflaged, and searches and artillery tests were forbidden; The entire area was covered by the Leva-France air force, which had air supremacy, and in order to confuse the German army, the British and French forces also launched offensive preparations in the Ypres area.
Although the coalition forces have taken various measures, it is difficult to do such a large maneuver of the army without leaking a little rumor. A few days before the offensive, German intelligence officers heard suspicious noises in the rear of the advance of the German 2nd Army in the forward positions of the German 2nd Army, and aerial reconnaissance also detected the movement of tank columns. However, when the German High Command received this information, not only did it not pay due attention to it, but accused the intelligence services of being nervous, and Luden did not believe that the allied forces, which had been heavily damaged by the Germans during Operation Michael, would be able to organize a large-scale offensive in less than half a month. In this way, all the forces of the Anglo-French army were able to reach the area east of Amiens by the night of 7 August.
At 3 o'clock on the night of August 8, the ground began to fog up, and after a while, the ground became white. As soon as 4 o'clock passed, the Allied tanks secretly advanced in the direction of the German positions under the cover of aircraft noise.
At 4:20, 2,000 guns fired at the same time, and shells rained down on German positions, command posts, observation posts, communication hubs, and other rear targets. In an instant, the German positions were filled with smoke and devastation, and many fortifications were blown to the ground, leaving only broken walls and charred walls
The land was ploughed like it was plowed, and after 45 minutes, the coalition forces were 3 times as high
The Germans charged the Germans on a 40-kilometer-wide stretch, and the shouts of soldiers, the clashing of weapons, and the whistling of bullets echoed over Amiens. Although the fog affected the movement of the attacking force and prevented the air attack, the purpose of the Allied surprise attack was still to achieve the Allied offensive completely unexpected, and before the German command could find out the situation, the Allied forces crossed the no-man's land and broke into the first line of German positions.
In the course of the allied advance, the tank once again demonstrated its great effectiveness to the world. Due to its better protection, the tanks advanced and fired at the German machine guns, and at the same time destroyed telegraphs and telephones to cut off the German army from the high command. The Lesothan tanks kept rolling forward, causing many German soldiers to have a nervous breakdown and instinctively flee. Soon, the Allied forces broke into the first line of the German army, and the German staff officer Colonel Osido was about to have breakfast to satisfy his hunger, and was captured by the British army, becoming the first divisional officer captured by the British in the Battle of Amiens.
However, the coalition offensive was not flawless. Due to the way the combined vehicles used the fixed tank and the mounted signal cooperated and coordinated, this had a considerable negative impact on the assault. Because the cavalry is faster than the tank, the tank is often left behind in the movement, so that the original tank to cover the advance of the cavalry, into a cavalry to cover the advance of the tank, but the cavalry can not block the fire of the German machine guns and rifles, as a result of the attack, the tank and the cavalry always alternate like shuttle, moving back and forth. Before it was dark, the cavalry was forced to retreat because the horses needed water, and the tanks followed suit. As soon as the tanks retreated, they were hit by a lot of them just within the range of German artillery fire.
Tactical mistakes caused the Allies to lose more than 100 tanks by German artillery fire, and at the same time lost more than 12,000 men, but the battle on August 8 was the greatest victory for the Allies after the Battle of the Marne, with more than 27,000 corpses lying on German positions, 1.5 people, 400 water cannons and countless military supplies falling into the hands of the Allies.
Ludendorff was stunned by this sudden defeat. In the high command, he shouted in frustration that August 8 was the darkest day in the history of the German army. In order to make a last stand, Ludendorff immediately issued a stern order for the Germans at the front to hold their positions at all costs. At the same time, he also transferred six reserve divisions from other areas to urgently reinforce the defenders of Amiens, and the integrated divisions were also ordered to reinforce them.
On 9 August, the coalition forces continued their offensive, but by this time the coalition forces had encountered great difficulties: the coalition officers and men were exhausted from the excessive consumption of yesterday's battle and the lack of timely replenishment of supplies; The available 300 tanks were neither overhauled, nor restocked with ammunition and fuel; German soldiers fought hard under pressure from above. All kinds of difficulties made the coalition attack on this day seem lifeless and powerless.
Haig knew that it would be much more difficult to attack when German reinforcements arrived at the front. Therefore, he personally rushed to the front on the 10th and commanded the coalition forces to launch a stubborn attack on the Germans. On the one hand, Haig ordered more reserves to be invested, and the British, French, Canadian, and Australian armies all participated in the battle; On the one hand, he ordered the front of the offensive to be widened and the entire force was deployed on a 75-kilometer front from Albert to the Oise River, so as to increase the difficulty of the German defense and weaken its resistance.
While Haig was strategizing, what he feared finally happened. On this day, most of the German reinforcements arrived in Amiens, and the German resistance was strengthened. The Germans built a large number of temporary fortifications at a relatively fast pace, and relied on them to put up stubborn resistance. In the bloody battle, the German army's high-explosive shells shook the earth, and many allied officers and soldiers and equipment were shaken into the sky and then fell back to the ground heavily.
In order to reduce casualties, the various divisions of the Allied forces had to fight in small detachments, and the major battles became numerous local battles, while the Germans fought-for-tat, relying on craters and bunkers, and using machine guns against the scattered formations of the Allied forces, resulting in huge losses for the Allied forces. By the 10th, the French had advanced 10 kilometers on an 18-kilometer front, while the British were in an even worse situation, advancing only 5 kilometers on a 16-kilometer front. Seeing that the attack on the front line had been frustrated, Haig ordered the pace of the attack to be slowed down.
Although the Germans inflicted heavy casualties on the Allied forces, they failed to achieve their goal of forcing the Allied forces to stop the offensive. Ludendorff learned that the Allied attack had weakened, and he ordered the Germans to organize a counterattack on the 11th. Ludendorff considered that the Germans could not repel all the Allied forces with their current strength, and that the best way to do this was to push back the most powerful British troops in the Allied forces, thus forcing the Allies to retreat. So, he ordered all German firepower to concentrate on the British attack.
German artillery fire was overwhelming the British assembly area, the forest was blown to pieces, the trees were scorched, the hills were flattened, and the entire British line was shrouded in smoke and fire. Because a large number of tanks were destroyed by German artillery, the British army lost the ability to attack, so it could only be beaten passively and was defeated by the Germans. Fortunately, the French army, the Canadian and Australian armies successfully repelled the German counterattack, and quickly sent troops to reinforce the British army, so as to contain the German offensive.
Although the coalition forces were exhausted by this time, the combat effectiveness of the coalition forces was greatly strengthened due to the participation of 890,000 new US troops in the war and the replenishment of a large amount of materials. The German army, on the other hand, was fighting continuously and without much supply, and its combat effectiveness declined rapidly, and the allied forces aimed at the opportunity to organize a strong offensive against the German army in the early morning of the 12th. By dusk, the Germans had to withdraw from the Asay, and retreat to the east of Albert, Peronna, and the area east of the upper Somme. On the 13th, the coalition forces completely stopped the offensive.
The Battle of Amiens marked the final decline of Germany, from which the morale of the German army dropped sharply, and desertion occurred in the units designated for transfer to the Western Front; The soldiers often gathered together and shouted: "We don't want to fight for a million displaced people!" "Long live the revolution!
Almost all German military generals began to understand that the hope of victory was dashed and that there was no hope of continuing the war. Extraordinary measures must be taken. On August 13, Hindenburg, Ludendorff, the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister held a joint meeting at the German High Command. At the meeting, everyone's emotions.
Frustrated, silent. Lu Dengdao said helplessly: At present, we are no longer able to crush the enemy, and it is impossible to insist on defense for peace, and there is only one way out in front of us, which is to end the war with peace negotiations. ”
On the 14th, the emperor of Austria-Hungary, Germany's ally, arrived in Berlin. He and the Kaiser agreed with Ludendorff and asked the Queen of the Netherlands to intercede.
At 5 o'clock in the evening of November 11, 1918, the German delegation surrendered to Marshal Fukusho at the Retonde station in the Compiègne Forest and handed over the armistice agreement. At 11 o'clock, the Allies fired a 101-gun salute, announcing the end of the First World War.