"When discussing how surplus flows through the various strata of society, we might as well consider a question."

"Why do different people have different purseries?"

A hint of chill flashed in Jiang Xinghuo's eyes.

The different compositions of social classes and national wealth in different historical periods (the agricultural age and the industrial age) not only reflect the dramatic changes in manufacturing power, but are also the most striking and easily understandable characteristics between agricultural and industrial countries.

Therefore, when analyzing the manufacturing power of agricultural countries, it seems that the argumentative process of "circulation-surplus" is dismantled with rigorous logic, which is no different from directly applying the "spring planting, summer growth, autumn harvest and winter storage" of "Guiguzi".

But the difference is undoubtedly a huge gap between naïve empiricism and scientific deduction and argumentation.

At this time, what China lacked most was the "naïve empiricism" summarized in one sentence, and what was most lacking was the scientific derivation of bold assumptions and gradual demonstrations.

"Why do different people have different purseries?"

Zhu Gaoxu thought for a moment, but he didn't think he was powerful, just because he was powerful, but felt that if his father was not the king of Yan, I was afraid that he would be born as a way out for hunters in the mountains and high-rollers in the rivers and lakes.

After all, the poor are rich in martial arts, and the practice of martial arts was not cultivated at any cost when he was a teenager, and it is almost impossible to become a talent later, and this kind of training at any cost is undoubtedly given by his parents.

So Zhu Gaoxu stroked his beard and replied: "Is it because my parents have no money, no ability, and no education when I was born?" ”

And Zheng He, who has always advocated self-struggle, although he has experienced Jiang Xinghuo's re-education before, he still stubbornly thinks at this time: "The poor will be poor, probably not hard enough, if he is a healthy man, he is really willing to play with his life and not be lazy, whether it is to go to the battlefield as a soldier, or to farm or herd sheep, he should always fight for one, or save a rich and noble." ”

After that, Zheng He also deliberately gave Jiang Xinghuo an example.

"When I was a baby when I was a child, I saw a man in the village with my own eyes, who got up earlier than others every day, and took extra care of the fields, caught up with the bumper harvest for several years in a row, and scraped together some more by selling the grain in exchange for money, and bought a few more acres of land by relying on diligence and hard work, and after less than two years, he became a small landlord."

And Zhuo Jing gave another answer, his old face was full of life experience.

"The poor will be poor because they can't know and keep their wealth."

Hearing Old Man Zhuo's words, Zhu Gaoxu did not raise the bar, but bowed his head and said: "If the poor want to be rich, they need to put in sweat and perseverance, but what about after they become rich?" Wealth makes people degenerate, makes people lose their enterprising spirit, and forgets how hard they worked in the first place. And after suddenly becoming rich, it is often accompanied by people who are worried about money and are not bad and kind-hearted people have come to flatter, as long as they win a set, their money will be scattered. ”

Patiently listened to the three people's questions about "Why do different people's money bags have differences?" This question was answered from different angles, and Jiang Xinghuo spoke.

"What you said is right, your parents' giving, your own efforts, and your perception of wealth."

"But it's not true."

"Why?" The three of them were surprised.

"Because you still don't know the underlying reason for this question, the answer is still superficial."

"That's because the flow of national wealth is not equilibrium in the process of 'circulation-surplus'."

As soon as these words came out, Zhuo Jing immediately twisted off a beard.

There was a soft sound of "pop", which was particularly abrupt in this quiet afternoon.

Zhuo Jing raised his head and stared at Jiang Xinghuo with a serious gaze: "You mean, in fact, in the agricultural production process of Daming every year, all of this has the invisible process of 'cycle-surplus' just mentioned, and the surplus is not equilibrium?" ”

"Yes." Jiang Xinghuo nodded.

"Then why is it out of balance?" Zhuo Jing asked repeatedly.

This is by no means a simple question, and cannot be attributed to the possession of temple power by higher classes, military violence, but a law of the operation of the world.

Zhuo Jing vaguely felt that he had grasped a certain law of the operation of this world, and this law was destined to be discovered by no one before.

"Before answering your question, I need to ask you a question, do you think the total wealth produced by the Ming Dynasty is stock, or flow?" Jiang Xinghuo also looked at Old Man Zhuo seriously.

Whether it is stock or flow, it is literal, and Zhuo Jing understood it almost instantly.

Zhuo Jing replied: "When you look at it as a whole, it is naturally stock, but if you look at it in a certain year, it is traffic. ”

"Why?" Zhu Gaoxu was a little confused.

Zheng He explained to him: "There is a total number of Daming fields, and there is also a total number of agricultural products produced, so the total wealth is stock, but it changes every year, and the surplus of agricultural products is also flowing, so it is flow." ”

"Oh." Zhu Gaoxu also turned a corner.

"You're actually very close to the final answer."

The corners of Jiang Xinghuo's mouth showed a hint of a smile.

How does the surplus flow through all strata of society?

Why is the lowest stratum destined to receive the least distribution?

The answers to these two questions are emerging.

"Agrarian societies, from the point of view of surplus distribution, have three main social strata."

Jiang Xinghuo finally began to reveal the mystery that had been laid for so long.

He said as he took a branch and wrote on the ground.

The agricultural class: responsible for the production of "surplus agricultural products", which is the main wealth of an agrarian society

Landlord class: Provide land for the agricultural class to cultivate and obtain surplus agricultural products

Artisanal class: Artisans and craftsmen who exchange handicrafts for surplus agricultural products

"For the agricultural class, surplus produce is the remuneration paid to them for their cultivated labour; For the landlord class, surplus produce was paid to their fields; For the artisanal class, surplus produce is actually a reward for their labor, but in the form of exchange. ”

"So."

Jiang Xinghuo wrote a text formula on the ground.

The total national wealth of agricultural countries = surplus agricultural products of the agricultural class + surplus agricultural products of the landlord class + surplus agricultural products of the artisanal class

"As you have just realized, the total wealth produced by the Ming Dynasty, that is, the national wealth, is actually a stock on the whole, because the total amount of surplus agricultural products is limited by the size of the total field and is fixed."

"However, although the surplus agricultural products have flowed between the three main classes in a given year, they have become flows, but the total amount remains the same or changes have little effect."

"Thus we can conclude that the change from one state of distribution to another cannot be accomplished in the absence of the same aggregate and the same class, and that at least one class is better off on the premise that the surplus enjoyed by one class does not deteriorate."

In fact, this is the famous Pareto optimal state in the history of economics, and the Italian economist first used this concept in his research on economic efficiency and income distribution.

Old man Zhuo realized: "That is to say, what you gain will be what I lose." ”

Zhu Gaoxu also pointed to the formula on the ground and said: "So why do different people's money bags have differences? As Mr. Jiang said, it is because the national wealth is in the state of stock, and the surplus of agricultural products enjoyed by different strata is in conflict. ”

A few people under the tree were silent for a moment, which made Zheng He himself remember something in a trance.

"When Master Dao Yan was crazy, he once said that you are all bloodsuckers!"

Zheng He recalled that the senior brother Huikong, who practiced closed-mouth meditation, had told him this with pen and paper when he returned to Nanjing.

At that time, Zheng He didn't understand what this sentence meant, and he simply thought that Master Dao Yan was guilty of hysteria.

But now that I think about it, I'm afraid that Master Dao Yan, a top strategist like no other in the world, has already vaguely comprehended all the rules of operation in this world.

What is lacking is just a nod to the clouds.

That's right? Where have Master Daoyan and Senior Brother Huikong been in the past two days?

Zheng He frowned slightly, why didn't Master Dao Yan come to listen to the last most important lesson?

However, Old Man Zhuo's next words soon made Zheng He have no time to think about this problem.

So why did Jiang Xiaoyou say that from an agricultural country to an industrial country, the contradiction between man and land can be solved from the root? There are three main social classes in the agrarian state, and how many are the main social classes in the industrial country? What is the difference between the manufacturing power of an industrial country and that of an agricultural country? Zhuo Jing asked a series of questions buried in his heart like arrows.

(End of chapter)