The scholar who rode the donkey was named Zheng Hanqing, last year his donkey almost sent away to Emperor Yongle, and this year he did the work of Jiang Xinghuo as a trust, which can be regarded as a little familiar, so he is not stage frightened at this time, and raised his voice: "What the national teacher wants to talk about is the principle of 'respect' and 'righteousness' in the theory of work?" If so, it's a cliché. ”

"This is not necessarily the case, 'respect' also needs to be respectful, but the national teacher said that it has nothing to do with ontology, and it is not a way to say it." Another partner named He Shuliang next to him, the one who was almost deceived into the dirt roundabout, also spoke up at this time.

Jiang Xinghuo didn't have any impatient look, on the contrary, he was listening carefully to the thoughts of the scholars.

Here we must explain the two key words of the theory of science and technology, that is, the focus of their arguments, namely 'respect' and 'righteousness'.

If you don't understand what these two key words mean, you won't be able to understand what these people are talking about.

Just listening to it is probably like listening to a book from heaven.

But Jiang Xinghuo, who is a suture person, understands these things himself, because Yao Guangxiao learned the three teachings of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and gave him a good special training in Jingting Mountain.

And it was in the special training that Jiang Xinghuo discovered how to transform the theory of science into the theoretical system he wanted to transform.

——————

First of all, let's review the content of Yao Guangxiao's special training on the theory of science and work.

Just as Zhu Xi's interpretation of the four books extracted some words and phrases from the ancestors to explain the philosophical system of science that he inherited, the two key words of 'respect' and 'jiyi' were not so important from the beginning.

Well, Zhu Xi is also an old stitcher.

Let's talk about 'Jiyi' first, this word comes from the Zhiyan and Qiyang Chapter of "Mencius: Gongsun Choushang", Mencius believes that his way of not moving his heart, different from Gaozi and others, lies in his famous sentence "I am good at raising my Haoran qi".

This is followed by "and the spirit of Haoran, which is also qi, worthy of righteousness and Tao; Nothing, discouragement. It is the one who is born of righteousness, and it is taken from it without righteousness", so this is how 'righteousness' came about.

But in the past thousands of years from the appearance of the Song Dynasty to the open source of science, in fact, it is not very important, it is an ordinary word, even when the chapter and sentence exegesis were popular, the interpretation of "set righteousness" is also to pay attention to the text words on the exegesis and interpretation, the meaning of the interpretation is "set, miscellaneous, secret voice to take the enemy and attack, say this heroic qi, mixed with righteousness, from the inside, life by the qi of the self." ”

Here, 'set' is interpreted as 'miscellaneous', and 'jiyi' mainly describes the state in which qi and righteousness are mixed and arise together.

However, with the interpretation of Ercheng and Zhu Xi, 'Jiyi' has become an important part of the theory of science and technology, and the connotation and characteristics of Jiyi have become more and more enriched and strengthened, and it has a close connection with the cultivation of respect for moral cultivation, the principle of moral cognition, and the original conscience of moral intuition, thus affecting the construction and development of the entire Song and Ming Dynasty theory system.

As for the word 'respect', it is not in Confucius and Mencius theory at all, but from "Zhou Yi Wenyan": respect is straight inside, righteousness is outside.

In other words, it was Ercheng, Zhu Xi and other physicists who first felt that 'Jiyi' was important and could explain the theory of science, but just a 'Jiyi' was not enough, so they used the word 'Yi' to spread and search for other relevant theoretical evidence, and found 'Jing', which belongs to shooting arrows first and then drawing targets.

Ercheng, especially Cheng Yi, indeed attaches great importance to the elaboration of 'Jiyi', and it is under his absorption that 'Jiyi' and 'Jing' together constitute the two important directions inside and outside his entire Gongfu theory system.

——————

Well, I believe that seeing this, although there are only two keywords, most of the traversers who are in the median of their comprehension ability and knowledge level are already confused about the science and work theory of the content of Yao Guangxiao's special training.

But Jiang Xinghuo, who was an excellent university teacher at the provincial level in his previous life, did not, because he was very good at learning and understanding, and keenly captured the core and essence of the theory of science and technology.

Based on 'respect' and 'righteousness', Cheng Yi believes that learning lies in "learning is in knowledge", and Zhu Xi, no matter how future generations evaluate him, but just talking about learning, especially making up for the last few bricks and tiles in the theoretical palace of science, and painting the outside beautifully, he really did a good job.

Zhu Xi made an in-depth analysis of the relationship between Jiyi and Cheng Yi's "Zhizhi Poor Reason", and finally came to the conclusion that 'respect' is the continuous cultivation and improvement of moral spirit, and 'Jiyi' is the practice and accumulation of moral behavior.

——What a "respectful clamping, unprovoked circulation"!

It doesn't matter if you don't understand these eight words, Jiang Xinghuo didn't understand it at that time, but Jiang Xinghuo flipped through Lu Jiuyuan's theory a few days ago, and in his mind, a bright lightning bolt directly crossed it.

At that moment, Jiang Xinghuo came to his senses.

Because he finally understood these eight words, without his intervention, what would have evolved in another hundred years.

"The unity of knowledge and action leads to conscience"!

"Respect and righteousness are clamped, and the cycle is unprovoked", in other words, "knowledge and action are clamped, and the cycle is unprovoked", plus "so that conscience is caused".

[Knowing and acting clamping, the cycle is unprovoked, so that conscience]

When the last twelve words of mantra were gathered, Jiang Xinghuo finally got a magic weapon that could be explained from the theory of science in this world, and could perfectly resist the theory of science and technology.

What does the translation of the 12-character mantra mean?

What does it mean to 'know'? Survey also!

What does it mean to 'do'? Practice too!

In other words, it is a combination of investigation and practice, repeated cycles, and finally the truth is reached.

This is his Jiang Xinghuo's 'work theory'.

——————

Necessary memories to kill the end.

Returning to the present, Jiang Xinghuo and the other scholars stopped discussing before they slowly opened their mouths to induce.

"Have you ever thought that in fact, 'respect' and 'righteousness' are not necessarily dichotomy?"

Seeing that everyone was at a loss, Zheng Hanqing, a donkey rider, read more books on weekdays, but at this time he said: "Lu Jiuyuan once said: Respect this reason, righteousness also reason. This is my original heart, is this what the national teacher means? ”

Hearing this, everyone was quite unimpressed, Lu Jiuyuan's theory is not a manifestation now, but a somewhat deviant existence, so he is naturally not welcomed.

Well, these people originally came here as "leaders of public opinion" with the opinions of certain local merchants, citizens, guilds, etc.

But right now, their natural desire for academics has overwhelmed their original demands, so they have temporarily defected, and it is estimated that they will not remember what they are doing today until Jiang Xinghuo finishes chatting. But in fact, Jiang Xinghuo didn't plan to listen to their demands now.

Jiang Xinghuo shook his head with a smile and said, "You forgot?" I won't talk about my heart today. ”

"What does the national teacher want to say?"

"—To the conscience."

Jiang Xinghuo didn't let them interrupt this time: "Respect this reason, righteousness is also this reason, not for the sake of the heart, but to the conscience." ”

The scholars and officials were stunned for a moment, and this statement was very fresh.

"What is conscience? It is the theory of how people can obtain the principles of heaven. ”

"Excuse me, then, what does the original theory of science contain?"

He Shuliang, who was next to Zheng Hanqing, replied tentatively: "So, of course (Zhu Xi's main explanation of reason)? ”

"That's it, work, two words, one is a thing, and the other is oneself."

Jiang Xinghuo said slowly: "My 'to conscience' means that there are two meanings, one is to observe the epistemology about the reason why everything is natural, and the other is to understand the inner cultivation of the human order, and the second meaning is not to talk about it today. ”

"Let's just say the first thing, if people want to obtain the Heavenly Principle, they must first understand the Heavenly Principle, so how do we know the Heavenly Principle?"

Song Li looked at Jiang Xinghuo in surprise, when he was on Taiping Street, he could hear it clearly by hiding behind the willow tree.

That night, Jiang Xinghuo asked the thousands of prisoners in Nanjing Guozijian three questions, namely, "how Tai Chi works", "how to make things work out of heaven", and "how to make people's hearts and destiny as clear as a mirror".

Jiang Xinghuo gave the answers to the first two questions, that is, "solve Taiji with contradictions" and "boldly assume and carefully verify, and practice can produce true knowledge".

The answer to the third question, Song Li thinks, should be the part that the national teacher doesn't want to talk about today.

But compared to this part, Song Li is obviously more interested in what Jiang Xinghuo said at the moment.

"The epistemology in the conscience of the national teacher is not quite the same as the knowledge of 'Tai Chi' and 'contradiction' in the theory of rational qi, right?"

"It's not quite the same."

So how do you understand that? There is no practical way to understand what Zhu Zi said, "so it is, it is natural". ”

Jiang Xinghuo did not answer their questions, but watched them quietly.

This look made the scholars a little confused.

Zhu Zi didn't fully explain the problem, you don't expect us to explain it clearly, right? It's all waiting for you to preach and get your karma solved.

In fact, Zheng Hanqing and others already vaguely felt something at this time.

Even He Shuliang took out a pen and paper from the basket behind him, recording Jiang Xinghuo's previous words, and the other scholars also woke up, and some people didn't have a good memory, but had something to do in their hands, as if they wouldn't be named.

But some of them realized that they came to visit the national teacher today with public opinion, and maybe they really bumped into chance!

Listening to the national teacher's preaching, if you really hit a major academic breakthrough, it is a great qualification!

Needless to say, just to say that I was in this courtyard at the beginning, and I heard with my own ears what the national teacher said, after a few decades, live longer, and when everyone else is dead, directly proclaimed a disciple of the national teacher is enough to obtain countless glory and wealth, shameless, and even misinterpret it, and become a patriarch of his own faction.

It is different from the saber-rattling between Taiping Street and Nanjing Guozi Prison before.

Jiang Xinghuo killed a person in Jiangnan and established his authority, of course, this group of scholars had some public opinion to convey, but they would never dare to stand on the opposite side of Jiang Xinghuo to attack or question him.

Instead, with a certain profit-seeking mentality, he listened to his "Tao".

Jiang Xinghuo sat on the stone pier that was demolished by Zhu Gaoxu's bare hands, and muttered for a moment before speaking.

"Knowing and doing are clamped, and the cycle is unprovoked, so that conscience is attached. The epistemology in this, to put it bluntly, is actually four words. ”

"Huh?"

The first eight words are obviously not difficult to understand, and they are born from the "respect and righteousness", but the latter words are completely unfamiliar to these scholars.

There are people with limited talents, who are a little confused at this time, and they don't know what Jiang Xinghuo is talking about; There are people who have a little integration, frowning at this time, thinking carefully about the meaning of the national teacher.

But no matter who it was, they didn't touch the layer of window paper.

Until Jiang Xinghuo's words fell.

"Knowledge and action are one."

Jiang Xinghuo's words seemed to be a cool breeze that swept through everyone's hearts, and it seemed like a gap opened by heavy clouds, and the golden light in the sky fell down.

Zheng Hanqing's eyes widened suddenly, and he was keenly aware that he seemed to have encountered some great moment that was enough to go down in history!

The brush in He Shuliang's hand simply fell to the ground with a "click".

Even Ye Zongxing, a talent like Ye Zongxing, who was not really interested in science and was more enthusiastic about water conservancy projects, was also a little restless.

There is no other reason, these four words are too lethal for these scholars.

The extreme beauty of this supreme reason is like the lethality of the perfect Euler formula for math students.

"Unity of knowledge and action, unity of knowledge and action"

Huang Ziwei simply stood up, pacing, thinking, combined with what he and Jiang Xinghuo had seen and heard in the countryside these days, the more he talked about it, the more he felt that he had understood something.

Regardless of everyone's different reactions, Jiang Xinghuo continued.

"Knowing is the beginning of action, action is the completion of knowledge, it is easier said than done, how to do it?"

"It can be understood that before we act, we first conduct a rehearsal at the level of our thinking, and at the same time predict the results of the cognitive rehearsal, and then put it into practice if feasible, so as to verify and further improve our cognition in practice."

"In other words, we first think about whether something can be successful, and then we do it, and then we go back and judge whether it can be done."

"That is to say, the recognition of practice is the basis for judging whether people's understanding of things conforms to the truth, and the basis for judging is that only in the course of various practices can the results expected in the thought be achieved, and the premise of this understanding is to make one's thoughts conform to the laws of objective things, that is, to conform conscience to the way of heaven."

Sun Kun, a water conservancy expert from the Ministry of Industry, suddenly said loudly:

"Then what if knowledge and action cannot be united?"

Jiang Xinghuo was interrupted, but he seemed very happy: "For example, the truth exists in things." ”

Sun Kun thought about it, but he didn't engage in those bells and whistles, but only mentioned his own business.

"For example, we are now planning to control the water in the south of the Yangtze River is the first step of 'knowing', that is, to rehearse at the level of thinking, which is to open the Wusong River, Huangpu River, and Liuhe River downstream, and open the Qiya River and Baimao Zhupu in the north; It is necessary to build a vertical and horizontal connection between Tangpu and form a river network waterway to regulate the flow of water; It is also necessary to build a fence inside, form a polder, and control drainage and irrigation; Finally, it is necessary to build a sluice gate at the mouth of the river and sea in Tangpu to divert river water, block tide water, prevent sediment, and facilitate excretion, but all of this is what we are thinking about and doing on the map. According to you, this should be a guide to practice! ”

"This means that if we fail to achieve 'knowledge', that is, the desired result in our thinking, and we cannot unify knowledge and action, then we can only revise our thinking to adapt it to the laws of the outside world, and turn defeat into victory."

Jiang Xinghuo emphasized again.

"Practice is the foundation of all understanding, and all viewpoints that deny the importance of practice and detach understanding from practice are wrong, and 'knowledge' is inseparable from 'action'.

Jiang Xinghuo's words were finished, but no one spoke at the scene for a long time.

Everyone is seriously thinking about the set of things that Jiang Xinghuo is teaching today that is completely different from Cheng Zhu's science, but it does have a thought-provoking epistemology, and the more they think about it, the more they feel wonderful.

Zhu Xi's epistemology in the theory of gongfu is only based on his set of rational qi theory of "so it is, it is natural" to expound "respect and righteousness", which can be regarded as an expansion of the boundary of the two-way theory.

Since Zhu Xi, the work theory of science can be said to have made no progress.

If Jiang Xinghuo hadn't changed the world, then it would have to wait for decades before Zhan Ruoshui would carry out the next step of theoretical advancement, and then Wang Yangming would gather the culmination and use this set of things to become the last saint of Confucianism.

But today, Jiang Xinghuo has directly pushed the academic boundaries of science and science, and has once again greatly advanced after Taiping Street solved Taiji with contradictions and broke through the shackles of rational qi theory. If this were science, not a 'science' with a skin that can be torn off at any time.

With this level of theoretical breakthrough, perhaps even if they have a dim sense of what is happening, they have not really seen an immediate reaction.

So, the repercussions weren't strong enough.

But once Jiang Xinghuo's new breakthrough in the epistemology of Gongfu Theory is made public today, then the entire Ming academic community will set off a tsunami-like earthquake!

As before, there will definitely be many famous teachers who do not agree with Jiang Xinghuo's theory, but this is not important.

Whether they agree with it or not, they have to admit one thing, that is, Jiang Xinghuo has indeed made a new breakthrough in the theoretical boundaries of science, and this breakthrough may be right or wrong for others, but as long as the controversy arises and someone believes in this set of things, then for Jiang Xinghuo, it will be a great victory!

You must know that Jiang Xinghuo's stitching of this set of things is not to really be a "generation of Confucianism".

From beginning to end, Jiang Xinghuo has only one purpose, to relieve his thoughts!

How did Europe break free from the shackles of religious thought?

Of course, it's not directly about science, freedom, democracy, equality, and so on.

Rather, it was the religious revolution that came first, and Protestantism, especially the emergence of "Lutheranism", broke the ideological imprisonment of the Catholic See on the people of Western Europe.

In the Ming Dynasty, God is Confucius and Mencius, and Catholicism is Cheng Zhu Lixue.

When dreaming, Jiang Xinghuo of course dreamed that he sacrificed the banner of science and came to several public experiments, and the entire Ming Dynasty changed his faith.

But when you wake up from a dream and wipe your saliva, you have to face reality.

This is the best embodiment of the disunity of 'knowledge' and 'action', which is beautiful to think about, but can't actually do it.

In this era when science dominates the minds of the people, directly using science to confront science, even with the support of the emperor, the probability of success is not zero, but probably infinitely close.

And if you dare to openly set up a faction in the ideological field to oppose science, then don't change the law, and all the people who read the world will immediately become your enemy.

The original purpose of the idea of unwinding is to help change the law, to help to ignite and change the manufacturing force, but this is good, the whole world is the enemy, and the difficulty of igniting and changing the manufacturing force is directly full. Because you are a heretic in your mind, all your actions will be opposed.

Therefore, Jiang Xinghuo found such a way.

It was Protestantism that defeated Catholicism.

What can defeat Cheng Zhu's theory of science is naturally to transform part of Lu Wang's epistemology for his own use.

"Listening to the sermon of the national teacher today, I deeply feel that in the past few decades, I have lived in a muddy way, and I don't know how to behave and do things at all.

It was none other than someone else who spoke, it was Ye Zongxing and Ye Xiucai.

The closer he got to Jiang Xinghuo, the more impressed he was by Jiang Xinghuo's knowledge, ability, and character, and until today, he has comprehended the true meaning of life.

Therefore, Ye Zongxing sincerely requested: "I don't know if the national teacher can change the word for me, it is to use the 'knowledge and action' of the unity of knowledge and action." ”

"Ye Zongxing, the word knows and does naturally!"

Jiang Xinghuo was stunned, but agreed.

The rest of the officials and scholars present also laughed kindly, which is a good story of Shilin.

There are even many scholars who asked Jiang Xinghuo to leave a name for their notes as a genuine handiwork, and Jiang Xinghuo also promised them one by one.

There is no doubt that even a very small number of the scholars present actually do not agree with the new theory proposed by Jiang Xinghuo today, but they are all happy to come up and put gold on their faces.

Because they all know very well that in Shilin, they are not afraid of being questioned by others, but they are afraid that no one will question them at all.

Of course, Jiang Xinghuo knows what they think, but for Jiang Xinghuo, these people who listen to his sermon today are equivalent to his open mouth to the outside world, and will take the initiative to speak for him, promote his new theory, and then face the refutation of others, since he has already participated in it, he will also debate for Jiang Xinghuo, which is exactly what Jiang Xinghuo, who is relatively alone in the field of public opinion, urgently needs.

A sermon on a new theory ended in a joyful atmosphere.

However, however.

How can there be such a turbulent and uneventful life without any turning point, so that Jiang Xinghuo can preach here and be employed for a good time?

Just as the scholars were about to gather to discuss who to send to speak their minds, an unexpected figure arrived, bringing all the predetermined plans to an abrupt end.

Xia Yuanji, the head of the household department, who has not been seen for a long time, came here in person.

This is a very unusual move, a book, or a book of households, it is not an exaggeration to describe it with a thousand opportunities, how can it be the same as Jiang Xinghuo's history in his previous life, and he came to Jiangnan in person?

After pulling Jiang Xinghuo out alone, Xia Yuanji said directly: "Master Jiang, something happened, Li Zhigang was imprisoned, and Ji Gang was suspended. ”

The flesh of Jiang Xinghuo's eyebrows jumped, and he didn't ask what was the matter first, but asked, "Then why did you come in person?" ”

"I am ordered to take your place."

(End of chapter)