Strange beggars through the ages lean on firewood, and go to the street at sunrise and return quietly at night.

Begging everywhere to run a righteous school, and being virtuous and moisturizing things is more nuanced.

When I woke up from my meditation state, it was already early in the morning, and I remembered a very important thing that I needed to do immediately, that is, I contacted my senior brother, Chen Tongyue, and arranged for him to meet with Master Cao, so that they could release their old suspicions.

After I had breakfast, the first thing I did was to pick up the phone and dial Dean Chen's big brother's phone, I was going to arrange for Dean Chen and Mr. Cao to meet, I have been thinking about this problem in my mind for the past few days, and it will not work if I continue to do so, the problem must be solved.

Dean Chen was very excited, and I agreed on a time for them to meet on the phone, which was scheduled for this afternoon, and the location was in Mr. Cao's office.

This first step has been taken, the rest is Mr. Cao, I rushed to the clinic very early, Dr. Wu arrived one step ahead of me, we began to clean the clinic together, this is already a habit of our day, and it has become an unwritten rule in the clinic.

When I saw Mr. Cao, I found that his mental state and mood were not bad today, so I took advantage of the time when there were no patients to see the doctor to start infiltrating Mr. Cao from the side.

At first, I didn't dare to tell the truth, only said that there was a person who wanted to see him and missed him very much, but before I finished speaking, I heard Mr. Cao say to me straightforwardly: "Xiao Hyunzi, don't go around with me, is this person you are talking about Chen Tongyue?" If yes, I can meet him, some words have been in my stomach for years, it's time to end it, and it's not a matter if we don't see each other, Xiaoyun, you say yes. I looked at Mr. Cao in surprise, I didn't believe my ears, I was still a little apprehensive, but I was dissolved by Mr. Cao's words.

I scratched my head a little embarrassed, stuck out my tongue and whispered to Teacher Cao, "Hehe, teacher, I have arranged this afternoon behind your back, let Senior Brother Chen come over, you won't blame me." "Oh, you! I knew there must be something wrong with you talking, okay, this afternoon, this afternoon, you decide. "Teacher Cao was very relaxed when he said this, and the expression on his face was also very natural, which made me feel reassured.

In this way, Dean Chen arrived as scheduled this afternoon, and in order to alleviate the embarrassment when they met, I asked Mr. Cao to enter the consultation room a few minutes before Dean Chen came. When Dean Chen arrived, I introduced him to Mr. Cao's room.

When they met, neither of them spoke, but they looked at each other and did not speak for a long time, and it was I who was next to me who spoke first, breaking the silence in the room.

Dean Chen took a few steps forward and knelt in front of Mr. Cao, who sighed lightly, walked in front of Dean Chen, and slowly helped him up from the ground.

When I saw this scene, I consciously retreated from the house, they talked for a long time in the back room, and finally when they came out of it, their faces were stained with tears, Mr. Cao called me to the front and said: "Xiaohyun, from today onwards, you can call him Senior Brother, the matter between us has been discussed, it's okay, start anew, thank you." "I was very happy to hear the result, it was the best result.

I hugged my fists to Dean Chen and said, "Congratulations, senior brother, for returning to this sect!" Let's get acquainted again today! As I spoke, my hands made the ancient clenching fist shape, and both Teacher Cao and Senior Brother Chen laughed, and the knot in the hearts of their masters and apprentices was dissolved in this way, and I was truly happy for them.

In order to celebrate today's big day, Senior Brother Chen actually booked a room at the Dorsett Hotel, and everyone went there together in the evening.

When we came to this hotel, as soon as we got off the bus, a few waiters who had seen us surrounded us, and greeted us with warmth, looking very enthusiastic.

A few of us were led by the waiter to the room booked by Senior Brother Chen, and when I was about to go in, two arms stretched out from behind me, and hugged me from behind, I was also surprised, when I looked back, I found that the person who hugged me was none other than Sun Haohai, who had not been seen for many days.

I saw Sun Haohai hugging me, and scolded with a smile: "Good boy, don't call me when you come to the Emgrand Hotel?" You're too bold, and you haven't been in touch with me for a few days, so let me catch it, hahaha," I saw that he also sighed lightly, since we came back from Huashan and separated, we didn't have contact until the New Year, I didn't expect to meet here today.

Seeing that I was very close to the visitor, Senior Brother Zhen opened his mouth to me and said, "Xiaohyun, since everyone is familiar with each other, I don't think it's better to do this, how about we have two tables and one table today?" ”

I don't have any opinions, I looked at Mr. Cao and Haohai beside me, asked for their thoughts, and saw Mr. Cao smiling and nodding, Haohai beside me was even more straight, and directly beckoned the people behind him to enter the room with him.

There are two women and a man who came in with Haohai, it is obvious that they are two pairs of boyfriends and girlfriends, the woman who followed Haohai is tall, has a good face, and looks very temperamental, and the other pair of men and women are also handsome men and women.

After we sat down, the first to speak was Sun Haohai, he was still the same, and introduced each other to everyone, especially the beauty next to him turned out to be his new girlfriend, and he had a very good background, his father is one of the largest groups in our city, Haitian Group, the daughter of Chairman Fan Changming, her name is Fan Mingyue.

I talked to Haohai about some of my experiences in the past few days, which surprised several of his friends, and finally, the meal ended with laughter.

When I was separated from Haohai, Haohai deliberately stopped me and gave me time to contact him, because the old man of their family often mentioned me and asked me when I was free to pick me up to see Old Man Sun, and I readily agreed.

When I got home in the evening, I sat up in my room. At the moment when I entered the state of meditation, a picture appeared in front of my eyes, I seemed to be in a spacious and bright classroom, wearing a green robe, wearing a black wide-rimmed glasses, holding a hand behind my back, holding a book in my right hand, walking in a spacious and bright classroom, while walking and teaching the following students to read aloud the "Three Character Sutra", I have rich teaching experience, and the class is always so relaxed, lively and vivid, interesting. Most of the students in this school enjoy listening to my lectures.

After I led the students to read the "Three Character Sutra" aloud, it was also time for the break from class, and I told everyone to leave the class, then turned around and walked out of the classroom.

As soon as I walked out of the classroom, someone from behind me stopped me and said, "Mr. Chen, please stay." ”

I turned around and said respectfully, "Mr. Wu, it's you, do you have any orders?" ”

Mr. Wu said: "Mr. Chen, here's the thing, Mr. Li has something at home these days and can't come to the school, can you help him lead the class?" We don't have many teachers in the school, so we can't let the students have no teachers to teach, so you have to work hard, you see? ”

Without hesitation, I replied: "Mr. Wu, where is this coming from, there is no problem, I listen to your arrangement, what is there to work hard about, compared to hard work, you are the real hard work and righteousness!" ”

Mr. Wu shook his head humbly and said, "Mr. Chen, then let's decide, don't forget to go to class, haha..."

The person I was talking to was Wu Xun, a native of Wuzhuang, Liulin Town, Guanxian County, Shandong Province, who was a beggar who lived at the bottom of society in the Guangxu year of the Qing Dynasty. Relying on begging, after more than 30 years of unremitting efforts, three schools have been built, more than 300 acres of school fields have been purchased, and tens of thousands of funds have been accumulated for running schools.

Wu Xun originally had no official name, and he was the kind of poor man who didn't even have a name. He was named Wu Qi because he was the seventh among his brothers in the same generation. The name Wu Xun was actually a given name, and when he was old, the imperial court named him "Xun" in recognition of his righteous deeds.

Wu Xun's family was poor since he was a child, but he was very eager to study. often follow the children of rich families to the door of the school house and eavesdrop on other people's reading. When the other children saw that he was in rags, they laughed at him, insulted him, and even beat him and scolded him, but he did not care. One day, he mustered up the courage to break through the door and beg the private school teacher to allow him to enroll. Not only did the private school not sympathize with him, but insulted him: "You poor boy, how can you come here? Why don't you get out of here, do you want to steal? He took a ruler and threatened him and drove him out of the house. From then on, Wu Xun no longer mentioned the matter of studying.

Wu Xun's father died when he was 7 years old, and the family was in trouble, and he begged with his mother to make a living. Although Wu Xun was young, he was very filial to his mother, and whenever he wanted clean and delicious dry food, he would bring it back to his mother to eat, and he would never eat it himself.

When Wu Xun was 15 years old, he went to work as a child laborer at his uncle's boss Zhang's house. Although he is an adult child, he is very loyal and hardworking. The uncle did not give him a slight preferential treatment because he was a relative, but instead used him as a young worker, and looked for him for all kinds of clumsy work. Busy operation every day, life is like a cow and a horse. The uncle never gave him a salary, and felt that rewarding him with a bowl of rice was already a very generous favor, and he often beat him and bullied him, and Wu Xun endured it. Because he was too loyal, the people around him treated him as a fool to ridicule and ridicule, and he ignored him.

At the age of 17, Wu Xun went to Li Ju's house as a long-term worker. One day, my sister asked someone to bring a letter with a few hangs of money, Li Juren deceived Wuxun into being illiterate, gave him the letter, and swallowed the money. Later, when he knew that he was questioned, Li Juren not only denied it, but also scolded Wu Xun bitterly. When feeding a pig, he accidentally spilled pig food on the ground and was also beaten all over his body. On the eve of the Chinese New Year's Eve, the owner was pasted the Spring Festival, because he was illiterate, the Spring Festival was pasted up and down, and the owner thought it was unlucky, punched and kicked, made noise and scolded, did not allow him to eat, punished him for not sleeping all night, and stood in the yard all night in the wind and snow.

Wu Xun has been working for three years and has not been paid. Because his mother was sick, he asked his master for his wages. Unexpectedly, Li Juren took out a fake account book and insisted that he had paid off his wages early. Wu Xun was illiterate, so angry that he was dumbfounded, wanted to cry without tears, argued bitterly, but was falsely accused of intentional blackmail, and finally was beaten to the head and bloodied, and pushed out the door.

After being deceived, Wu Xun fell asleep for three days in a small temple on Zhuangzi. When I woke up, I thought about it carefully and realized that I had been bullied because I was illiterate. And there are many poor people like him around, and if they don't study, there will never be a way out. So I came up with the idea of starting a school of righteousness. Poor and strong, do not fall into the ambition of the clouds. Once a goal is established, Wu Xun achieves it with a lifetime of asceticism and perseverance. However, running a righteous school in abject poverty is unheard of in ancient times, and the difficulty can be imagined. A beggar, not seeking fame, not for profit, with great ambitions, has started a new life. It was 1859, and at the age of 21, Wu Xun began to beg to raise funds. He made a copper spoon in his hand, carried a bag on his shoulder, covered his body with rotten clothes, sang while walking, begged everywhere, and traveled all over Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu and other places.

He is happy every day, reciting and singing with words, the lyrics are like poems but not poems, songs are not songs, there are sounds and colors, there are contents, and there are rhymes, all of which are related to the establishment of Yixue. No matter when others ask or ridicule, he always responds by singing; Whether working or resting, he sang happily.

He sold his labor everywhere, worked hard and rushed to do it, and lived a life like a cow and a horse, with the purpose of saving money to run a school. The hard work done by the animals, Wu Xun did not think it was bitter, and was always happy to sing while singing.

Wu Xun often sang: "Carrying a life and being bullied by others, it is better to beg for food by yourself, don't look at me begging for food, sooner or later I will study a righteous college." Out of the dung, hoeing, pulling the stump to find, no matter how black it is, no matter how much money it is. Give me money, I will cultivate the field, and it will not be difficult to cultivate a righteous study. As a mule and a cow, you don't have to worry about cultivating righteousness. ”

A year later, the little money that Wu Xun had saved hard was deceived by his brother-in-law. He was so angry that he couldn't eat, foaming at the mouth, and a few days later, he was relieved and said: "I saw good people building tall buildings, and no bullies came to the end." ”

In order to raise money, Wu Xun also shaved off his long braids, leaving only a peach-shaped short hair on each side of his forehead, dressed up as a clown in the play, in order to get charity from others. The money from the sale of his hair became his first fund for the establishment of a charity school.

Many people around him saw that he didn't go home, he didn't have a fixed occupation, things wandered, and kept saying that he wanted to run a righteous school, and ridiculed him for harming the "righteous school", he was indifferent, and sang a song to answer: "Yixue disease, no fire, see people, pay respects, reward money, live a life, and cultivate a righteous school for 10,000 years and can't move." ”

When he asked for food, he met a stingy person who didn't give anything, and he sang: "Don't give it to me, I don't complain, I have a good person to take care of my food." ”

When he was subjected to severe abuse, he was still gentle, and he sang: "Don't be angry, uncle, when you don't get angry, when will I go out." ”

Wu Xun saved up all the money he wanted, and sold the dry food he wanted to come and sold it in its entirety and exchanged it for money. I only eat shoddy and moldy food, vegetable roots, sweet potato roots, etc., and sing while eating: "Eat sundries, you can be a meal, save money to build a righteous college." It's good to eat, it's not good, it's good to cultivate righteousness. ”

Wu Xun worked non-stop all day and night, with no time to rest, and he did work that others would not do, disdain, or would not do. Pushing and grinding is the work of animals, and he often does it for others. Rice milling has to work under the sun, and he sweats and enjoys it. Whenever the peasants were busy with the farm, he often went to work as a day laborer to cut the wheat for others. In addition, he also cleans the thatched house for people early in the morning, and makes fertilizer after drying the manure. Sometimes they also help people carry water to water the garden, pick up food, pick bulky things, etc., and calculate the remuneration according to the distance and weight of the distance, and the income is considerable. Sometimes he doesn't fight when he encounters a person who doesn't give money.

He sometimes played tricks like a juggler in various temple fairs and bazaars in order to get a reward. Perform a handstand to "carry the big ding", do "scorpion climbing" with hands and feet, turn over and jump "hit the wheel", lie on the ground to ride a horse for children, as well as awl sashimi, knife head breaking and other programs, and even eat caterpillars, snakes and scorpions, swallow stones and rubble, etc.

In addition, he also worked as a matchmaker, as a postman, picking rags, tying cotton, spinning thread, etc. Wu Xun wandered around like this, working, asking for food, and wandering. At night, he slept in someone's mill, stove house, or ruined temple. Late every night, he still twisted the rope under the light of Rudou, and sang while performing hemp: "Ten threads, winding eggs, and cultivating a righteous college; Wrap the egg, connect the head, and don't worry about cultivating righteousness. ”

When he was twenty-nine years old, Wu Xun used his savings for many years to buy 45 acres of cheap low-lying saline-alkali land and sang: "As long as I should learn from righteousness, I am not afraid to buy alkali sand when I buy land; The alkali also retreated, the sand was scraped, and there was no alkali sand after three years. As long as I should learn from righteousness, I am not afraid of big pits; The water flowed, the soil was strong, and the pit was leveled after three years. ”

When he was thirty-eight years old, Shandong suffered a severe drought and many people starved to death. Wu Xun used his own money to buy 40 loads of sorghum to help the people. Wu Xun's elder brother did not do his job, often borrowed money from him, relatives and friends also asked for help, Wu Xun said: "Regardless of relatives, regardless of the reason, I will repair several places." ”

On the contrary, a pair of lonely mother-in-law and daughter-in-law in Wuxun Township made a living by asking for food, and Wuxun generously gave them ten acres of land, and said: "This person is good, this person is good, it is too little to give her ten acres." This person is filial, this person is filial, give her ten acres for retirement. ”

After years of hard work, Wu Xun finally accumulated a lot of money and saved a considerable amount of money. He inquired that there was a man in the county, Yang Shufang, who was upright, had a good reputation, and was trustworthy, and wanted to deposit the money in the Yang family, so he ran to the Yang Mansion to ask for a meeting. Since he was a beggar, the master refused to see him, so he knelt at the gate for two days, and finally moved Yang Juren. Wu Xun recounted the matter of begging for money and revitalizing righteousness, and Yang Juren sighed, not only promised to help him save money, but also said that he would help him run a school.

In the twelfth year of Guangxu, Wu Xun was 49 years old, had purchased 230 acres of land, accumulated more than 3,800 hanging, and decided to create Yixue. In the second year, two enlightened landlords admired Wu Xun's personality and jointly donated land to serve as a base for Yixue. Wu Xun began to buy bricks, tiles and timber in various places and escorted them himself. Get up early and go to bed late every day, be with the workers, move bricks and fetch water, and do everything yourself.

In the fourteenth year of Guangxu, more than 4,000 hangs were spent to build the first righteous school outside the east gate of Liulin Town, named "Chongxian Yishu". It took Wu Xun a full thirty years to realize his ideals, and during these thirty years, he suffered a lot, but he was always determined to move towards his goal step by step. After the school was completed, Wu Xun personally knelt down to invite learned scholars and people to teach, knelt and begged Yang Shufang to be a school director, presided over the school, and knelt down to beg poor families to send their children to school. In that year, more than 50 students were enrolled, divided into Mongolian classes and economic classes, and no tuition fees were charged. On the first day of school, a sumptuous banquet was prepared to entertain the school directors, teachers and squires, but Wu Xun himself kowtowed to the guests outside to thank him, and resolutely refused to enter the table. After the banquet, eat some leftovers and be satisfied.

After the establishment of the school, Wu Xun fulfilled his wish, but he still had to live for a living, and he still lived in a broken temple, and the students collectively knelt down and begged him to live in the school, but he refused, saying: "The life I live is not bitter, as long as you study hard, I am happier than anything else." ”

One day in a strong wind, the tiles on the temple house blew down and fell on his head, and the head was smashed and bleeding, but he sang leisurely: "Break your head, come out of the fire, and cultivate righteousness and learning are all in me." ”

In normal times, Wu Xun is very concerned about the students' reading situation, and often comes to the school to visit, and kneels and thanks the diligent teacher; For students who are greedy for fun and do not study seriously, they kneel down and cry and persuade: you don't need to study hard, and you have no face to see your father and brother when you go home. Early one morning, all the students had arrived, but the teacher had not yet gotten up. Wu Xun quietly walked into the tutor's bedroom, knelt silently in front of the bed and wept. After the teacher woke up, Wu Xun said: Mr. sleeps, the students are messing around, I will kneel and beg, and it will be a hundred. There was also a tutor who took a leave of absence to go home and did not return after the deadline. Wu Xun walked 60 miles to the teacher's house, and waited outside the door alone for an all-nighter, the teacher was so ashamed that he didn't dare to exceed the deadline. The teachers and students were moved by the sincerity and sincerity of the martial arts, and no one had a moment of negligence and neglect, and the style of study of the school was very diligent and serious.

Zhang Yao, the governor of Shandong, heard about Wu Xun's righteous deeds and specially invited him to meet. He walked to Jinan Mansion in rags. During the meeting, while talking with Governor Zhang, he kept twisting the thread. His frankness and simplicity greatly moved the governor, and ordered the exemption from the levy of money and food and forced labor, and donated 200 taels of silver, and at the same time asked Emperor Guangxu to award a plaque of "Benevolence and Charity". The Qing court awarded him the title of "Yixuezheng" and wore a yellow jacket. This was the supreme glory, but in front of the Qin Cha, Wu Xun was unwilling to kneel down to thank him, nor was he willing to wear a yellow coat, saying: "Righteousness and righteousness, no need to seal, yellow coat, useless." Cultivating righteousness and learning cannot be moved for 10,000 years. ”

In the sixteenth year of Guangxu, Wu Xun funded 230 hanging money for the monk, and set up a second school in Yang Erzhuang, which is now in Linqing City.

Wu Xun wholeheartedly set up a righteous school, in order to avoid the burden of his wife's room, he did not marry a wife, did not own a family, lived a life of cattle and horses, and never spent a penny on himself. In his later years, his reputation spread far and wide, and all men, women and children everywhere welcomed him with respect. No matter where he went, when it was time to eat, everyone was vying to invite him to his home for dinner, and he was warmly entertained.

At the age of fifty-five, Wu Xun gathered a lot of books and set up a reading club for people who had no money to buy books. Sometimes he also brought books to the fairs and temple fairs in villages and towns for the villagers to read. A large number of simple study articles and books were also reprinted and distributed free of charge to the peasants. In the same year, Yude, an official of the imperial court and a waiter of the school, went to Shandong to inspect, and Wu Xun stopped a sedan chair on the street to raise funds. Yude gave him two hundred taels of silver.

In the twenty-second year of Guangxu, Wu Xun used 3,000 yuan to set up the third school in Linqing Yushi Lane, named "Yushi Lane Yishu".

Now I, in this third school teaching, I myself was invited by Mr. Wu Xun from Zhili Province to Linqing, said that it was invited, it is better to say that I have long admired the reputation of Mr. Wu Xun for a long time, and I admire him in my heart, when Mr. Wu Xun came to find me, I packed my luggage without saying a word, and came to the Yushi Lane School with him.

Now, I was in the corridor of the school looking at the back of Mr. Wu Xun leaving, he and his figure were a little rickety, I saw him wearing a black cloth hat, a black cloth coat, and a dark blue cloth cotton robe, staggering to the end of the corridor.

When a person knows what he is living for, he can endure any kind of life. Wu Xun knew that his goal was to cultivate Yixue, so that the children could go to school, so he could starve, he could abandon his dignity to eat snakes and scorpions, learn how to bark livestock, and kneel down to beg learned people to give lectures in the school, all of which were to accomplish his goal, and the hardships he encountered were all necessary accumulations on the road of his cultivation of Yixue.

In fact, in my opinion, his bearing is somewhat similar to that of Dongpo laymen, although he picks up all the cold branches, a cloud of smoke and rain, but he laughs at the coming of trouble. People always have some ideals and pursuits in this world, and what you pursue determines that you will either disappear into obscurity or go down in history. History is both accidental and inevitable, and all the choices you make determine your outcome.

This also made me deeply realize that if a different person were in the position of martial arts and experienced all the humiliation and frustration he had experienced, he might have already given up on himself and become a real beggar on the street, and even full of resentment and malice towards the world, just like countless people for thousands of years.

And the special thing about Wu Xun is that he can see the darkest human hearts, after experiencing hurt, betrayal and despair, he can still hold a broken heart and try to open his arms to embrace the world.

It is also deep in the quagmire, some people wipe the mud on their eyes and spit on the resentment that the world is full of dirt, and the martial arts training is in the gutter, not only looking up at the starry sky, but also willing to incarnate the starlight to bring light to people.

I turned around and became more determined, because there was a "beggar" in front of me who was worthy of my respect and learning, he did not tell me any great truths, nor did he publish a book and a biography, but he made me understand the true meaning of life.

Soon after the establishment of the third school, Mr. Wu Xun became seriously ill, and we all advised him to go to his room to rest, but he refused to occupy the room at all, but just lay down under the eaves of the school to recuperate.

Half a month later, on April 23, the 22nd year of Guangxu, Wu Xun died with a smile in the sound of reading aloud, at the age of 59, and was buried next to the Liulin Chongxian School in accordance with his will.

On the day of the funeral, the people of each village in 60 miles along the road spontaneously set up a road sacrifice, and the automatic mourners reached 10,000 people, and the crowds of people came to watch along the way, the teachers and students cried to the sky, and the citizens cried when they heard the news, and some people whispered to each other at that time: "Who said that Wuxun has no son?" ”

Ten years later, the Qing court announced its achievements to the National History Museum, and repaired tombs, built ancestral halls, and erected monuments for it. The achievements of martial arts are admired by the world, many famous inscriptions, and there are many schools named after martial arts in the country. In 1945, the Southern Hebei Administration established a martial arts training normal in Liulin.

In the star-studded history of China, how many people can overshadow everyone else and leave their names in the history books? History is vast, but it is this official history, which is almost exclusively used to record princes and ministers, that records a character that no one can think of - a beggar! He is Wu Xun, the only beggar who can be called a "strange beggar through the ages" and recorded in the official history.

I don't know when I was in the middle of the decision, I have shed tears. I don't know why I saw such a scene tonight in a state of meditation, but I was thinking about it when I was in a trance, when suddenly, my consciousness was stripped out of my body and appeared in the chaotic space of Master, who was standing not far away waiting for my arrival.

After many days, when I saw Master again, I found that his face had lost a lot of weight, and his face showed a look of exhaustion that I should not have as a cultivator. Master saw my worried mood, just smiled and said: "The matter of the trip to the dungeon will be talked about later, there is not a sentence or two that can be explained, I came to see you this time, first, I want to see your cultivation, and secondly, I want to answer some questions about your cultivation during this time." "Master said to me kindly as before.

I smoothed out my train of thought, first remembered the content of the conversation between Ling Tian, the young master of the Evil Alliance, and me, when the master heard about this matter, he was also a little stunned, he didn't expect this kind of thing to happen, and he couldn't make up his mind for a while, so he thought about it and said to me: "This matter will be decided after I go back to the alliance and communicate with a few elders, this matter is not a trivial matter, it is better to be cautious." ”

After that, I asked Master some questions about space, because as my skills deepened, I saw more and more spaces, and I needed to organize them systematically.