Li Yuming summoned Liu Chuanzhi and Yao Jinbo overnight, and the three of them discussed until the early morning of the next day. And in the court meeting the next day, Li Yuming's first order since he was crowned king was issued, which was to build a fifth-class, that is, the prince and the prince.

One of the political hierarchies of ancient Chinese society. The pre-Qin lordship system and the hereditary patriarchal and feudal systems were mutually reinforcing, and the title was often a sign of political power. The post-Qin knighthood system (divided into knighthoods and titles) was different from the pre-Qin lordship system. Jue does not have an administrative function, but is mainly used to determine the hereditary political status and economic rights of the royal family and meritorious officials.

The records of the knighthood in the pre-Qin literature are mainly found in Mencius: Wan Zhangxia. The Zhou Daijue said that there were six sons of heaven, dukes, marquis, uncles, sons, and men. The later "Book of Rites and the Imperial System" except for the Son of Heaven is divided into sons and men, that is, the so-called duke, marquis, uncle, son, and male five lords. Scholars still disagree on the accuracy of the pre-Qin lordship system reflected in the literature. However, with reference to the oracle bones and gold inscriptions, it is certain that the Xia Jue system is unknown, and the details of the commercial system are difficult to understand.

The Shang system, as recorded in the literature, is Hou, Dian, Nan, Wei, and Bangbo, all of which belong to the "foreign princes" located outside Wangji. The oracle bone data of Yinxu show that the "multi-party" or "multi-state party" outside the Yin state was often the enemy state of the Shang kingdom's conquest. Their rulers are called "Fang Bo" or "Bang Bo", such as Ren Fang Bo, Qiang Fang Bo, Yu Fang Bo, Zhou Fang Bo, etc. The rulers on the border of Yin State and within the state are called Hou and Bo respectively, such as Qi Hou, Dog Hou and Jing Bo, Song Bo and so on. They were the feudal lords of the Shang kingdom, and they were often ordered by the Shang kings to conquer many parties, and the Shang kings often sent troops to help in the expeditions. The difference between the titles of Fang Bo and Hou and Bo reflects the difference in the relationship between these monarchs and Shang kings.

According to the Spring and Autumn Jue of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it can be roughly divided into six levels: king, duke, marquis, uncle, son, and male:

king

The king is in the jurisdiction of the Zhou Dynasty, and the king refers to the son of Zhou Tianzi. There are also a few kings who are not the Son of Heaven, such as Wang, King Lu, King Feng, etc., all of whom are the leaders of Rongdi. The princes who were called kings in the Spring and Autumn Jin texts were still limited to the barbarian monarchs who had a relatively thin relationship with the Zhou family, namely the four kingdoms of Xu, Chu, Wu, and Yue.

public

The high position of the Son of Heaven is called the prince, and there are Zhou Gong, Zhao Gong, Bi Gong, Ming Gong, Jing Gong, Mao Gong, Rui Gong and so on. It can be affirmed that the princes are Song Gongxu (Song Pinggong), Song Gongcha (Song Yuan Gong), Song Gong ■ (Song Jinggong), and Song Gongde (Song Zhaogong).

marquis

In the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the most common title was Hou. What Jin Wen saw was mainly the princes surnamed Zhou who were sealed at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, such as Yanhou, Luhou, Kanghou, Xinghou, Caihou, Tenghou, Yuhou, Xunhou, Zenghou, etc. The monarchs with different surnames who are called marquis, except for Jiang Qi, who has an unusual relationship with the Zhou family, and Tian Qi, who replaced him, are mostly after the previous emperors who were praised at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, or the countries that have long existed "first sealed", including casting, Chen, Ji, etc. After the princes of the Qi Huan Guild League respected the king of Zhou together, the king of Zhou gave a reward for being promoted to a knighthood, from a marquis to a duke. and married his daughter to Duke Qi Huan, and married by Princess Lu, a prince with the same surname.

uncle

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, most of the princes who were called Bo were the kings of small countries with few records in the literature, and some were feudal monarchs of Jinnai, such as Rongbo, Jingbo, Dubo, Shanbo, Sanbo, Zhengbo, Guobo, Yibo, etc. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the monarchs who were clearly called Bo mainly included Zheng Bo and Cao Bo. When King Zhou Ping moved eastward, the Qin State was rewarded with a first-class promotion, and he was changed from a viscount to an earl.

child

The sons in Jin Wen clearly belong to the titles, mainly Beizi and Shenzi. The other sons in the literature have not yet been corroborated by gold texts. The official books of the beginning of the monarch of the state of Chu are recorded as viscounts. Later, his monarch requested to change the title and failed to do so, and he proclaimed himself the king of Chu.

man

The only baron seen in "Spring and Autumn" is Xu Guo. In 1967, Mawang Village, Chang'an County, Shaanxi Province, unearthed a bronze tripod made by a man in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, which confirmed that Xu Guojun's title was indeed a baron.

During the Warring States Period, in addition to the Chu State and the Yue State had already claimed the king, Wei, Qi, Zhao, Han, Yan, Zhongshan and other countries also claimed the title of king in the middle of the Warring States Period, breaking through the title of princes since the Western Zhou Dynasty. Various countries have successively carried out reforms, abolishing the traditional system of Shiqing Shilu, establishing centralized bureaucratic rule, and implementing a system of lordship that adapts to it. The rank of Sanjin, Yan and Qi is still generally still Qing and Doctor. The highest title of Chu is called Zhiqi, and the situation is more special. After the Qin Dynasty changed the law from the Shang Dynasty, the twenty-rank lords who rewarded military merits were implemented: Gongshi, Shangzao, Hairpin, Bu Change, Doctor, Official Doctor, Gong Doctor, Gong Cheng, Five Doctors, Left Chief, Right Chief, Left Chief, Middle Chief, Right More, Less Shangzao, Da Shangzao, Carriage Chief, Dashu Chief, Guannei Hou, Che Hou. Qin 20th rank military meritorious, accumulated knighthood to Guannei Marquis (19th level), Che Marquis (20th level), you can eat rent tax or food estate; From the eldest chief to the eighteenth rank of the public servant, "it is like a servant".

Han dynasty

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, in addition to the twentieth rank of the lord, he was successively divided into different surnames and kings with the same surname. The kings were knighted, with a strong sub-feudal system, which was compatible with the centralized system. Emperor Wen, Emperor Jing, and especially Emperor Wu pursued a policy of reducing feudal domains, limiting and weakening the power of the kings. At the same time, the liehou (formerly known as the Marquis of Che, changed to avoid Emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty) was also separated from the twentieth rank of the lord, and together with the prince, it constituted a knighthood system. From the Guannei Marquis downward, it is a knighthood system. The main rights and interests of a knighthood over a knighthood are: the enjoyment of a feudal state or a feudal estate; Placing official dependents; The title is hereditary; food and clothing tax; It has a high political status.

The knighthoods of the two Han Dynasty are mainly kings and marquis, in addition to the princess Tang Mu Shiyi. The number of princes and princes varies according to the level of the lord, but the right to appoint them is in the center. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, it was customized, "non-Liu Beiwang" (later evolved into non-prince and not king), "non-merit and non-marquis". The object of the king's conferral is the prince, and the princes are mainly awarded meritorious heroes with different surnames, and the princes and concubines are also the princes. At the beginning of the princes, the princes and kings established the country in a region, and crossed states and cities, forming a trend of tail greatness. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented the policy of Tui'en and analyzed the country, and the kings established the country with counties. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty Liu Xiu had abolished the prince and named the Nine Emperors as the princes of the country, and then restored the old ones. Except for Wang Mang and Cao Cao, who were called kings by powerful ministers, heroes with different surnames could only be named liehous. Liehou, in the Western Han Dynasty, was mostly a county state, and there were also people who ate the township pavilion, but there was no township marquis, pavilion marquis. To the Eastern Han Dynasty, the liehou was officially divided into counties, townships, and pavilions. Those who have great merit eat the county, and those who have small merit eat the township pavilion. After the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, political corruption, there were a large number of foreign relatives marquis, eunuch marquis, and grace marquis, although it was contrary to the principle of "no merit and no marquis", but the order of the county, township, and pavilion marquis did not change.

The title is passed on to the heir, and the primogeniture system is adopted. Concubines and grandchildren generally do not have the right to attack the lord. If there is no son-in-law to attack the lord, the feudal country will be cut off, which is the so-called "childless country except". When the emperor and important heroes are "absolutely unique", in order to show their favor and special circumstances, they can also be attacked by their concubines and grandchildren, which is the so-called "Shaofeng succession". The rights and interests of the feudator are lower than those of the normal raiders, and they only eat half of the country's rent. In addition, the princess soup can also be inherited by the princess's son, but it is not common.

The Han Dynasty knighthood system had a great impact on later generations. Important principles such as the princes not being involved in political affairs, only food, clothing, rent and taxes, not being a prince and not a king, not being a meritorious, having no children in the country, and being a succession to Shaofeng, were all followed by later dynasties to varying degrees.

The two Han Dynasty and the nineteenth rank were knighted, and the title was the same as that of Qin. Anyone who is knighted can be "guilty to be reduced", and those who have no knighthood are soldiers. Among the nineteen ranks, the ninth rank (five doctors) and above are high lords, also known as official lords, and have the privilege of exemption from military service. The main way to obtain the rank of official is by virtue of military merit. The eighth level (public passenger) below to the first level (public scholar) is a low lord, also known as the civil lord, and the main way to obtain the civil lord is to give the world the civil lord due to special gifts and disasters. The legal system stipulates that when a civil lord is higher than the eighth rank, he must transfer his relatives, so unless there is a special reason, a civil lord generally cannot be promoted to a knighthood. Another way to obtain a knighthood and a civil lord is to buy a knighthood. Emperor Liu Heng of the Han Dynasty implemented the precedent of entering the Su Baijue and selling the Jue. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty specially set up the eleventh rank of martial arts knight and sold it at a price to alleviate financial difficulties. In the future, there were repeated edicts to sell knights, and the granting of knights tended to be indiscriminate. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the knighthood had become an "empty document" and was no longer valued by the people of the time. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the knighthood system was abandoned.

On the occasion of the Wei and Jin dynasties in the north and south of the Wei and Jin dynasties, the fifth-class knighthood was set up, and the second-class knighthood of the king and the liehous since the Eastern Han Dynasty became the king, the fifth-class knighthood, and the three-level knighthood of the liehous. The Northern Dynasty abolished the liehous, and the king and fifth-class titles became the main titles.

The kings were knighted. In the Western Jin Dynasty, there were kings, county kings (divided into large, secondary, and small), and county kings, and the number of households in each was different. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, only the usurpers with different surnames in the early Chan Dynasty were crowned kings, such as Liu Yu was crowned King of Song, and Xiao Daocheng was crowned King of Qi. Under normal circumstances, the prince can be crowned the king of the county (also divided into three levels: large, second, and small). In the early period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were many kings with different surnames, but those who attacked the lords were demoted to dukes. Xiaowen was restructured, and only the clan was crowned king, and according to the distance between relatives, it was divided into a feudal king, a second feudal king, and a third feudal king, and was also a county king. In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, above the county king, there was another king, and the object of the title was the prince. The political rights and interests of the kings varied from dynasty to dynasty. The Kingdom of the Western Jin Dynasty can be placed in three armies, two armies, and one army respectively according to the large, secondary, and small ones, and they can choose their own officials. In other dynasties, there was no right to own troops or to choose their own officials. However, the fact that kings could participate in politics and lead troops out of the town was a common phenomenon in all dynasties during this period. Cannibalism occurs from time to time, constituting a political pattern in which kings interfere in politics and chaos govern.

Fifth-class knighthood. Cao Wei has the titles of Xianggong and Tingduke. In the first year of Xianxi, the Sima clan who was about to replace Wei was set up with a fifth-class knighthood. The fifth-class knighthood adopts the names of the duke, marquis, uncle, son, and male in the "Zhou Li", and each rank is divided into large and sub-secondary, with a total of five grades and ten grades. Each level of knighthood has the number of feudal miles and the number of households, with the difference between Fang Wuli and 200 households, which is in order. The fifth-class knighthood is above the second place, and the rank is lower than that of the kings, but there is a higher "Lu Fengli rank" than the liehous, among which the duke and the marquis can be placed in an army. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the fifth-class knighthood no longer demarcates the number of feudal miles, and the major and secondary levels are combined into one, all of which are based on counties or counties, and the words "founding" are crowned before the title. The three levels of uncle, son, and male were knighted, and the rank was also reduced from second to third, fourth, and fifth respectively. In the later period of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the indiscriminate sealing was excessive, so the county prince was established above the county prince, and the important heroes such as the general of the pillar country were sealed. The order of the fifth-class knighthood is: Guogong, County Duke, County Duke, County Marquis, County Uncle, County Son, and County Male.

Liehou. In the Wei and Jin dynasties, there were counties, townships, and pavilions, and their rank was below the fifth-class knighthood. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, the county marquis and the "marquis" in the fifth-class knighthood were one, and only the township and pavilion marquis remained. The Marquis of the Northern Dynasty.

Under the lieu marquis, there are still the marquis of Guannei, the marquis of Guanzhong, and the marquis of Guanwai who belong to the knights.

In terms of innovation, there was a "food sharing system" and a "virtual sealing system" during this period. The "food sharing system" refers to the fact that the princes withdraw the tax of the food households at a certain rate of food rent. For example, the princes of the Western Jin Dynasty ate one in three; The Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties ate one of the nine points; The king of the Northern Wei Dynasty eats one in two points, eats one in three points for the male, eats one in four points for Hou Bo, and eats one in five points for the son. "Fictitious feudal system" refers to the feudal lord who has no feudal food and no rent tax. It differs from the knighthood system in that it can be hereditary. The typical false feudal system is the scattered lords of the Northern Dynasty, such as the scattered duke, the scattered marquis, the scattered uncle, and so on. In the early years of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, due to limited taxes, the founding of the country was knighted "although the tin was made of thatched soil, but no rent was given". In the second year of Baoding, Emperor Wu of Zhou ordered the princes of all countries to send food to other counties and collect their rents. The number of households is only one-tenth of the number of households in the original food town. This kind of example of closing households as virtual and sending food households as real provides a reference for the future food rent tax method of combining virtual and real.

The Sui and Tang dynasties were slightly the same as those of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. The king changed his name to Prince (正一品) to make him the prince; The king of the county (from the first product) was awarded the clan, and after the middle of the Tang Dynasty, there were also people with different surnames who were crowned the king of the county. Abolished county king. Wang is the following Guogong (from the first product), the founding county prince (Sui from the first product, Tang Zheng second product), the founding county prince (Sui from the first product, Tang from the second product), the founding county Hou (Sui Zheng second product, Tang from the third product), the founding county Bo (Sui Zheng third product, Tang Zheng fourth product), the founding county son (Sui Zheng fourth product, Tang Zheng five products), the founding county male (Sui Zheng five products, Tang Cong five products), a total of nine levels, mainly awarded different surnames. The ninth-level knighthood, and "the establishment of a knight without land, the official is not in office", compared with the Han and Wei dynasties, its political and economic functions are significantly weakened. The number of households at all levels of the knighthood "has a lot of false names, and those who eat real food are real households". The way of real food and real sealing is also to "divide the counties", and no longer directly collect taxes from the feudal country. The main economic rights and interests of the knight are to obtain Yongye Tian by virtue of the knight's goods, and the amount is: 100 hectares for the prince, 50 hectares for the prince of the county, 40 hectares for the prince, 35 hectares for the county prince, 25 hectares for the county duke, 14 hectares for the county marquis, 10 hectares for the county uncle, 8 hectares for the county, and 5 hectares for the county man. After the collapse of the Junda system, the princes no longer received Yongyetian.

Li Yuming adopted the Zhou system, so he was given the fifth rank, the prince and the boy.