One New Year, Xu Chuan stayed at home until the Lantern Festival, Xu Xiao's girl had started school, and he hadn't set off yet.

Originally, he was going to return to Jinling on the eighth day of the first lunar month, but the analysis of inert neutrinos entered a critical juncture after the New Year.

For him, as long as the computer is usable, there is not much difference between processing this data at home and processing it in Jinling.

So he stayed at home and continued to complete the analysis.

.......

With his previous understanding of inert neutrinos, Xu Chuan could easily find the things he needed from the data analyzed by NTU.

This process is like panning for gold in a small river containing gold sand, using the most primitive tools to wash out the fine gold particles hidden in the multitude of gravel little by little, gather them together, and finally smelt into gold bricks.

Of course, sifting through the vast amount of collision data is much more difficult than panning for gold from river sand, especially when looking for an entirely new particle.

Although theoretical physics sometimes analyzes and speculates on the characteristics of targets, in fact, no one knows what the characteristics and information of such target particles will look like in high-level collisions.

It's like panning for gold, where gold that was originally brilliant may now be black or yellow, and more likely to be similar in shape to sediment......

In this case, it is no less difficult to accurately distinguish it than to let people fly into the sky without even giving wings.

Fortunately, he had enough inert neutrino information in his head to know each of its known forms.

........

In the study, Xu Chuan holds the mouse in his hand and manipulates Adobe Illustrator to pull up the last pixel on the Daritz map.

Click, save, and when a new image is generated in the folder called 'Inert Neutrino Daritz', he sits up straight and breathes a sigh of relief.

This is a very common particle resonance Darlitz diagram, which shows the interaction of the resonance states of the final particles in the particle collider, the angular distribution of the final particles, and the matrix element structure of the physical process collected by the ATLCE detector.

Judging from the energy level data, there is nothing worth analyzing or noting.

But on the key curve that shows the resonant state, it has a corner that is not very noticeable.

If you open all the other Daritz diagrams in this folder, you will be surprised to see that the dots are connected into a [ arc].

This is exactly how the resonance state of an inert neutrino behaves.

Of course, strictly speaking, a Daritz diagram cannot fully represent the properties of inert neutrinos, after all, it is designed to be a two-dimensional graph that describes the density distribution of physical events.

In addition to the invariant mass and kinetic energy that can be expressed in the Daritz diagram, there are some other information that cannot be described.

Of course, this has something to do with the LHC detector, and the current detectors use scientific and technological means that cannot observe dark matter at all, and naturally it is impossible to display all the information completely.

But it is enough to convince the public, or to convince them that this is a completely new particle that has never been discovered and found in physics so far.

With the current amount of data, combined with his analysis and theory, the confidence level of the existence of inert neutrinos has reached more than 3 sigma.

Sigma is a standard deviation used in statistics to express the degree of dispersion of data, which is expressed in the Greek alphabet by σ.

If you have studied probability theory, you are certainly no stranger to this thing.

In statistics or probability theory or other classes, a very common sentence is called the 3sigma principle, that is, the confidence level above 3sigma is already very high, and it can be considered basically correct.

3SIGMA, also known as the "standard deviation triple method", is a statistical criterion used to measure the normal range of a particular sample combination for a particular test item.

The 3σ calculation formula works so that if the standard deviation of the results of a test is s, then 99.7% of the results will be within the range of ±3s.

Therefore, if the standard deviation of a test is equal to 1, then 99.7% of the test results will be between mean±3.

If you don't understand these things, then the simplest thing you can understand is that 3sigma means that the probability of this happening is more than 99.73%.

Of course, in the field of physics, especially in the fields of high-energy physics and particle physics, the confidence level of judging the existence of a new particle must be at least 5 sigma.

The 5-sigma confidence level can be understood as that the observed result is 99.99994% true, but there is a 0.00006% chance that the result is actually an experimental error.

It's like the Higgs particle.

In fact, the Higgs particle had been observed many times before it was officially announced in 2013, but the confidence level was lower than 5sigma.

If the confidence level is less than 5sigm, then this phenomenon is called a "sign" in high-energy physics or academic circles, and cannot be determined as a "discovery".

It wasn't until 2013 that the Large Hadron Collider's Superconducting Ring Field Detector Experiment (ATLAS) and Compact Particle Coil Experiment (CMS) teams published preliminary results showing that a new particle exists in the mass range of 125 to 126 GEVs, with a confidence level of 5.1 sigma.

Only then did it completely confirm that the Higgs particle had been discovered.

In particle physics, 5 sigma is considered a threshold for discovery, which almost means that there is more than 99.9999% certainty.

To that extent, you can confirm that this is a new type of particle, and not an experimental error, or something else like interference.

For Xu Chuan, the things he made in his hands are obviously less than the standard of 5sigma confidence.

But he is confident that with the help of this data, the observation of inert neutrinos will be included in the collision arrangement in subsequent collision experiments.

With more data, he can make more confidence and find the inert neutrino out of the hidden void!

........

With a smile on his face, Xu Chuan checked all the Dariz diagrams and data that had been drawn, and after confirming that there were no problems, he said goodbye to his family and set off for Jinling.

The Daritz diagram and the required data have been created, and all that remains is to compile these things into a report file and then talk to them.

But before he could get to work, a call came to his phone.

"Hey, hello." Xu Chuan answered the phone and asked.

"Hey, Professor Xu, I didn't disturb your research." On the other end of the phone, a voice with a smile came, and when he heard this voice, Xu Chuan immediately knew who the other party was.

"No, no, Minister Qin, do you have anything to do with me?" Xu Chuan hurriedly said.

"That's right, about the letter you wrote a few years ago, as well as the scientific and technological achievements of nuclear waste research, there are still some places that the Ministry of Science and Technology may not understand, I don't know if Professor Xu has had time recently, we would like to arrange someone to communicate with you here."

After a pause, Qin Anguo added: "Of course, if you don't have time, you can talk about it after a while." ”

Xu Chuan thought for a while and said, "How long will it take?" ”

Qin Anguo said with a smile: "It won't be very long, maybe two or three days, after all, you can't delay your research." Mainly about the conversion of radiant energy, there are still some things that you don't understand that you need to explain. ”

Xu Chuan nodded and said, "Okay, when will the people you arranged come over?" ”

Hearing this, Qin Anguo quickly said, "If it's convenient for you, how about I arrange to come to you tomorrow?" ”

"Okay, then I'll wait at home." Xu Chuan responded.

"Excuse me, Professor Xu, then I won't bother much here."

.......

Hanging up the phone, Xu Chuan looked at the phone with a black screen and smiled.

The letter he sent to the above a few years ago unsurprisingly attracted attention.

Think about it, too, how can you not be tempted by a technology that can absorb radiant energy.

Not to mention its economic value, it is enough to make people salivate when applied to some aspects.

Shaking his head, Xu Chuan began to write a report on 'inert neutrinos'.

With all the materials ready, a day was enough time for him to perfect these things.

After processing the report materials of the inert neutrino, the next day, the people arranged by the Ministry of Science and Technology also rushed over.

.......

"Minister Qin, Academician Peng....... Welcome, welcome, welcome. ”

In the courtyard, Xu Chuan greeted the personnel arranged by the Ministry of Science and Technology with a smile, and what he didn't expect was that Qin Anguo, the leader of the Ministry of Science and Technology, actually came over in person.

"Hahahaha, Professor Xu, long time no see, this past New Year is good." Qin Anguo walked up quickly, warmly held Xu Chuan's hand and greeted him with a smile.

Xu Chuan smiled and said, "It's good." ”

Qin Anguo laughed, turned around and introduced to the people behind him, "This is Professor Xu." ”

"This is Academician Peng Hongxi, you have known each other for a long time; This is Wang Yangang, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, who mainly studies the field of electromagnetism; This is Jia Lin, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, who mainly studies materials science and optoelectronic technology; This is Academician Fan Pingbo of the Aviation Research Institute........."

Xu Chuan smiled and stepped forward to greet them one by one: "Academician Peng, Academician Wang, Academician Jia......."

In this exchange, there are only four people brought by Qin Anguo, but all four of them can be said to be the top of the pyramid in their respective fields, and the so-called essence is not much.

After saying hello to a few people and greeting them, Xu Chuan brought the group into the villa.

........

In the villa, after a brief chat, the group entered the main topic.

Qin Anguo cleared his mind, straightened his posture and asked, "I came to disturb you this time, I have a technical and theoretical question about radiation utilization, and I want to consult it." ”

Xu Chuan nodded and said, "You say." ”

Qin Anguo said cautiously: "In the "Nuclear Energy β Radiation Energy Aggregation and Conversion Mechanism Project", Professor Xu has developed a 'radiation gap' technology specifically for β rays and γ rays, which can absorb and use radiant energy and convert it into electrical energy. ”

"We want to know if this technology can be applied to traditional electromagnetic waves, extremely short radio waves, infrared rays and other fields."

"If so, what should we do?"

......

When the words fell, several people in the living room turned their eyes over.

As for the technology of radiation energy absorption and conversion, the kind of 'radiation gap zone', several people here have permission, and they have also learned some information.

However, due to the fact that this technology belongs to the latest cutting-edge technology, Xu Chuan is the only one who has mastered it, and even if everyone has read some of the information, they do not know it in detail.

At least they can't think of what to do in the direction they need to apply it in a short period of time.

If you are given enough time, you may be able to find a way to do your research.

But the above can't wait that long, after all, this is related to the performance of stealth fighters, and the sooner it can be developed, the better.

】

Originally, the senior management planned to consult Xu Chuan as soon as possible after the New Year, but when he contacted Zheng Hai, he received feedback that he was doing his own research, so he waited patiently until he returned to Jinling, and then called to communicate.

......

Hearing Qin Anguo's question, Xu Chuan smiled and said, "It's all my own people, and it's safe enough here, so I'll order it directly." The above is to apply this technology to stealth coating materials, right? ”

Qin Anguo nodded, but it was the academician named Fan Pingbo of the Aviation Research Institute who replied.

"Yes, we need this new material, and a few years ago, you provided a copy of the 'Radiation Gap Material,' and we tested it and found that it absorbs β and γ rays quite high, reaching an astonishing 40 percent."

"If it can be converted into the absorption of traditional electromagnetic waves, extremely short radio waves, infrared rays and other radiation, it will be a huge change in the stealth material industry."

"You know, stealth is the hallmark feature of fifth-generation fighters, and it is also a key factor in determining whether a fighter can take the initiative in modern air combat."

"The higher the stealth capability, the more the fighter will be able to evade the detection and lock-on of enemy radars, thereby gaining a head start and advantage."

"The stealth paint can usually contribute about 10% of the efficiency in the stealth effect of the stealth fighter, which is already a very important component for the stealth effect."

"If we can increase 10 percent to more than 40 percent, it will be a qualitative leap."

"So ........"

Academician Fan Pingbo explained succinctly, and Xu Chuan asked with some curiosity: "Do traditional stealth materials account for such a low proportion of the stealth effect of stealth fighters?" Only ten percent? ”

He didn't know much about these things, after all, they weren't in his domain, but he vaguely knew that the coating on the stealth fighter had a great impact on the stealth effect of the fighter.

As soon as Fan Pingbo said that it was only ten percent, he was very surprised, he originally thought that the stealth effect of the fighter basically depended on the stealth coating.

Fan Pingbo explained with a smile: "Professor Xu, you may not know much about this aspect, ten percent, this is still four generations or more to achieve the effect. ”

"For example, the most famous B-2 in the United States, although it is a second-generation stealth aircraft, its stealth performance has surpassed that of the traditional fifth-generation aircraft."

"According to our understanding, it uses a variety of composite stealth materials, but even so, the coating only accounts for about 15 percent of the overall stealth performance in the stealth effect."

After a pause, he continued: "Even so, the stealth coating used on B2 is still the most advanced level in the world. ”

"In comparison, the current stealth coating materials in our country are indeed much worse, so we urgently need a new type of stealth coating materials to break the restrictions of the other party."

........