Last time, it was said that Emperor Chongzhen gained a lot after receiving the guidance of the baby at the banquet, not only vigorously promoting the new policy in the court, but also attaching importance to the new army.

"There's a book! Retreat from the dynasty without capital! With the attendant eunuch "Wang Gonggong" screaming like a duck, the whole hall was silent, and after a while, no one continued to perform the chapter, so Emperor Chongzhen stood up and said loudly, "Scatter the dynasty!" As soon as the words fell, he took Queen Zhou's hand and left from the side hall.

"The emperor is driving, the regimental camp official hall!" The eunuch Wang Gonggong was still screaming at the duck's throat. And Emperor Chongzhen, accompanied by Empress Zhou, met with the concubines outside the side hall, and took a chariot and sedan chair to the "regimental camp official hall", that is, the recruit training ground, one of the "Tongzhou Five Guards" dozens of miles outside the capital.

At the beginning, the Ming Dynasty reformed the military system of the Yuan Dynasty and created a unique "guard system", that is, the emperor monopolized the military power and set up guard posts in key places across the country. This system played a huge role in maintaining the centralized rule of the Ming Dynasty's absolutist monarchy.

The military system of the Ming Dynasty was divided into the guard system, the tuntian system, and the recruitment system. The types of armies are divided into border armies, Beijing armies, local armies, escort armies, etc. In 1368, after Zhu Yuanzhang unified the country, he adopted the suggestion of the strategist Liu Ji and established the "Military Health Law" to establish health centers throughout the country to control the key points. There is a metropolitan governor's office in the center.

In the thirteenth year of Hongwu (1380 AD), it was changed to the "Governor's Mansion of the Five Armies", that is, the five "Governor's Mansions" of the center, left, right, front and rear armies, which was the highest military organ of the imperial court and was in charge of the military registration of the national guard. Conquest, suppression, training, etc., were under the orders of the military department. In the event of war, the military department was ordered by the emperor to transfer the army, appoint a leading officer, send a letter to Yin, and lead the army transferred from the guard to the battle. At the end of the war, the leading officers were handed over to the imperial court, and the officers and soldiers returned to the guard post to be stationed.

This separation of the "power to unify the army" and the "power to transfer the army", as well as the system of "generals not to specialize in the army, and the army not to be private generals", was intended to ensure that the Ming emperor could have absolute control over the entire army. At the local level, Zhu Yuanzhang set up the "Metropolitan Command and Envoy Division" for short, and set up the "Commander Envoy" as the highest local commander of the army.

Under the "capital division", the "prefectures" in the key areas include "prefectures directly under the central government", and counties (prefectures) are placed with "guards" or "offices". The general "guard" is led by the "guard commander", and has 5 "thousand households" under its jurisdiction, with a total of 5,600 people; The "Thousand Households" are led by the "Thousand Households", with 10 "Hundred Households" and a total of 1,120 people, while the "Hundred Households" are led by the "Hundred Households" and have jurisdiction over 2 "General Banners", with a total of 112 people; The "General Banner" has jurisdiction over 5 "Small Flags", with a total of 50 people; "Small Flag" 10 people.

In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu (1393), the number of "capital divisions" and "health offices" in the country was determined, and a total of 17 "capital divisions", 3 "Xingdu divisions", 1 "left-behind division", 329 "internal and external guards", and 65 "guarding thousands of households". At this time, the total number of standing troops in the Ming Dynasty reached more than 2.7 million, and the strength was strong!

At the same time, the Ming Dynasty army was divided into two parts: the "Beijing Army", also known as the "Beijing Army" and the "Local Army". The "Beijing Army" is the elite of the national "Guard", which guards the Beijing Division in peacetime and the main force in wartime. However, with the passage of time and the influence of the DPRK policy, the combat effectiveness of the "Beijing Army" gradually declined.

In the early years of Hongwu, there were 48 guards in the "Beijing Army" of Gongwei Yingtianfu. After Ming Chengzu Zhu Di moved the capital to Beijing, because the Beijing division was close to the front line of the Great Wall, the Beijing army had as many as 72 guards, and the three battalions of "Five Army", "Three Thousand" and "Shenji" were formally established. Among them, the "Shenji Battalion" has mastered all kinds of firearms, which is the focus of this innovation.

In peacetime, the five military battalions practiced the "battalion formation", the 3,000 battalion commanders "patrol posts", and the Shenji battalion held "firearms", and they drove with them in wartime. In the future, the Beijing military system will be more relaxed. In addition, there are also 12 guards such as "Jinyi Guard" and "Jinwu", "Yulin", "Tiger Ben", "Fu Army" and other 12 guards, as well as 4 guard battalions such as "Wu Xiang and Teng Xiang" under the "Imperial Horse Supervisor". This shows that the "Beijing Army" is trustworthy in terms of equipment literacy and comprehensive combat strength.

"Local armies" include "guards", "border soldiers" and "militia". The "Guards" are deployed in various important military towns in the interior and in important coastal defense areas in the southeast.

The "border soldiers" are the "garrison troops" that specialize in defending against the Mongolian cavalry in the north, and are deployed in nine military towns from the Yalu River in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, and are known as the "important towns on the nine sides" in history. "Militia" refers to the armed forces outside the military and set up by the government to maintain local law and order, and in the mainland they are called "Minzhuang", "Yiyong" or "archers", "machine soldiers", and "fast hands". In the northwest borderland, it is called "native soldiers"; In the ethnic minority areas of the southwest, there are "Miao soldiers", "wolf soldiers" and other "Tusi soldiers".

In addition, there are also "mine soldiers", "salt soldiers", "monk soldiers" formed by different industries and classes, such as "Shaolin soldiers", "Wutai soldiers", etc., in case of war, they are often called out, and they still return to their original sites after the war. At the same time, the "guards" were mainly "infantry troops" and "cavalry troops", and there were also "naval divisions" along the southeast coast.

The government of the Ming Dynasty once ordered Fujian, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang coastal guards to build ships to resist the Japanese, so that the "water division" has achieved great development. The weapons and equipment of the "guards" not only include well-made cold weapons such as swords, rattan cards, bows and arrows, and guns and crossbows, but also "firearms" have accounted for a large proportion, such as bronze guns, iron guns, mines, and various types of artillery. The central government of the Ming Dynasty also set up two bureaus, "soldiers" and "weapons", which were responsible for casting "firearms" to supply the local garrison.

In the Ming Dynasty, the provinces of the Ming Dynasty also set up miscellaneous bureaus to manage the repair of weapons in the "guards". At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the "Wei Army" mainly came from the "Conscription Army" that followed Zhu Yuanzhang's uprising, the "Affiliated Army" that surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty and the separatist forces, the "Grace Army" that was reprimanded for crimes, and the "Duo Ji Army" that suppressed the enlistment of civilian households.

"Stacking" was originally a way to suppress the allocation of civilian households to supplement the army when there was a shortage of military quotas. After the imperial court promulgated the "Stacking Order", it became the main method of collecting "guards". According to the provisions of the "Stacking Order", 3 households are 1 unit, of which 1 household is called a "regular household" and a "military officer", and the rest are "subfixed households". When the army dies, the household is supplemented.

Since the Yongle Dynasty, the strong men of the "main household" and the "sticky household" have taken turns to replace the army, and the military and the civilian are strictly separated. When the military family is included in the "military registration", called the "military household", it belongs to the "metropolitan governor's office", is not subject to the control of the local administrative officials, preferential exemption from the slightest difference, its identity and economic status are different from the private household.

The "military households" are fixed to undertake "military service", and the father dies and the son succeeds them, serving as soldiers for generations, and living in designated "guard posts" with the army. If the entire family of the "military household" dies or flees, the government will send personnel to the hometown to make up for the relatives or replace the household, which is called "Gou Army" or "Qing Army".

The "guards" of the Ming Dynasty "implemented the "tuntian system". According to the regulations, the border army guards the city in three points and the tun in seven points; The inland army is divided into two to defend the city, and eight is divided into tun. Therefore, each soldier was given a share of the land, and the government provided cattle, farm tools, and seeds, and requisitioned grain according to the portion.

During the period from Hongwu to Yongle, there were about 8.9 million hectares of "military tuns" in the country. In addition to a large number of "military tuns," the government also implemented "merchant tuns" as a means of subsidy, that is, according to the "open the middle law," merchants recruited people to reclaim land in the border areas to pay for grain to supplement military rations. In this way, everyone is happy.

After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, due to the occupation of a large number of tuntian by the gentry and generals, and the destruction of the "Kaizhong Law" and the abolition of Shangtun, the soldiers fled in large numbers because of their lives, although the "guard system" gradually collapsed. In the 14th year of Orthodoxy (1449), the "Civil Engineering Rebellion" occurred, which led to the destruction of the Beijing army.

In order to defend the Beijing Division, the imperial court sent officials to recruit troops to meet the emergency, and implemented the "recruitment system" on a large scale, so "recruitment" gradually became the main force of the army. Most of the armies with strong combat effectiveness are recruited, such as the "Qi Family Army" of the famous anti-Japanese general Qi Jiguang, Yu Dayou's "Yu Family Army" and other private soldiers.

However, with the implementation of the "conscription system," the cost of raising troops was large, the number of recruits increased, and the state treasury became increasingly scarce, so frequent extortion from the people intensified class contradictions. In the last years of the Ming Dynasty, the training of the recruited soldiers was slack, the combat effectiveness weakened, and they fled one after another, vulnerable to a blow, and finally could not save the Ming Dynasty from destruction.

In the Ming Dynasty, the "Jingshi Jingying" was also known as the "Three Major Battalions", including the "Five Military Battalions", "Three Thousand Battalions" and "Shenji Battalion". The "five military camps" are divided into the central army, the left and right sides, and the left and right posts. In addition to coming from the "Beijing Division", the sergeants were also transferred to the "Central Capital Left-behind Division" and Shandong, Henan, and Daning Divisions to guard the horses and infantry officers and soldiers in the three capitals, and took turns to guard and train in the Beijing Division, so they were called "squad troops", just like "shifts on duty".

Subordinate to the "Five Military Battalions" are also the "Twelve Battalions" that are in charge of the officers and soldiers of the horse riding team, the "Wai Executioner Battalion" that is in charge of training the straight fork knife hand and the officers and soldiers of the Beijing Guard Infantry Corps, and the "Young Officials and Scholars" are loyal and "serve the righteous battalions".

The "3,000 Battalion" consisted of 3,000 cavalrymen and was divided into five divisions, which were in charge of the emperor's banner, public uniforms, soldiers' golden drums, and imperial treasures. "Shenji Battalion" was once named because of the use of troops to hand over the address of Vietnam, the method of obtaining firearms, and the establishment of camps, which is also divided into the middle army, left and right, left and right.

The Chinese army of the "Shenji Battalion" is divided into "four divisions," and "three divisions" are set up for each of the sentry and outposts, and they are in charge of firearms such as guns and artillery. Also subordinate to the battalion were the "5,000 Battalion," which was in charge of firearms exercises and accompanying officers and soldiers of the escort horse corps. The "three major battalions" each have "Admirals and Ministers", "Military Ministers", and "Commanders of the Commanders".

Each army and each department has different "battalion officers", "generals", "commanders", "gun supervisors", "generals", and "cards". In the Hongxi period (1425 AD), the imperial court ordered a military minister to prime minister the "camp administration" of the three battalions. In peacetime, the 5th Military Battalion practiced the battalion formation, the 3,000 Battalion practiced patrolling, and the Shenji Battalion practiced firearms. However, when the emperor personally marched, the three battalions were guarded in the emperor's camp, generally the "Shenji battalion" was outside, the "cavalry battalion" was in the middle, and the "infantry battalion" was inside.

When the three battalions were first established, they were quite combat-effective. However, in the "civil engineering change", the main force of the "three major battalions" was completely depleted. At the time of Jingtai, Yu Qian, the "secretary of the military department", reformed the establishment of the Beijing battalion and selected 100,000 elite people from the three major battalions. It is divided into ten battalions for regimental training in case of emergency call, and is called "ten regimental battalions".

The "Ten Regiments and Battalions" are commanded by a chief military officer, and one person is the "Admiral" under the supervision of the "Minister", "Military Department Shangshu" or "Metropolitan Imperial History". Each battalion is divided into "Governor", "Commander of the Command", "Commander", "Commander", "Leader", "Battalion" and other officers. The regulation of the "Beijing camp" has changed so far, and at the beginning of Tianshun, the "ten regiments and battalions" were dismissed.

At the beginning of Chenghua, the old system of "Ten Regiment Battalions" was re-established, and in the second year of Chenghua (1466 AD), the "Ten Regiment Battalions" were abolished, and the "Twelve Regiment Battalions" were relocated in three years, and increased to "Twelve Regiment Battalions", which were named "Fen", "Yao", "Lian", "Xian" four "Martial Battalions", "Dare", "Fruit", "Effect", "Drum" Four "Brave Battalions", "Li", "Stretch", "Yang", "Zhen" Four "Wei Battalions". The 12 regiments and battalions were divided by the 12 marquis, with the command of the capital and the internal ministers. Each regiment and battalion is divided into five armies, three thousand, and three battalions. At the time, it was called "Choosing the Front".

At the beginning of Zhengde, because the "12 regiments and battalions" only selected 60,000 and 500 sharp soldiers, the number was not enough. As a result, the imperial court transferred tens of thousands of border troops to the Weijing Division, named the "Outer Four Families", and set up two "official halls" in the east and west, the "East Official Hall" to drill the "official army" selected at the beginning of Zhengde, and the "West Official Hall" selected regimental battalions and warriors and four guards for drills.

From then on, the "Two Official Offices" were called "Xuanfeng", and the "Twelve Regiment Battalions" were called "hometowns". In the 29th year of Jiajing (1550), the imperial court abolished the "regimental camp" and the two "official halls" due to financial constraints, and restored the old system of "three battalions" in Yongle.

But the difference is that the imperial court renamed the "Three Thousand Battalions" as the "Shenshu Battalion", and its "Three Battalions", the names of the sentry, the sentry, the sentry, and the "ministers" were all cut and reformed, and the commander was called the "Governor Jingying Rongzheng" with a member of the general, and the assistant was called "Associate Jingying Rongzheng" with the assistance of a member of the civil minister. It has "deputy staff" and other officials.

All the soldiers of the two official halls of the "regimental battalion" belong to the "five military camps", while the treasures and banners are still subordinate to the "Shenshu battalion". In the late Ming Dynasty, the "three major battalions" added "monitoring ministers", and the battalion affairs were all under the command of "middle officials". As for Nanjing's "Jingying", Yongle set up "garrison officer moderation". At the beginning of Hong Xichu, he was guarded with his ministers.

At the end of Xuande, there was a "counselor maintenance officer". Jingtaijian, add "coordinated garrison officer". At the end of Chenghua, he ordered the "Nanjing Military Department Shangshu" to be the counselor of the aircraft. The Nanjing "Beijing Battalion" is mainly responsible for training the "officers and soldiers in shifts" of the Nanjing Zhuwei Institute in large and small teaching grounds, and at the same time the "Nanjing Shenji Battalion" is also drilled.

In addition, the imperial court also set up the "Chihe Camp" in Jiangbei, and guarded the city and the mausoleum. In the twenty-fourth year of Jiajing (1545), the imperial court set up the "Zhenwu Battalion", and selected the sharp soldiers of each battalion in Nanjing and Ding Zhuang of "Huai'an Mansion" and "Yangzhou Mansion" to fill the position. The "Chihe Battalion" and the "Zhenwu Battalion" each have 3,000 battalions.

During the Longqing period, in order to save military expenditures, the imperial court dismissed the "Zhenwu Battalion", but its pawns were still subordinate to the large and small teaching fields and the "Shenji Battalion". "Jingshi Jingying" and "Nanjing Jingying" are the main force of the Ming Dynasty, after the "Civil Engineering Change", but Jingtai, Hongzhi, Longqing and Wanli in the middle and late periods, the camp affairs are reorganized, quite invigorated.

Since then, due to the corruption of the government and government, the corruption and incompetence of the battalion commanders, the shortage of funds, and even the arrears of military salaries, the combat effectiveness of the two "Beijing battalions" has deteriorated.

In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), the peasant rebel army led by Li Zicheng entered the "Juyong Pass", and when it arrived at Shahe, "the Beijing army went out of the palace", but without a fight, it was defeated and returned only when it heard the sound of cannons, and there were countless people who trampled on each other and harmed themselves! Therefore, in another time and space, due to the weakness of the "Beijing Army", the Ming Dynasty perished.

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