Last time, I mentioned that the Ming Dynasty's attitude towards the nomads of the steppe has always been tough, but later it replaced the offensive with defense, which was far inferior to the "Houjin" strategy.

After 1387, the Mongol headquarters fell into a split, and after several years of fighting, it finally formed three major parts. Among them, the eastern part of the Mongolian Plateau is occupied by the Tatar Department; Occupying the western part of Mongolia is the Oirat Department, which is called "Warat" in Ming Dynasty historical sources; Occupying the upper reaches of the Liao River is the Wuliang Habu.

The three Mongol tribes fought each other and their strength was seriously weakened. Among them, the Uliang Habe was the weakest, and because it was close to the ruling center of the Ming Dynasty, it could only obey the Ming Dynasty. And the long-term enemies of the Ming Dynasty are the Tatar and Warat Ministries, but the Tatars and Warats are also fighting each other.

In 1405, there was a coup d'état within the Tatar Ministry. Arutai killed Guilichi, and Benyasuri, a descendant of the Yingyuan Dynasty, became Khan. In 1509, Ming Chengzu Zhu Di sent an envoy to visit the Tatar Ministry, but was killed. Ming Chengzu Zhu Di was furious when he learned the news, so he sent troops to conscript.

At that time, Ming Taizong Zhu Di ordered Qiu Fu, Wang Cong, Huo Zhen and others to lead 100,000 elite cavalry into the desert to expedition to Tatar. As a result, the army was wiped out soon after it went deeper. In the second year, Ming Chengzu Zhu Di personally led an army of 500,000 to the north to conquer Tatar, and was invincible until he reached the Difficulty River.

The Tatar army was defeated, and Benjamin fled and was killed by Warat. Arutai was forced to submit to the Ming Dynasty and was canonized by Zhu Di as the "King of Hening".

However, Arutai's submission to Zhu Di was only a stopgap measure, because after the Ming Dynasty army withdrew from the desert, Arutai continued to attack along the Great Wall.

After that, Ming Chengzu Zhu Di personally conquered the Tatars three times and dealt a major blow to the Tatar department, and Arutai was also killed by Wara in the escape. From then on, the Tatar tribe fell into a long period of division and rapidly declined. However, in this way, the Moxi Mongolian Warat Department was able to rise rapidly.

The power of the Varat was initially much weaker than that of the Tatars, and was divided into three divisions. Therefore, in the early years of Yongle, he asked for "Gongma to be sealed". As a result, the Ming Dynasty canonized its three leaders Mahamu as the "King of Shunning", Taiping as the "King of Virtuous and Righteousness", and Polo as the "King of Nule". However, while the Tatar tribe was rapidly declining due to the Ming Dynasty's attack, the Warat tribe gradually became stronger. In 1510, Warat attacked and killed the Tatar Benjamin, and detained the Ming Dynasty envoys and invaded the south.

Therefore, Zhu Di, the ancestor of the Ming Dynasty, marched north to Wara in 1414, and the troops reached the Tula River. After this campaign, the Warat tribe also declined for a while, and took the initiative to ask for the canonization of the Ming Dynasty. However, after the death of the great leader of Warat, Mahamu, his son Tok Yu succeeded to the throne, and he began to grow stronger.

In 1434, Arutai attacked and killed the Tatar tribe and "collected his troops". Soon after, Tokkay annexed the other two parts of Warat. Since then, Warat has unified the Mongolian plateau. However, while the Warat state in the north was becoming stronger, the Ming dynasty in the south was rapidly declining.

In 1435, the first "faint monarch" and "traitor emperor" of the Ming Dynasty - Zhu Qizhen of Ming Yingzong succeeded to the throne. He reused the eunuch Wang Zhen, built a large number of buildings, and spent the people's fat and anointment, which led to the rapid corruption of the rule of the Ming Dynasty. The turning point in the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and Mongolia - the "Tumubao Change" took place.

In 1439, he died and his son succeeded to the throne. There is no rush to attack the Ming Dynasty first, but to further unify Mongolia. At that time, there were still many Mongol tribes in the northwest and northeast, and they had to be unified first, and after they were integrated into a strong enough force, they could go south to attack the Ming Dynasty and restore the Yuan Dynasty.

In the west, there were many Mongol forces in Hexi and the Western Regions, even after the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty was unable to conquer these areas due to the lack of war horses and cavalry, so it canonized its leader as the "Chief of the Wei Chief", and nominally established the so-called "Seven Guards of Guanxi" such as "Shazhou Wei", "Handong Wei", "Hami Wei" and "Chijin Mongolian Guards", but in fact did not garrison troops. Therefore, when they first pushed their forces here, these Mongol tribes surrendered one after another.

In 1445, it also brought Shazhou, Handong, Chijin Mongolia and other Western Regions "forces" to besiege Hami, and the Ming Dynasty could not rescue due to the long distance, resulting in the fall of Hami. In the east, it also attacked the Uliangha in 1446, but the Ming Dynasty did not dare to rescue, so the Uliangha returned to Mongol control.

At this point, the Mongolian Plateau has been completely unified. However, in order to obtain the wealth of the Ming Dynasty, he first sent an embassy to the Ming Dynasty to "pay tribute", and the scale of its tribute ranked first among all countries. After 1439, more than 2,000 missions were sent to Beijing every year. For the sake of face, the Ming Dynasty will inevitably give high returns to the tributary states. Only in Datong, the Ming Dynasty was forced to give 300,000 taels of silver every year to send it away.

But the first envoy not only lied about the number of people, but also increased the amount of returns, thinking that if the Ming Dynasty gave less in return, he would have an excuse to send troops to attack the frontier of the Ming Dynasty, causing the Ming Dynasty to be exhausted and helpless. Thus, in 1449, the Ming eunuch Wang Zhen suddenly reduced the amount of return to Mongolia. This led to the fact that Yexian immediately led the three-way army to attack the Ming Dynasty, and finally ignited a major war between the Mongols and the Ming Dynasty.

So, Ming Yingzong and Wang Zhen led an army of 500,000 to Datong, showing off along the way, not following the form of the art of war, exposing the weakness of their infantry corps in front of the enemy's cavalry corps.

After that, he also led a large army to continuously attack Beijing, the capital of the Ming Dynasty, and most of the officials of the Ming Dynasty advocated moving the capital to Nanjing when they saw that the situation was not good. Thanks to his hard bones, he dragged the empress dowager and the ministers of the court and the central government to stick to Beijing, and appointed Zhu Qiyu, the younger brother of Yingzong, as the new emperor, and finally won the victory in the defense of Beijing.

He also saw that Beijing could not be breached, so he decided to put Ming Yingzong back, wanting to cause civil strife in the Ming Dynasty. Sure enough, soon after Ming Yingzong returned, there was a "change to seize the door" and re-became the emperor, Yu Qian was also killed, and the Ming Dynasty also entered the dark age of eunuch dictatorship.

Since then, the Ming Dynasty has officially gone into decline. However, just as Warat was in full swing, he also began to be arrogant and arrogant, becoming more and more arrogant, and desolate to wine. In 1455, he was also killed by his subordinates, which led to the rapid collapse of Warat, and the Tatar tribe began to rise again, so it attacked the Walla tribe in turn. In 1465, the Tatars occupied the Hetao Plain. Since then, the Hetao area has become an important base for the joint invasion of the Ming Dynasty by various Mongolian tribes.

In 1487, the famous "Dayan Khan" of Mongolia began to govern himself, and under his leadership, the Tatars completely defeated the Warat tribe. In 1506, "Dayan Khan" and Khan conquered Yismayin, Huosi, and Yibra, and unified Monan, and was called "the lord of Zhongxing" by the tribes of the steppe.

After the death of Dayan Khan, Mongolia was divided into more than 40 tribes. However, his grandson "Altan Khan" was the strongest, and finally unified the tribes of southern Mongolia (Inner Mongolia), and his power stretched from Xuanhua and Datong in the east, to the Hetao in the west, to the Gobi Desert (desert) in the north, and to the Great Wall (border wall) in the south.

At this time, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty was Jiajing, and he was really still a faint monarch. At this time, the great traitor Yan Song and other dictatorships were in power, and the government was more corrupt than during the Ming Yingzong period. At that time, the Ming Dynasty's annual military expenditure on resisting the Mongols was about 6 million taels of silver, but it was ineffective, because "Altan Khan" continued to attack Shanxi and other places in order to achieve the glory of "restoring the Yuan Dynasty", and the Ming Dynasty's insightful man Zong Zeng Mill, who advocated the recovery of Hetao, was even killed by Jiajing.

In 1550, "Altan Khan" led his troops to attack Datong, and Yan Song's son Yan Shifan actually bribed "Altan Khan" with money to attack other places. As a result, the "Altan Khan" turned to attack Beijing, and the Ming Dynasty army defending the Beijing division was about to collapse at the first touch, with no combat effectiveness at all, and it was embarrassing.

"Altan Khan" led a large army to the city of Beijing, and the 100,000 troops in Beijing were "too cowardly to fight". As a result, Emperor Jiajing finally bribed a large amount of money to get the "Altan Khan" not to attack the palace, and the "Altan Khan" also robbed in Beijing. This incident was called the "Gengxu Change".

Since then, the "Altan Khan" has continuously attacked Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei and other regions of the Ming Dynasty, making the Ming Dynasty miserable. It was only when Ming Muzong succeeded to the throne that the politics of the Ming Dynasty improved, and the border defense was strengthened. In the eighteenth year of Jiajing (1539), Zhu Zaikun was named "King Yu". In the twenty-eighth year of Jiajing (1549), Zhu Zaili, the prince of Zhuang Jing, had no children and should be appointed as the "crown prince" in order, but Ming Shizong never established a new prince, and his younger brother "King Jing" Zhu Zaizhen also coveted the throne. In the forty-fourth year of Jiajing (1565), Zhu Zaizhen died first.

In December of the following year (January 1567), Ming Shizong died, and Zhu Zaikun was able to ascend the throne and changed the yuan to "Longqing", which was "Ming Muzong".

During his reign, he appointed political affairs to ministers such as Xu Jie, Gao Gong, Chen Yiqin, and Zhang Juzheng, promoted the advantages and eliminated the disadvantages, and reused Tan Lun, Qi Jiguang, Wang Chonggu and other commanders to strengthen border defense. After some rectification, the national situation of the Ming Dynasty has improved significantly, and the two major events of "Longqing Switch" and "I Answer the Tribute" have been realized, which laid the foundation for the next "Wanli Zhongxing" situation. Because he himself was too indulgent, his body deteriorated, and he finally died!

On May 26, the sixth year of Longqing (July 5, 1572), Zhu Zaijun died at the age of Chinese New Year's Eve, with the temple name "Muzong" and the nickname "Emperor Qitian Longdao Yuan Yi Kuanren Xianwen Guangwu Chunde Hong Xiaozhuang Emperor", and was buried in the Ming Zhao Mausoleum of the Thirteen Tombs. Although Ming Muzong was short-lived and had an inappropriate private life, he still played a role in stabilizing the political situation of the Ming Dynasty. At this time, "Altan Khan" could not gain much advantage over the war of the Ming Dynasty, so he decided to negotiate with the Ming Dynasty.

The final results of the negotiations were: first, the Ming Dynasty opened its borders to Mongolia for trade; Second, the Ming Dynasty canonized "Altan Khan" as "King of Shunyi"; Third, the Ming Dynasty provided Mongolia with a large amount of money every year, nominally called it "city reward". After that, there was generally a long period of peace between the Mongols and the Ming Dynasty.

It can be seen from this that in fact, in the end, the Ming Dynasty used money to maintain a stable situation in the north, which is similar to the Northern Song Dynasty's payment of "New Year's coins" to the Liao State and Western Xia, but the Ming Dynasty has an advantage in face. Of course, compared with the military expenditure of several million taels of silver in the past, these "city rewards" are extremely cost-effective, because after doing so, they can save at least 600,000 taels of silver in military expenses for the Ming Dynasty every year!

In the late Ming Dynasty, with the rise of Lin Dan Khan, the Ming Dynasty's "city reward" was all given to Lin Dan Khan, after all, the purpose of the Ming Dynasty in addition to bribing their northern Xinjiang from the invasion of nomads, but also wanted to sit on the mountain and watch the tiger fight, so that Mongolia could fight each other, so the "city reward" was as much as more than 1 million taels of silver! At first, this was only a means to sow discord among the "Tatars", but then the money was given too much and could not be less, so they reaped the consequences!

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