Shah Mamat and Le Yasit are both monotheistic, and it is not clear whether their gods are the same because Zhu Yijun is not a theology major.

But there is one thing that Shahmat and Li Yashi agree on, that is, the power and power controlled by the Ming Emperor are human gods.

Especially at this time, the Ming Emperor had absolute control of the Jingying.

The Pope had at most three infantry battalions, but the Ming Emperor had thirty infantry, chariot, and cavalry battalions, as well as an elite sailor of 30,000 people.

I heard that the Ming Dynasty is expanding the recruitment of water masters, and it is also necessary to establish a school in Beijing and the water division to teach and solve doubts.

The power in the hands of the gods of the world is still increasing, violence is not omnipotent, he cannot solve all problems, but without violence, it is absolutely impossible.

Therefore, Shahmat was shocked by the audacity of Nurhachi, the messenger, and each of these seven deadly sins is deceiving the heavens!

Zhu Yijun's name is justified, and he still reassures several envoys, the Ming Emperor can obviously be unreasonable, but he is still so reasonable!

The capital of the Ming Dynasty is full of the joy of the New Year, even the cold after the heavy snow can not stop this kind of festivities, every household has changed a new couplet, some of the big families, and even hung up the red lanterns, the air is filled with the smell of firecrackers, obviously someone violated the ban and lit fireworks in the city, the streets are on both sides of the shouting vendors and the accumulation of snow, a few children who are frozen to the cheeks red, with these snow, piled up a snowman of different shapes, and then from the mother's severe reprimand, Wind chill is still a life-threatening disease in this era.

The fireworks in the world are the most soothing.

Zhu Yijun likes this kind of Ming very much, he is doing his best to protect this peace, just like the marquis of the pier platform galloping on the grassland, the soldiers guarding the beacon tower, the coastal defense patrol who chops the wind and waves on the sea, the fireman and the captain who are still patrolling at night to prevent fires, and even those guest soldiers who are drunk and dreaming in the flower building, they are guarding this world.

Nurhachi was detained in the Relief Courtyard, and did not cause any turmoil in the court, thanks to the emperor's murder, not nonsense, not capricious, the evidence is conclusive, and the courtiers are speculating that Nurhachi is unlucky, ninety percent because he can substantially threaten Li Chengliang's dog raised outside the Saiwai - Nikan Wailan, Li Chengliang wants to act as an old lady in Liaodong, so naturally he can't do it.

This kind of speculation is based on practical considerations, there are so many tribes in Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen, Savage Jurchen, and Dongyi, Nikan Wailan is the most powerful branch, why does this Nurhachi represent the Jurchens to pay tribute?

What's more interesting is that every time Li Chengliang celebrates his birthday, these tribes have to go to Tielingwei to give gifts and kowtow to Li Chengliang, and these slave chiefs are called Li Chengliang's old lady.

And some of the courtiers thought that it was not so complicated at all, Nurhachi dared to move the distant marquis of Duntai, and he was known by the Ming Emperor, so he had to bear this wrath! In the conflict outside the Tieling Great Wall, Da Ming captured a lot of prisoners!

There is no courtier who dares to rescue a slave chief who dares to bully the king, disobey, rebel, transgress the ban, disturb the border, be unjust, and unjust, and take his own future or even his own life for a wild dog who doesn't know where he came from.

In addition, Wan Shihe took these seven sins, and published a long article analyzing the charges in his own name in the miscellaneous newspapers of Quanjin, Quanchu, and Quanzhejiang, so no one committed this confusion, Wan Shi and this emperor's old dog, can say that the dead are alive, and the officials hate it so much, but they are helpless.

can only hate, looking forward to Wan Shihe dying quickly, because the quarrel really can't quarrel with this Wan Shihe.

It is even said that even the Rouyuan people, the banner of the Nine Classics of Righteousness, the Confucians can't carry it, because His Majesty is really a Rouyuan person.

Siyi Pavilion lives so many envoys of Fanguo, since the opening of the sea, the Ming Emperor in order to make the Ming atmosphere from conservative to open and inclusive, condescending to these envoys so polite, these many envoys, even the nonsense of Gaoqiao Tonghu can return to the Wa Kingdom, others are fine, others are living in the Siyi Pavilion, the same pavilion, why you Nurhachi live in the Solution!

Have you ever reflected on Nurhachi, is it your own problem?

Nurhachi provoked the wrath of the heavens, and he was really to blame.

Emperor Daming before the Chinese New Year, unusually busy, he went to Daxing Nanhaizi, here is the family of the distant marquis of Duntai who does not collect at night, he walked quietly here, went to the school, went to the granary, and occasionally walked into a family at will, and chatted with some family members, Zhu Yijun of course knew that for the purpose of welcoming the inspection, when he came, it would be better here, but it was enough, seeing the new shoes on the child's feet, Zhu Yijun showed a satisfied smile.

The widows and children of the two Duntai Yuanhou who died in the dense forest outside the Tieling Great Wall, Zhu Yijun saw it, in order to save these two Duntai Yuanhou, the Ming border army did its best, and even took twelve guest soldiers to the border army, but they were not saved.

If Zhu Yijun was there, he knew that it was a trap and a trap, and he would have to save it, but those seventy soldiers, since they were out of the jam, they had made up their minds, and if they didn't go back, they would never go back.

The widow has no complaints, she can tell the two children that their father is a great hero, a great hero recognized by the imperial court.

Zhu Yijun sat in the big driver's jade chariot, when he came last year, the girl accompanied, this year the queen is going to give birth, the emperor can only come to visit these widows alone, he sat in the big jade chariot, and did not leave immediately, with a lot of thoughts.

Thou shalt not worry about thy wife, and thou shalt not worry about it.

This sentence is Zhu Yijun's promise to all the marquis of Duntai, these marquis of Duntai died generously for the country, and it is the obligation of the Ming Dynasty to support his wife and children.

"Let's go back to the palace." Zhu Yijun looked at the small city of Nanhaizi, every time he came here, he would not feel lonely, he could feel that someone was following him, forging ahead, guarding the quiet years of the Ming Dynasty.

"Let's go!" Feng Bao shook off the dust and shouted in his voice, and the emperor's guard of honor began to move forward.

Zhu Yijun went to Wuyinglou outside Beitu City again, and summarized this year with the soldiers, the Daming Beijing camp is not triumphant, it never moves, there is no high-intensity war, there is a low-intensity public security war to fight, there are daily transfers, the Beijing camp is swinging, but whenever there is news that there are mountain bandits and robbers, the Beijing camp will be dispatched to exterminate them.

The thieves and robbers in the entire Yanshan and Taihang foothills, people are numb, what level are they?! They are just small grass cowards, worthy of the heavenly soldiers and generals of the Ming Jing Battalion?? Where did they get their face?

Suppressing bandits must be suppressed, and if you don't suppress them, you can't do it!

Qi Jiguang let the Beijing battalion attack everywhere, in fact, it is not idle to consume grain and grass, its main purpose is a total of three, the first is to train the Beijing battalion soldiers, pull, march, station, prepare for battle, after normalization, for tough battles can also be dealt with as usual, this is to accumulate combat experience;

The second purpose is to fulfill their promises, to save the head of Qian, it is never an empty word, these bandits and robbers exist, and the people who suffer the most are the poor and coolies, those officials and gentlemen, there are servants and families, and the people are the most likely to be robbed;

As for the third purpose, it is to deter, which is what Qi Jiguang did not say.

The Ming army is full of prestige, the emperor, auxiliary ministers, courtiers, and courtiers are clear, but the local officials, luxury households, and people are not clear, and the frequent dispatches and transfers make the Ming army appear in front of everyone in a physical sense, rather than on the words and commentaries, and feel the appearance of the Ming army in a physical sense, so that those careerists who are about to move are afraid, this is Qi Jiguang to fulfill his promise and report to the Son of Heaven.

Report to the Son of Heaven and save the head of Qian.

Qi Jiguang and Zhang Juzheng are also very similar, they never let their words fall to the ground, Zhu Yijun and the two teachers are also very similar, saying that if they send people to the Jieyuan as specimens, they will never break their promises.

Promises are meant to be kept, otherwise why promise? To draw flatbread? Painting a big pie is to make people desperate, in order to unite people's hearts, but the big cake that can be drawn cannot be realized, and the loss of people's hearts will only be more.

Promise ≠ fart.

Zhu Yijun watched Wuyinglou for a long time, and remembered the back-and-forth of the land covering luxury households in Liangguang over the years, Yin Zhengmao, Ling Yunyi, and Wang Jiaping were governors in Liangguang and carried out a large-scale social comprehensive practice.

As the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yijun lost his trust in the country, and the people's hearts were suspicious, and he understood these eight words more deeply.

Zhu Yijun went to the Xishan Coal Bureau again, the heavy snow closed the mountain, and the road up the mountain was not easy to walk, but Zhu Yijun still went, and chatted with the kiln people for a long time, a kiln farmer mixed loess into the crushed cinder, so that the plasticity of the cinder increased, and the combustion was more stable, and won the reward of the Xishan Coal Bureau this year, Zhu Yijun himself took out another hundred silver, and rewarded the craftsman for his ingenuity.

Honeycomb coal, iron stoves, chimneys and other materials made Zhu Yijun feel the warmth in winter, and it was also a turning point for the Xishan Coal Bureau to turn losses into profits.

In the field of investment, losing money ≠ losing money, this is not a joke of the formula, the reality is this situation, especially the investment in the industrial field, the need for continuous investment, expand the scale of production, the profitability of the Xishan Coal Bureau itself, can not support the new coal excavation and new equipment put into use, these years on the books, has been more investment than revenue, Xishan Coal Bureau these years is also panicked, for fear that one day, Ga, will be the imperial court scholars to actuarial calculation.

The emergence of honeycomb coal has made the Xishan Coal Bureau's books look much better this year.

Wang Chonggu got another holy favor, and His Majesty saw that he fulfilled his political commitment, and he has been using the method of resettlement of craftsmen to settle the world's hooligans, exiles, and hooligans.

Yongding River woolen official factory, worsted woolen silk coin career ended, its financial attributes after the thunderstorm, the price of worsted wool fell back to the use value, worsted wool a foot stabilized at about seven coins, worsted woolen tweed is no longer used as silk currency, woolen factory profit growth is lower than expected, but still achieved growth.

Zhu Yijun saw Liu Qiniang again in the Yongsheng woolen official factory, this Oiran of the year, the style is still the same, but there are a little more wrinkles in the corners of the eyes, the years are like knives, leaving traces on the body of the beauty, as a weaver and a teacher, the wind and dust on her body have long disappeared, it's not that no one asks to marry her, it's just that she knows her past and doesn't want to delay others, the child she adopted has begun to dig out bird eggs on the tree.

There are a lot of secret prostitutes around the woolen official factory, Wang Chonggu knows very well, but he can't do anything, this thing is like the grass of the grassland, cut a stubble, the next spring came, it grew another stubble, there was no money to kill, organized abduction and persecution, Wang Chonggu could only turn a blind eye.

"Wang Cifu, what about that son Wang Qian? Why didn't you see it? Before leaving, Zhu Yijun asked with some doubts, Wang Qian, as the second master in Beijing, is very flamboyant, in order to make this unconscious son not end up beheading in the vegetable market, Wang Chonggu likes to take Wang Qian to His Majesty to mix faces.

"He... In the buyers. Wang Chonggu stood behind His Majesty, a little difficult to speak, Wang Qian has this little ability in his life, smashing people with silver, of course, their old Wang family has a big business, and the hobby of smashing people with silver is better than defying the law.

Zhu Yijun was stunned, he didn't receive any news, he asked suspiciously, "For what?" ”

"Ning Yuanhou's flower building." Wang Chonggu explained in detail: "Yuan Fu said to find a family that is going to Tielingwei to bring down the flower building, and those luxury households, as soon as they ask a question, they just refuse to go." ”

"They said that they were colluding with the border generals, and they were afraid of causing the disaster of annihilation, but the minister watched it for a long time, and always felt that it was because he didn't make money, so he was too lazy to go, Marquis Ning Yuan, Your Majesty knows, and if you earn silver there, you can't bring back a penny, so no one wants to."

"The dog has been running around for a long time recently, Your Majesty, I'm afraid it won't work."

Wang Chonggu is very optimistic about Wang Qian's money this time, not that Wang Qian is incompetent, but everyone knows the situation in Liaodong, and it doesn't matter if the profits are thin or thick, and the money earned can't be taken out of Liaodong, and the crime of colluding with the side party and conspiring with people may be deducted anytime and anywhere.

"Sir rarely touches the affairs of businessmen, indeed, if it is not easy to do, there is no need to do it." Zhu Yijun knew that Wang Chonggu had done business all his life, he knew the doorway here too well, Zhang Juzheng had never done business in his life, and he still didn't think about it in this matter.

There are people who do the business of killing heads, and no one asks about buying and selling at a loss.

Zhu Yijun directly made up for it, if it is not easy to do it, it will not be done, and he took back his fate, in the original holy decree, there was no mention of the stubble of the flower building, the governor of Liaodong and the general army have been reconciled, the sale of this flower building, everyone should be good if nothing happened, for the Ming Dynasty at this time, the contradiction between the civil and military forces in Liaodong is the main contradiction, to prevent the civil and military disharmony, to prevent the overall Yidi of Liaodong, is the top priority, is the priority of the priority and urgency.

"Congratulations to Your Majesty." Wang Chonggu is also relieved, Daming is currently under the influence of Zhang Juzheng, and he is a follower, these years, no matter what, incompetence is the biggest original sin, Wang Qian can mess around, but he must not be incompetent.

Zhu Yijun returned to the palace, on the twenty-fifth day of the lunar month, the Ming Emperor began to meet with foreign ministers at the Huangji Gate, Zhang Juzheng as early as the fifth year of Wanli, did not follow behind His Majesty to meet the foreign ministers, Zhu Yijun wanted to fox fake tiger might, the tiger ran without a trace, Zhu Yijun can only be the tiger himself, Wanli six years, all the foreign officials, county officials, elders, and ordinary people announced by His Majesty are no longer selected by Zhang Juzheng himself, but by His Majesty.

"Good, good! Go and bring me sir! Zhu Yijun stood on the gate tower of the Huangji Gate, looked at the group of people below, and said happily.

Feng Bao whispered a few times to the little yellow gate, and several little yellow doors ran to Wenyuan Pavilion like wild donkeys, and His Majesty did a big job when Zhang Juzheng couldn't see it, so that Feng Bao had to let Xiao Huangmen run to Wenyuan Pavilion to invite the ancestor.

He, Feng Bao, is just a eunuch, not a minister of the society, whether His Majesty is good or bad in this situation, Feng Bao knows where he is.

"Taifu! Hurry up and go to the Huangji Gate! The entrance to the little yellow door did not perform a silky little combo, but gasped for breath and asked Zhang Juzheng to hurry up.

Zhu Yijun is indeed a big job, the two halls on the left and right outside the Huangji Gate are now full of people, these people are all people Zhu Yijun wants to see this year, there are three religions and nine streams, officials, merchants, Taoist priests, monks, children, and even luxury households, all of them are separated by screens, and the adjacent ones are by no means people from this state and this mansion, each of them is equipped with a eunuch who can speak dialects to record the issues they are most concerned about.

Zhang Juzheng thought about it for a long time and felt that this was the law of the ancestors.

Since the orthodox years, Empress Dowager Sun broke the ancestral law of the emperor's military horse parade on the grounds that Ming Yingzong was young, and saw that the ancestral law of foreign officials and people was canceled together, and the reason was very sufficient, and the child was still young.

Zhang Juzheng restored the ancestral law of seeing foreign officials and ordinary people, and the emperor himself restored the ancestral law of maneuvering military horses.

And Your Majesty's whole work is not a deviant and unorthodox work, and the most concerned issues of the people are not what Your Majesty needs to know? This is completely in line with the intention of the ancestors to see the foreign officials and the common people, so that the emperor knows what the world is anxious about and what the people are anxious about.

In Guizhou, Yunnan and parts of Sichuan, Zhang Juzheng even encouraged the annexation of luxury households, because in those places, the contradiction between the hereditary Tusi resisting the rule of the Ming Dynasty and the extension of the power of the Ming court was the main contradiction.

For example, only the hanging coffin is left to prove its existence.

"Your Majesty." Zhang Juzheng was outside the Huangji Gate and left and right halls, turned around twice, and when he arrived at the Huangji Gate, he made his evaluation of His Majesty's work.

Your Majesty is already a mature emperor, and he can already collect public opinion on his own.

"Sir, the state has internal funds, and I just want to find a few luxury households to dig their ancestral graves and get some silver flowers." Zhu Yijun said with a smile.

Zhang Juzheng didn't believe it at all, only those cheap Confucians would think so superficially that His Majesty was looking for someone to raid his house, Zhang Ju correctly knew that His Majesty was collecting public opinion, Zhang Juzheng was making a big deal in the court, and the blockage of words was one of Zhang Juzheng's three major sins, and His Majesty was not trying to weaken his authority Zhang Juzheng.

Is it not easy to weaken his authority Zhang Juzheng? Let Empress Dowager Li make a decree, just as he dismissed Gao Gong back then, and Zhang Juzheng was.

Zhang Juzheng held his hand and said with a smile: "Your Majesty is really joking." ”

"I'm serious!" Zhu Yijun explained with great certainty that this was his plan, and he was a little flustered when his internal money was empty.

"yes, really." Zhang Juzheng did not refute, he is very relaxed now, although he is the Ming weightlifting champion, but the two capitals and thirteen provinces are too heavy, and he is breathless, and now His Majesty is lifting weights with him, which is naturally much easier.

"Wang Cifu is on the Tao, and Mr. will help take a look." Zhu Yijun shook his sleeves, took out a book and handed it to Zhang Juzheng, and then said with great concern: "Sir, it's all resting, don't be too tired." ”

Zhang Juzheng, the diligent ruler of the Ming Dynasty, is comparable to Zhu Yuanzhang, the Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, in the two months from November to December of the seventh year of Wanli, Zhang Juzheng wrote a total of 24 letters, posted 8,707 floating tickets, handled more than 140 government affairs on average every day, and wrote more than 140,000 words, which does not include those garbage that only need to be posted blank floating tickets.

The garbage recital is the recital of greeting and talking nonsense.

Zhu Yijun criticized this severely, and criticized Zhang Juzheng, Lu Tiaoyang, Wang Chonggu, Wang Guoguang and Ma Ziqiang, especially Wang Chonggu, as a second assistant, he actually didn't sit a day in Wenyuan Pavilion! None of the donkeys in the mill are so hard.

Zhang Juzheng couldn't refute it, so he could only accept the emperor's criticism, but His Majesty had also dealt with nearly 10,000 letters in the past two months, including those garbage notes from clan relatives and martial artists, and His Majesty's diligence was no different from the donkey in the mill.

Zhang Juzheng opened it and looked at it twice, frowned, and carefully read Wang Chonggu's recital, and then said with great feeling: "Wang Cifu, loyal to the monarch and the country!" ”

In the recital, combined with the data of the household Qingzhang, Wang Chonggu expressed strong concern about the current situation of the Ming Dynasty, thinking that the Ming Dynasty may not be able to be unified, and it is really a big rebellion.

In the seventh year of Wanli, the main areas have completed the Qingzhang, the situation is extremely not optimistic, the official land of the Ming Dynasty is less than one-seventh of all the acres, and a large number of official fields are occupied.

This is not Wang Chonggu in alarmism, but the real status quo, Tian Mu as the largest means of production at the moment, who controls Tian Mu, will control the people, will control the power, the local luxury households dare to coerce the people to respect the greatest confidence is Tian Mu, which represents the loss of administrative power of the Ming Dynasty.

Furthermore, Wang Chonggu further argues for the two main reasons for the loss of administrative power.

One of the main reasons for the loss of administrative power is the rampant corruption in officialdom, the lack of clarity in the promotion mechanism, and the reliance on nepotism.

On the other hand, it is the local power to control the acres of land and usurp the power that originally belonged to the imperial court, and in many yamen affairs such as disaster relief, education and training, military and soldier selection, public security, etc., the local yamen is highly dependent on the support of luxury households, which is the second main reason.

The examination is to be a bureaucrat, anti-corruption and corruption, which is top-down, with the blade inward; The reclaiming of acres of land is a necessary means to further strengthen administrative power.

How much should I get back?

Wang Chonggu believed that official land should occupy at least 30 percent or more of the world's acres of land in order to maintain its basic administrative strength.

Wang Chonggu believes that it is not a good way to levy additional land taxes on acres of land that exceed the standard, and the extra land taxes will be evenly distributed to the people, and the hidden danger of raiding homes is even smaller.

After that, Wang Chonggu made a prospect, with the vigorous development of the open sea, the Ming Dynasty will usher in great changes, if the Ming court wants to be long-term, the main industries, the imperial court must occupy at least thirty to seventy percent, in order to long-term unification, in all the extremely critical industries, to achieve ten percent of the monopoly, such as five-masted ships, firearms, gunpowder, etc.

Only in this way can His Majesty's will be implemented, and His Majesty's holy decree will not be shelved because the emperor is far away.

In the end, Wang Chonggu asked for his life and pledged 1.54 million silver for the construction of the Jingshi, Jimen, and Shanhaiguan gallops.

Long and sparse.

After Wang Chonggu resettled 190,000 displaced people in Datong, Xuanfu and blocked the holes built by the Great Wall, after returning to Beijing, in addition to supervising the Xishan Coal Bureau, the Maoshan Official Factory, the palace complex, and the central axis of the palace, he actually did two things, placing hooligans and supervising officials.

And Changtongshu is the third thing that Wang Chonggu did after entering the cabinet.

Zhang Juzheng shouted: Wang Cifu, loyal to the monarch and the country!

Wang Chonggu didn't want to betray his class of luxury households, but His Majesty gave too much! Just opened the sea to dividends, and it was determined that he would invest in the sea again, this is still Wang Chonggu relying on his identity as the leader of the Jin Party to grab the share, and those Jin businessmen are bold and even dare to slap the table with Wang Chonggu for this share.

The share subscription has just ended, and the one component of the woolen official factory agreed on that year, 270,000 silver, has arrived again!

Wang Chonggu is afraid, this money is too much! He repeatedly asked for a reduction in dividends, but was approved by the emperor: I know.

His Majesty thinks that this is what Wang Chonggu deserves, the woolen official factory is booming, and the investment particles that are bound to be bold and right are not profitable, this is Wang Chonggu's ability, and now the woolen factories that have taken root everywhere in the Ming Dynasty, none of them have the scale and profitability of the official factory.

Wang Chonggu doesn't think so.

Wang Chonggu firmly believes: Now the national treasury, because of the investment of 10 million silver in the opening of the sea in the seventh year of Wanli, has hollowed out the family foundation, Wang Chonggu feels that if he doesn't do something, Tiqi will come to his door tomorrow!

His pig has been fattened enough and has entered His Majesty's slaughter line.

Wang Chonggu put his own silver on the plate, took out most of the silver, and helped the imperial court build a galloping road, which is a horse-drawn road with ballast, sleepers, and iron and wood rails.

Your Majesty didn't worry about their heads and silver coins, he took the initiative to pledge.

The iron and wood track from Jingshi to Shanhaiguan has been inspected by the Ministry of Industry, but the shortage of silver is so bad that it can only be put on hold temporarily.

"The road from Jingshi to Shanhaiguan is called Chonggu Chi Road." Zhu Yijun and Wang Chonggu communicated in the Maowei official factory, and Zhu Yijun originally planned to set up an IOU to repay the loan in 15 to 20 years, or to say that part of the income of Chidao would go to their old Wang family to continue to make profits.

Wang Chonggu knelt on the spot, and kept talking nonsense such as the heart of a minister and His Majesty's spare life.

Zhu Yijun couldn't resist Wang Chonggu, and in the end he could only name the galloping road after him, Wang Chonggu kowtowed three more heads on the spot, that was grateful, old tears, and kept saying nonsense about the minister's liver and brains, and thanking the emperor for his holy grace.

One million five hundred and seventy thousand, is it just the naming right to buy? That is not as simple as the fate of Wang Chonggu's family, in the future, who would dare to say that he Wang Chonggu is a traitor and a minister!

Zhu Yijun thinks that Wang Chonggu is talking nonsense, Wang Chonggu is indeed very rich, and he is not rich enough to rival the country, but he Zhu Yijun never planned to slaughter Wang Chonggu, Wang Chonggu stacked such a thick holy family, Zhu Yijun estimated that it was too troublesome to penetrate these holy families, and there were some troubles.

Zhu Yijun never thought of slaughtering Wang Chonggu, killing pigs for the New Year is indeed a tradition, but Zhu Yijun has never thought about it that way!

He swears!

I came back very late today, and I arrived home at 8 o'clock to ask for a monthly pass!!!!!! Whew!!!!!!!

(End of chapter)