446. Places of interest

On Guangwu Mountain, there is the two kings of the Han Dynasty, which is the east and west Guangwu City where Liu Bang, the king of the Han Dynasty, and Xiang Yu, the king of Chu, are facing each other here. The west city was built by the Han Dynasty and was called the Han King City; The eastern city was built by Chu and was called the king city. There is a big ditch in the north-south direction between the two cities, which is called Guangwujian and is also called the chasm. The mouth of the ditch is about 800 meters wide and 200 meters deep, and there is a chasm village in the ditch. Facing the Yellow River in the north and mountains in the southwest, the terrain is dangerous, and it is the throat of ancient transportation and military fortresses. Liu Bang and Xiang Yu traveled back and forth to Xingyang, fighting between Beijing and Xingyang. Liu and Xiang fought for many years, and the formation of the middle world was divided into the world, with Han to the west of the chasm and Chu to the east. It's a pity that now part of the northern part of the Second King City of Hanba has collapsed into the water. Hanwang City is 1200 meters long from east to west, only 300 meters are left from north to south, the wall collapse is about 30 meters wide, the highest existing place reaches more than 10 meters, and is more than 200 meters higher than the water surface of the Yellow River. The overlord city is 1,000 meters long from east to west, 400 meters long from north to south, the wall is more than 26 meters wide, the width of the city corner is up to 70 meters, and the southwest corner of the city wall is as high as 15 meters. Both walls were rammed layer by layer with loess. Local farmers can occasionally pick up war relics such as iron and copper arrowheads.

After talking about the "gap" between the two cities of Hanba, it is necessary for us to mention the "gap" at the place of the "Hongmen", so as not to confuse it. Speaking of this "Hongmen", it is necessary to talk about the famous "Hongmen Banquet" in history: in the third year of Huhai of Qin II (207 BC), Xiang Yu annihilated the main force of the Qin army in Ju (Ju) Lu (north of Pingxiang County, Hebei), and after leading the army into the customs, Liu Bang was invited to a banquet in Hongmen, which was known as the Hongmen Banquet in history. This Hongmen is Hongmenbao Village, which is about 5 kilometers east of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province. It is connected to the water in the east, the plateau in the south, and the Wei River in the north. Two thousand years ago, here is the avenue leading to the ancient Xinfeng, because of the rain washing, the shape resembles a chasm, at the north end of the exit, the shape resembles a doorway, so it is called "Hongmen". The famous historical allusion "Xiang Zhuang dances the sword, which is intended for Pei Gong." It also happened at the Hongmen Banquet.

Tiger Prison Pass, also known as Wugao Pass, Chenggao Pass, Gukun Pass, Bishui Pass. In Bishui Town, Xingyang County, Henan. Legend has it that King Mu of Zhou "shot birds and beasts in Zhengpu", and once raised the fierce tigers in captivity here, because of the name of the tiger. This pass is located in the throat of the east and west, the south is connected with the Song Mountain, the north rejects the Guangwu Mountain and the Yellow River, the mountains are sandwiched, the dog's teeth are staggered, and it is the place where the soldiers of the past dynasties must fight. Due to its dangerous situation, Qin Shi set up passes and guarded heavy troops. Chu and Han fought here for a long time when they fought for hegemony. During the Three Kingdoms, the three battles of "Liu, Guan, and Zhang" also took place here. During the war of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, this place was a battlefield for Liu Yuan (Xiongnu), Shile (Qian), and Murong (Xianbei). During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, both Liu Song and Northern Wei repeatedly captured this pass in an attempt to eliminate each other. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Dou Jiande and Li Shimin also had a duel here. Sima Guang of the Northern Song Dynasty once inscribed a poem about Tiger Prison Guan and said: "The natural danger is limited to things, it is difficult to name the creation of chemical skills, and the road invites the Sanjin Society, and the power is overwhelming the two rivers." Removing snow and staining withered grass, frightening and breaking the canopy, watching the battle place in vain, the present and ancient times are empty. The existing lotus stele erected in the eighth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (1730) has three big characters on it: "Tiger Prison Pass".

These three monuments soon passed by under the harmless nose of Yah. He has more to go next.

On the second day, Ye harmless arrived in Yanshi County, east of Luoyang. Here, he admired the hometown of Xuanzang, a high-ranking monk of the Tang Dynasty.

Xuanzang's hometown, in Yanshi County, Henan Province (Luoyang East Dozens of Miles) Wushi Town. Xuanzang, 602~664 AD, his real name is Chen Yuan (sound gray, this word is not a shape and sound word!) ), Luozhou Wu Shi (now Yanshi Wu Shi Town), known as the Sanzang Master, Tang monk, Buddhist scholar, traveler and translator. In order to commemorate his outstanding achievements, the descendants built Yongqing Temple here. The main hall in the temple was rebuilt in 1904 in the 30th year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty. The surrounding mountains and rivers are beautiful and the scenery is pleasant. Xuanzang became a monk in the Pure Land Temple in Luoyang since he was a child, and has been engaged in Buddhist research all his life. In the first year of Tang Zhenguan, in 627 A.D., he traveled to India and carefully studied Buddhist scriptures, which lasted 17 years. In the nineteenth year of Zhenguan, that is, in 645 AD, he went to Chang'an, and then was called to Luoyang to see Tang Taizong. In the twenty-second year of Zhenguan, that is, in 648 AD, he moved to the Great Ci'en Temple, where he translated Buddhist scriptures and wrote "The Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty".

After talking about the hometown of Xuanzang of Henan Yanshi, I would like to mention his mausoleum here.

Xingjiao Temple, on the bank of Shaoling Plain, Chang'an County, Shaanxi Province. It is one of the eight major monasteries in Fanchuan in the Tang Dynasty. It was built for the relocation of the bones of Xuanzang, a high-ranking monk of the Tang Dynasty. After Xuanzang passed away, he was originally buried in the Bailu Plain on the east bank of the Chan River in the eastern suburbs of Xi'an; In the second year of the general chapter, that is, in 669 AD, the Xingjiao Temple on the original bank of Shaoling was relocated, and a tower was built to commemorate it. Because of the Tang Suzong Li Heng inscription tower "Xingjiao" two words, hence the name. Now in addition to Xuanzang, peeping base, Yuanshi three towers still exist, other buildings in the Qing Dynasty Tongzhi years were burned down. It was rebuilt twice in 1922 and 1939. Today's main hall, the scripture building and the rectangular pavilion are all modern buildings. In the courtyard of the Ci'en Pagoda in the west of the temple, the highest one in the middle is Xuanzang's relics pagoda, and the left and right are the tomb towers of Xuanzang's two disciples, Peeji and Yuanshi (Silla people), all of whom have stone carved tower names and clay statues.

In the afternoon of the same day, Ye Wuwu came to the eastern capital of Luoyang again. The historical relics here made him nostalgic for a few days.

Speaking of this Luoyang, it should be the second largest prosperous city in the Central Plains, the capital of Chang'an, Xijing, known as the eastern capital, is the political, economic, cultural, and military center hub of the Central Plains, and the authentic capital of the Central Plains, so it is also known as the central capital Luoyang, the divine capital Luoyang. But now it is the first year of Daliang Kaiping, that is, 907 AD. Emperor Zhu Wen of the Great Liang Dynasty enshrined Emperor Li Zhu (chù) of Tang Zhaoxuan Emperor as the king of Jiyin, and everything was as the story of the previous generation, and the old ministers and officials of the Tang Dynasty were the same. Take Bianzhou as the Kaifeng Mansion and call it the Eastern Capital; Luoyang, the eastern capital, is the western capital; Abolished Xijing Chang'an. Therefore, Luoyang evolved from the eastern capital to the western capital. In her, the crystallization of countless history and culture has been condensed for a long time, and it has become a holy site of the ancient capital; However, countless war scars and marks have been branded on her body, which have caused her several times to be riddled with holes. "How many ups and downs in ancient and modern times, it depends on Luoyang, you don't have to go." She used to be in the capital of several dynasties, but once the dynasty changed, it was "the old dynasty will destroy its capital". It is conceivable how many times she has experienced the baptism (ceremony) and torture of historical wars, and how many times the long river of history has caused her to rise and fall! It's no wonder that some people call "Luoyang!" Sunset! For "the place where the sun sets", this is as if to say "the place where the old dynasty sinks"! "The dragon and snake lurk in the shadows, and the government and the field meet and connect the mountains." It is a true portrayal of Luoyang, the ancient god capital.

However, after all, Ye harmless came to study here on the order of his family teacher Cao Luzhuang. It should be said that this is the last stop on the route pointed out by the teacher, and he should turn back after his travels here. If he takes Chang'an in Xijing again, I am afraid that he will violate the orders of his master. What's more, he had been on a trip for seven or eight months. In Wudang Mountain alone, he spent more than half a year, although it was against the teacher's order, but he benefited a lot after all. Later, he followed the old Taoist to refine qi and transform his gods in the deep mountains and forests, and it took him more than a month. However, he has gained a lot from learning art through the guidance of celebrities twice, and it can be regarded as an unexpected experience during his study tour. Because he is good at literature and martial arts, this study tour has made him both civil and military, and has a chivalrous demeanor. Although he was thin and weak since he was a child, his parents did not allow him to practice martial arts, but this time when he went out, he still went with the flow and practiced a good skill "without effort".

This Luoyang City was the last stop of his travels. What will he gain and discover here? With this question, yes harmless once again walked to one by one the eternal scenic spots!

Longmen Grottoes, on both sides of the Yi River, 13 kilometers south of Luoyang City, Henan Province. "Water Jing Note" cloud: "The two mountains are opposite, looking at it, the Yi River flows north", so it is also called "Yi Que". This is a world-famous treasure house of art, and it is also a scenic spot with interesting mountains and rivers. Its grotto statue was created in the Northern Wei Dynasty Xiaowen Emperor moved the capital to Luoyang (493 AD) before and after, after the Eastern and Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang Dynasty more than 400 years of large-scale construction, two mountain cave niches, dense like honeycomb. Its representative caves include Guyang Cave, Binyang Cave, Lotus Cave, Medicine Cave in the Northern Wei Dynasty and Qianxi Temple, Ten Thousand Buddha Cave, Fengxian Temple, Kanjing Temple and so on in the Tang Dynasty, with more than 2,100 cave niches in total, more than 97,300 statues, more than 3,600 inscriptions and steles, and 39 pagodas. The colorful artistic statues created by these ancient masters have become important materials for the study of Chinese history and art. The flying sky in the grotto, or soaring freely in the flowing clouds, or flying in the air with fruits in hand, or playing Lego, or spreading flowers and rain, its posture is light, the elegance of its expression, it is breathtaking. The inscriptions and inscriptions of the Longmen Grottoes, such as the famous "Twenty Products of Longmen" and the "Tablet of Yique Buddha Shrine" written by the famous calligrapher Chu Suiliang in the Tang Dynasty, are all treasures of Chinese calligraphy art.

Guyang Cave, in the south of Longmen West Mountain. It was built around the time when Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved his capital to Luoyang (494 AD). It is the earliest cave excavated in Longmen Grottoes, and the content is relatively rich and colorful. There are three columns of Buddha shrines engraved on the two walls of the cave, and its arch and Buddha statue backlight are delicate and rich, and the patterns are decorated with colorful patterns. The posture of the offering portrait is pious and serious, vivid and realistic, and has a sense of movement. The carvings are dazzling, and they are precious materials for studying the cave art of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The statue inscription in the cave, the calligraphy is simple and ancient, the so-called "Longmen 20 products", of which 19 products are in this cave. It is a treasure for the study of the history of calligraphy.

Binyang Cave, in the north of Longmen West Mountain, its three holes. The middle cave was excavated in the first year of Jingming in the Northern Wei Dynasty, that is, in 500 A.D., and was completed in the fourth year of Zhengguang (523 A.D.), which lasted 24 years and employed more than 800,000 and 2,000 workers. The main Buddha Shakyamuni and his disciples, the two Bodhisattvas, the face is thin and slightly long, the clothes are folded neatly and densely, reflecting the artistic characteristics of the statue of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The north and south walls are one Buddha, two Bodhisattvas, and the cave is carved with lotus flower treasure cover and ten windward and elegant music to support the heavens. The inner wall of the cave entrance is a large relief on both sides, which is divided into four layers: "Vima Change", "Buddha Story", "Emperor Ritual Buddha" and "Empress Ritual Buddha" and "Ten Gods and Kings". However, the large-scale reliefs of the Emperor and the Empress were stolen abroad by the imperialists before the liberation. Therefore, the Chinese should claim them back from the "imperial thieves"; "On the ground of China, you must not be allowed to run rampant!" The South Cave and the North Cave were first carved in the Northern Wei Dynasty and were not completed until the early Tang Dynasty.

Lotus Cave, in Longmen West Mountain. Because there is the Ming Dynasty book engraved "Yique" in the upper left corner of the cave, it is also known as Yique Cave. It was built in the late Northern Wei Dynasty. The statue of the main Buddha Shakyamuni is 5.1 meters high. The face and hands have been damaged, but the hands can still be seen stretched forward, and the right side of the Kaye is holding a tin staff, which may be the "statue of Shakya begging for food". Therefore, in the minds of those who believe in Buddhism, the supreme Shakyamuni was also an ordinary person who went through hardships and crossed over from begging for food. There are many Buddhist shrines in the cave, the composition is exquisite and colorful, there are pointed arches, frieze arches and eaves, there are Yingluo, curtains and Chinese ropes, and there are moire patterns, curly grass patterns and geometric patterns, as well as lotus flowers, treasure phase flowers, etc., the carving is fine, rich in variety. The top of the cave is engraved with a large lotus flower, and the high relief large flying sky next to it is graceful and graceful, elegant and expressive, and makes people yearn for it.

Yaofang Cave, in the north of Longmen West Mountain. It was founded in the late Northern Wei Dynasty and built in the Wu Zetian period of the Tang Dynasty, which lasted about 200 years. The main Buddha, disciples, Bodhisattvas in the cave and the wrestlers and octagonal lotus pillars outside the cave are all works of the Northern Qi Dynasty, with a variety of artistic styles, and it is the only larger cave with the statue of the Northern Qi Dynasty in the Longmen Grottoes. The prescriptions engraved on both sides of the cave entrance for the treatment of more than 140 kinds of diseases such as malaria, nausea, distress, thirst, and plague are the works of the Tang Dynasty and are important materials for the study of ancient Chinese medicine.