PS: I regret to my classmates that I am still too susceptible to external influences. Because of the 300 tons of gold incident, the crazy cat has been sprayed in the past two days, and even his own books have been delayed. I'm sorry you despise me, -_-b

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What are the navies of the countries doing on the "Navy Holiday"?

The first answer is to take advantage of the loopholes in the treaty. The second answer is to take advantage of the loopholes in the treaty. The third answer is to take advantage of the loopholes in the treaty.

Truth be told, the Washington Treaty is far from perfect, and according to the British Foreign Secretary, it is so porous that elephants can tap dance in it. Of course, the great powers that signed the treaty are not fools, and the appearance of such a big loophole is of course deliberate, and it is the result of the wisdom of the big hooligans.

But these loopholes can only be exploited by the big hooligans, and other little fart countries will be sucked to death if they dare to play like this. This is called "the punishment is not the eight constants, and the etiquette is not inferior to the black uncle".

Although the big hooligans are all playing side games and taking advantage of the loopholes in the treaty, no matter how you say it, there are still its limitations, at least you can't go too far. Therefore, this treaty on the limitation of naval armaments still plays a great role, the most obvious is that for the restrictions on tonnage and main gun caliber, although everyone is playing with scales, there are still restrictions.

Since there are restrictions on tonnage and caliber, the main energy of everyone has shifted to how to increase the combat effectiveness of warships as much as possible on the basis of these restrictions. In order to achieve this goal, the navies and designers of the great powers have come up with all kinds of methods, all kinds of brain-opening ideas, all kinds of strange ideas, which are simply everything, and there are countless of them.

Playing scales on displacement is just the most basic means, if more than one or two percent of the people can turn a blind eye, pretend not to see, the unspoken rules, everyone plays like this. But you can't play too much, generally speaking, exceeding the standard of two achievements is the limit, and any more is to treat others as fools.

Therefore, in order to improve the combat effectiveness of warships, it is not enough to just play tricks with scales, and the most important thing is to develop various new subsystems. Weapons, armor, power, fire control, sighting, and even living facilities, and even food, etc., were all the objects of study by the great powers. China, the United States, Britain, Germany, and Japan are all conducting in-depth research in these areas, and of course, the number and progress of research projects depend on their respective economic and scientific and technological strengths.

The first thing everyone started to do was the weapon system, and it was true that the caliber of the main gun was limited, but there was no limit to the size and ammunition. Therefore, the great powers first worked this, and the current mainstream of large-caliber main guns is 45 to 50 times the diameter, so some countries began to study the main guns of 55 times the diameter or even higher.

In addition, there is the issue of ammunition, and the experience of the First World War has let everyone know that this shell is also very critical, especially the opium cow, which is even more painful. Their fiasco in Jutland, the lack of armor-piercing shells accounted for at least half of the factor. There is also the problem of artillery strength, some people think that they can work the propellant, and it is also a good way to "take drugs" for the cannon.

As for aspects such as armor, power, fire control, observation and sighting, etc., each country also has its own abacus and various brain holes, so I will not go into detail here. However, there is a more unified improvement, that is, everyone's capital ships have completely abandoned coal-fired boilers and kerosene mixed boilers, and all switched to oil-fired boilers. This is also quite normal, because at the same power, the tonnage and space occupation of an all-oiled boiler is minimal, which is especially important in the current era of tonnage, not to mention the other advantages it brings.

Another point is that all the capital ships have been aerospaced, and the battleships of all the great powers are equipped with seaplanes, even if they were not designed before, they have been quickly made up in recent years. This is also a lesson learned from many naval battles in World War I, after many exercises after the war, the US Navy came to the conclusion that battleships with exactly the same performance carried seaplanes were about 30% more effective than those without aircraft.

It's also good to not be able to build new ones at will, which allows you to devote more resources to research. It is precisely because of this that countries have begun to blockade their advanced technologies, and the good old days of "as long as you have money, you can buy technology and products" have come to an early end.

For example, before the war, the British could install German boilers on their warships, and German warships could be equipped with British steam turbines, and now there is no such good thing. Of course, those who will have this kind of distress are at least second-rate or above powers, and countries that are too weak do not have this need at all, so naturally they do not have this kind of trouble. However, there are two exceptions, that is, the Soviet Union and Japan, which have just changed their names, and Britain and France, in order to make them better play a role in containing China and the United States and the allies, can be regarded as digging out their hearts and lungs, and many advanced technologies and equipment have been opened to them.

The Soviet Union and Japan, which received technical assistance from Britain and France, have had a qualitative improvement in their technological strength compared with before, especially Japan, whose shipbuilding level is already quasi-first-class in the world, second only to Britain, and on the same level as Germany, France, and Italy, and in some aspects, such as the main guns of battleships, it is stronger than the United States. It is not surprising that the United States at this time was indeed very frightening, with deep pockets, but it did not have any advantage over old Europe in terms of cutting-edge technology. As for China's technology, it is open, so there is no need to compare it with these countries, it is too bullying.

As mentioned earlier, submarines are the easiest things to cheat because of their concealment, and if you just hide in that cave, where can you find them? Even if you want to show your face in public, you can use the method of "decking" to fool people. Therefore, in the case of the restriction of large and medium-sized warships, this kind of ship has also attracted the attention of various countries. In the years of the Navy holiday, countries have increased their investment in submarine technology. In addition to the fact that this thing is easy to cheat, the biggest reason is that during the war, the Entente was bitten miserably by the wolves of Erdezi.

For such an insidious thing, the Entente countries, which had been ravaged by the German wolves, could not even pay attention to it, and they were not fools. As the old saying goes, "a long illness becomes a cure", and Britain and France, who were killed by German submarines, became particularly interested in this thing after the war. In addition to vigorously developing conventional submarines, they have also engaged in a lot of brain-opening things.

For example, the French Sukov-class submarine came out a few years in advance, and it is more exaggerated than the original space-time submarine, which is a huge cannon submarine with a displacement of 5,000 tons and equipped with two 280 mm main guns. Of course, the main gun of this specification was already exceeded, so the French were built in secret.

The British are not far behind in this regard, they did not exceed the standard in the caliber of the main gun, they built a kind of mother-child submarine with big brains. The mother boat is a large ocean-going submarine with a displacement of 5,000 tons, and the sub-boat is a miniature submarine with a displacement of only 30 tons and can carry one torpedo. The motherboat can carry eight sub-boats.

As the Germans who used submarines the most, of course, they did not lag behind, and they also developed a strangely shaped three-body chain submarine, which looks like three submarines are connected in parallel.

Of course, the most slippery ships of various countries are still completely unrestricted ships, and according to the provisions of the "Washington Treaty" on this plane, there are two kinds of combat ships that are not subject to any restrictions, and they can play as they want.

The first is that the caliber of the main gun does not exceed 105mm (4. 1 inch), warships with a standard row of no more than 1200 tons. The second is a standard platoon of more than 1200 tons, but not more than 3000 tons, and the main gun caliber does not exceed 76 mm (3 inches), the number of main guns does not exceed 4, and there are no torpedoes.

The first is a frigate, or "escort destroyer". Britain, France, and the United States, which have had enough of the suffering of submarines, are all opposed to such restrictions on ships. The second type mainly refers to the coast guard or patrol vessels, which are barely counted as second-tier ships, and naturally there are restrictions on them.

For frigates, as the name suggests, everyone basically positions it as an anti-submarine ship, because there is no tonnage limit, so everyone wants quantity, and there are no requirements for quality, as long as it is passable. But the exception is Japan, whose "fine tradition" of piling up weapons has also been carried over to frigates.

Because the word "frigate" is currently used in Japanese to refer to all combat ships other than capital ships, it is not used as a type of ship, and warships of this class are called "destroyers of the second class" in the Japanese Navy. After the war, they designed a second-class destroyer called the Storm class, and the Japanese installed a full 10 105 mm guns (5 twin units) on this second-class destroyer, as well as a number of anti-aircraft guns and torpedoes, making it look like an arsenal......

And then there was no more, and during a training session last year, a storm was encountered, and as a result, all four seemingly majestic Sorrowful Wind class ships crashed into the streets, and they all capsized in this small storm. Yes, the other warships that went out together were fine, and these four Sorrowful Wind class turned their bellies. This incident became known as the "Tragic Wind Incident" and caused a great turmoil in the Japanese Navy.

After the public opinion on the Chinese side learned about it, they were very gloating, and everyone said: This name is not good, why is it not called "sad wind", and the result is tragic, wahahaha. The media in other countries reacted in a similar way. Outsiders look at the excitement, insiders look at the doorway, and insiders in various countries also ridiculed their Japanese counterparts fiercely, saying that they don't even do the most basic center of gravity balance experiments.

In fact, the Japanese designers really can't be blamed for this oolong incident, which is caused by the blind command of the Military Command Department, and these guys are full of expectations for this kind of unrestricted warship, and the index given to the Ship Administration Headquarters (the design department of the Japanese Navy) is that "foreign ships of the same tonnage can fight two at a time", and they must also be able to deal with foreign first-class destroyers, and at the same time, they must also be able to launch torpedoes to attack the enemy's capital ships......

Objectively speaking, the designers of the Ship Administration Headquarters have done their best, and it is not easy for the Sadwind class to sail out of the port instead of sinking directly into the water after meeting so many requirements.

All countries are building frigates, and China is no exception, and after the Wuchang class, China's second type of frigate - the 704 "Penglai class" was launched. According to the rule that "frigates are named after county-level cities", the name of the class was taken from Penglai County in Shandong Province.

If the standard displacement of the "Penglai class" is strictly calculated, it should be 1380 tons, yes, it is exceeded, but everyone plays with scales, and China will naturally not be stupid to abide by the rules. Do you still need to teach this thing? I underestimate my thousands of years of Chinese civilization. China has also come up with a lot of strange weight reduction methods, so when foreign delegations came to check, its standard displacement was only 1170 tons, and look, it didn't exceed the standard at all!

However, the main gun of the "Penglai class" is not surpass at all, and the main gun used is a 100 mm 50 times diameter high flat dual-purpose gun, with two twin turrets. The secondary guns were two twin 40-mm anti-aircraft guns, two twin 20-mm anti-aircraft guns, and two 12-mm anti-aircraft machine guns. There is a triple 600-mm torpedo tube. And, of course, the most important anti-submarine weapon for the frigate, it is equipped with two 12-pack anti-submarine rocket launchers, as well as two hedgehog launchers, as well as deep-bomb slides for the largest road cargo.

This class of frigates is also the first warship in the world to be officially equipped with gas turbines, and it is equipped with two 14-megawatt gas turbines with a total power of about 37,500 horsepower and a top speed of 37 knots. In addition, it is also the first warship to use dual power, that is, combustion and electricity alternating power.

Note that this is not the usual wood-burning alternating power in later generations, but a very alternative fuel-electricity alternating power. At high speeds, it uses a gas turbine to drive a generator and then an electric motor. At low speeds, the gas turbine stops and uses the power from the battery pack to drive the electric motor.

This method can be achieved thanks to the Tielong high-energy battery. With this type of battery, it is possible to take full advantage of the advantages of a gas turbine, which drives the generator when it is not moving at full speed, and the electricity generated is partly supplied to the electric motor and partly to charge the battery pack. The "Penglai-class" frigate is equipped with a 50-ton Tielong battery, and when fully charged, it can run at a cruising speed of 20 knots for seven days and seven nights, or at a top speed of 37 knots for most of the day.

Of course, there are a lot of electrical equipment on Chinese warships, so this data is also theoretical data, in fact, it will not take so long, and a lot of electricity will be occupied by equipment such as radar, sonar, and air conditioning. But even so, running at cruising speed for five days is not a big problem. That's the real game-changer.

The advantages of pure electric motors are too strong, what are the advantages of environmental protection and low energy loss, there is no need to say more, just a low noise, is a great advantage, especially for anti-submarine ships. For anti-submarine sonar, of course, the lower the noise of the self, the better, and the noise of the diesel engine is still too loud. And because submarines also use diesel engines when they sail at sea, it is easy to misjudge.

When the Chinese Navy conducted sea trials, it found that under the conditions of using the same sonar, the anti-submarine capability of the "Penglai class" was at least twice that of the Wuchang class. After seeing the benefits of the Tielong battery on the ship, several ship design institutes in China have made major changes to their own ships, replacing all the future ship power with fuel-electricity alternating power.