767: X. Topography

Sun Tzu said: The terrain has those who are passable, those who are hanging, those who are branched, those who are narrow, those who are dangerous, and those who are far away. I can go, he can come, I can pass; Those who pass the form, first live in Gaoyang, benefit the grain road, and benefit from the war. You can go, it is difficult to return, and it is said to hang; Those who hang on the form are unprepared for the enemy, and they will win; If the enemy is prepared, he will not be victorious, it will be difficult to return, and it will be disadvantageous. I am out and unfavorable, and he is out and unfavorable, and I am said to be in charge; The branch-shaped, although the enemy is beneficial to me, I have no way out; Lead it away, so that the enemy will attack it halfway, and it will be profitable. Those who are narrow, I will dwell in them first, and I will wait for the enemy; If the enemy lives first, do not obey it, and follow it if you do not make it. Those who are in danger, I will live in them first, and I will live in Gaoyang to wait for the enemy; If the enemy lives first, lead him away, and do not obey him. Those who are far away, evenly matched, difficult to challenge, and disadvantageous in battle. All these six are the way of the earth; It is necessary to ignore it.

Therefore, there are those who walk, there are those who gallop, there are trapped, there are collapsers, there are chaos, and there are northerners. All these six are not natural disasters, and they will be passed. The husband is evenly matched, with one blow to ten, and he is gone. The pawn is strong and the officials are weak, and they are said to be galloping. The officials are strong and weak, and they are trapped. The officials are angry and do not accept it, and when they encounter the enemy's intimidation and fight themselves, they will not know what they can do, and they will collapse. The generals are weak and not strict, the teachings are unclear, the officials are impermanent, and the soldiers are vertical and horizontal, and they are said to be chaotic. The enemy will not be able to anticipate, with a small number of people, with a weak attack on the strong, the army has no choice of front, said north. All these six are the way to defeat; It is necessary to ignore it.

The man who is the terrain is also the help of the soldiers. Expect the enemy to win, calculate the danger, far and near, and the way of the general. Those who know this and use war will win, and those who do not know this and use war will lose. Therefore, the way of war will be won, and the Lord said that if there is no war, it will be battled; If you can't win the battle, the Lord will fight, and there will be no battle. Therefore, entering does not seek fame, retreating does not avoid sin, only people are protecting, and the benefits are in line with the Lord, and the treasure of the country is also.

Treat the pawn as a baby, so you can go to the deep valley with it; Treat the pawn as a beloved son, so he can die with him. Thick but can't be made, love can't be ordered, chaos can't be cured, such as Jiaozi, can't be used.

Knowing that my pawn can be attacked, but not knowing that the enemy cannot be attacked, half of the victory is also; Knowing that the enemy can be attacked, but not knowing that the pawn cannot be attacked, half of the victory is also half; Knowing that the enemy can be attacked, knowing that my pawn can be attacked, but not knowing the terrain can not be fought, half of the victory is also. Therefore, those who know the soldiers are not confused, and they are not poor. Therefore, it is said: Knowing each other and knowing oneself is invincible; Knowing the heavens and the earth, victory is endless.

Cao Gong said: If you want to fight, the terrain of Tibet will win. (Cao Cao said that in order to fight, it is necessary to survey the geographical situation in order to create the conditions for victory.) ）

Cao Gong said: These six are also the shape of the earth.

Cao Gong said: It is better to be to people than to be to others.

Cao Gong said: The narrow-shaped one, the valley between the two mountains, the enemy cannot scratch me. I will live in it first, and I will go to the pass, and I will guard it to be surprising. If the enemy lives here first, they should speak together and do not obey. That is, those who are half-narrow Chen follow it, and share this benefit with the enemy.

Cao Gong said: The terrain is dangerous, especially not to people.

Cao Gong said: Challenger, delay the enemy.

Cao Gong said: Unexpectedly.

(The pawn is strong and the officials are weak, and it is said to be Chi; Cao Gong said: Officials can't be unified, so they are slack.

(The officials are strong and the pawns are weak, and they are said to be trapped; Cao Gong said: The officials are strong and want to advance, but the pawns are weak and fall, and they are defeated.

Cao Gong said: The big official, the young general. The general is angry and does not get tired of being convinced, and goes to the enemy in anger, and if he does not weigh the weight, he will collapse.

Cao Gong said: If this is the case, the way of chaos is also.

Cao Gong said: If its momentum is like this, the soldiers who must go.

Cao Gong said: Grace cannot be used exclusively, and punishment cannot be used alone; If the joy and anger of the proud son are opposite, it will be harmful and unusable.

Cao Gong said: Half of the victory is unknown.

"Regarding this topography, we can study the battle of the Eastern Jin Dynasty to destroy the Southern Yan, and see how Liu Yu, the Song lord of the Southern Dynasty, used the Art of War to completely defeat Murong Chao, the lord of Southern Yan.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty fought with the former Qin Dynasty, the former Qin King Fu Jian was defeated, and he was defeated by the army, and Fu Jian's first reputation was lost in Huangquan, but in a few years, he was finally divided into his country. The Former Qin regime was replaced by the Later Qin established by Yao Chang and Yao Xing. In the north, the upper echelons of various ethnic groups under the control of the former Qin Dynasty established dozens of separatist regimes, and a situation of re-division appeared. They are fighting each other and at war. These separatist regimes mainly include Hou Yan, Western Yan, Southern Yan, Northern Yan, Great Xia, Western Qin, Northern Wei, Qianliang, Southern Liang, Houliang, Western Liang, Northern Liang, Later Zhao, Qiuchiguo, Tuyuhun, etc. This period was the period of war and chaos in the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Chinese history.

In 396 AD, the Northern Wei army marched south and captured the important towns of Houyan, Jinyang, Changshan, Xindu, and Zhongshan, and dealt a near-devastating blow to Houyan. Since then, Houyan has been cut off into two parts, the north and the south, that is, the southern swallow and the northern swallow. Soon, the Northern Wei Dynasty began to further implement its grand plan to unify the north.

Southern Yan Yan Murong De was originally the king of Fanyang of Hou Yan, and the town of Yecheng (now southwest of Linzhang, Hebei) was long. Because Murong De was repeatedly trapped by the Wei army, he moved to Huatai (now Huaxian County, Henan) in 398 AD to establish Nanyan, and because Huatai was attacked on all sides, he moved the capital to Guanggu (northwest of present-day Yidu County, Shandong) the following year. Among these separatist regimes, the more powerful regime was the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the Southern Yan and Later Qin were bordered by the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The Southern Yan Kingdom is a small and powerful country, among the besieged by many countries, and has been repeatedly bullied and tortured by major countries, which can really be described as a great shame and hatred passed down from generation to generation by the Murong family! But in the end, it was doomed.

After the Eastern Jin Dynasty fought for power and profit, it originally recovered the six prefectures of Bao, Yan, Qing, Si, Henan, and Liang (now Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan, and southern Shaanxi), but soon due to the internal struggle for power and profit in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, these places were regained and lost, and were occupied by Southern Yan and Later Qin. In the rebellion of Sun En, Zhao Yi, and Huan Xuan, who broke out soon after, Liu Yu, who was born as a civilian, became a general of the Che Cavalry for suppressing the uprising and quelling the rebellion, and mastered the military and political power of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After Liu Yu came to power, he eliminated dissidents politically and externally and strengthened his own power; Economically reduce requisition, forced labor, and land rents in order to alleviate class contradictions and prevent peasant uprisings; Militarily, under the slogan of restoring the Central Plains, the army was trained and the Northern Expedition was actively prepared.

Later, Liu Yu launched the Northern Expedition, and the first target was listed as Southern Yan, wanting to annihilate Murong Chao, the lord of Southern Yan, recover the lost territory, and further improve his prestige. In the battle to destroy the Southern Yan, Liu Yu accurately judged the enemy's situation, carefully chose the route of the Northern Expedition, and flexibly changed tactics by taking advantage of the change of terrain, and achieved a great victory in the Northern Expedition.

The main reason why Liu Yu was able to win was that he knew the enemy, understood himself, and also understood the advantages and disadvantages of the terrain for his side. He correctly analyzed the characteristics of the Southern Yan regime of greed, knowing short-term interests and having no long-term concerns, and expected that the short-sighted Murong Chao would not cling to Daxian Mountain at risk, so he decisively chose a shortcut to go straight into the hinterland of the enemy country. In this war, Liu Yu not only 'anticipated the enemy's victory, calculated the danger, and was far and near,' but also did what Sun Tzu said in the "Art of War": 'move without being confused, and move without being poor'. He is good at formulating corresponding combat measures according to the enemy's situation and adopting flexible tactics and tactics to defeat the enemy. According to the situation that the Southern Yan cavalry was good at fighting in the terrain of Pingchuan, and the infantry of the Jin army was easy to be overwhelmed by the cavalry in Pingchuan, Liu Yu applied the ancient combat formation and tactics of the chariot formation to the battle, and formed a formation that combined infantry, cavalry, and chariot soldiers, which effectively suppressed the strength of the Yan army in the battle. When the two armies were holding each other, Liu Yu used surprise troops in time to attack the enemy's weak rear, effectively striking at the enemy and laying the foundation for the final victory. In the end, the Northern Expedition launched by Liu Yu eliminated Murong Chao, the lord of Southern Yan.

On the other hand, the reason why the Yan army failed, in addition to Murong Chao's short-sightedness and arrogance and conceit, another important reason was that Murong Chao did not learn the "Art of War" well and did not know how to use the convenience of the terrain to defeat the enemy. Sun Tzu said in "The Art of War: Topography": "Those who are narrow, I will live first, and I will wait for the enemy", "Those who are dangerous, I will live first, and I will live in Gaoyang and treat the enemy", Murong Chao violated these principles mentioned by Sun Tzu, abandoned the danger of Daxian Mountain, gave up the terrain that could effectively block the enemy's attack, and fought the enemy head-on battle prematurely, resulting in the failure of the first battle, losing the initiative on the battlefield, and the morale of the army was also seriously affected, which led to the final defeat. This historical lesson is very worthy of serious summing up and consideration by our generation and future generations. ”