813, "Kukunoor"

At this point, it is necessary for us to introduce to you the Qinghai Lake on which Tuyuhun depends. The word "Qinghai" contained in the "Northern History" above is the "Qinghai Lake". This lake, known as the "West Sea" in ancient times, is the largest inland saltwater lake in China.

Qinghai Mongolian language calls Qinghai Lake "Kukunuoer", which means blue sea, so it is called Qinghai. It is located between Datong Mountain, Riyue Mountain and Qinghai Nanshan Mountain in the northeast of Qinghai Province, and is formed by the collapse of faults. Why is it the largest inland saltwater lake in China? Just listen to some of the numbers below to find out. This Qinghai Lake, with an area of 4,583 square kilometers, is 3,197 meters above sea level, about 360 kilometers around the lake, the longest part of the lake is 106 kilometers, the widest part is 63 kilometers, the deepest part of the lake is 38 meters, and the average water depth is more than 19 meters.

Therefore, sometimes if you are "wronged and suffered", you will not only be unable to wash yourself by jumping into the Yellow River, but you will not be able to wash it away even if you jump into Qinghai! If you don't believe me, you can try it! It is said that there have been a lot of unjust souls in this Qinghai!

Located on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, 150 kilometers away from Xining, Qinghai Lake covers an area of 4,500 square kilometers and is 3,200 meters above sea level. Qinghai Lake is called "Kunor" in Mongolian language, and "Cuo Wenbu" in Tibetan, which means "blue lake". In the northeastern part of the Qinghai Plateau, the Riyue Mountains, the Datong Mountains and the undulating Nanshan Mountains of Qinghai surround a plateau lake, Qinghai Lake.

Qinghai Lake is the largest inland lake in China and the largest saltwater lake in China, with an area of more than 4,400 square kilometers and an altitude of more than 3,260 meters, which is more than 1,000 meters higher than the ancient city of Xining, and the climate here is cool. Even in the middle of summer, when the sun is scorching, the average daily temperature is generally around 15°C, making it an ideal summer resort. Qinghai Lake is called "Kukunuoer" in Mongolian, which means "blue sea", and it has survived the continuous uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Important data and landscapes

Area: 4,500 square kilometers

Altitude: 3200 meters

Location: 150 kilometers away from Xining

Landscape: The largest inland lake in China, as vast and mysterious as the sea. Qinghai Lake is to Qinghai Province what Tiananmen Square is to Beijing.

Recommended spots

Qinghai Lake: The vast sea, mysterious and graceful plateau pearl, the fairyland of the world when the rape flowers bloom in summer.

Bird Island: An ecological wonder from April to July

Chaka Salt Lake: A famous landscape of the Qaidam Basin

Best time to visit

Qinghai Lake can be traveled all year round, but due to the climate, most tourists focus on summer because the temperature is higher in summer and there is often rain at night, so it is also relatively wet. In August and September every year, a large area of rape flowers blooms on the north shore of Qinghai Lake, which has become a major attraction of Qinghai Lake. However, if the main purpose of the trip is Bird Island, May is the best month for the tour.

There are also five small islands in this Qinghai Lake, among which Bird Island is the most famous, and the other is Haixin Mountain, Haixi Mountain, Three Stones, Sand Island, etc., more than 100,000 bar-headed geese, swans, brown-headed gulls, cormorants, etc. come here every spring, making it a world of birds, a paradise for birds. Not only that, but the Ganzi River, the Shaliu River, the Heima, the Buha River, the Quanji River, the Laichu River, and the Daochuan River flowing from all directions converge in the lake. Because the lake water contains more inorganic salts such as magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloride, the lake water is not drinkable. However, the lake is rich in scaleless fish. This kind of fish is round and smooth all over the body, the flesh is fine and spiny, the fat and tender taste is delicious, it is cooked in the lake by the lake, and it is full of flavor and lusciousness when cooked in the lake water.

This is the Qinghai Lake on which Tuyuhun depends. After it settled in the Qinghai area, due to geographical factors and the influence of the Qiang agricultural tribes, its agriculture also developed accordingly, so the history said that its people "also know farming, there are barley, millet, beans." However, the climate in its northern boundary is cold, and only turnips (i.e., cranberries) are barley, so it is rich and poor. "The economy varies from place to place, and agriculture is mainly distributed in the areas of Chishui, Lianhe, Honghe and Baohan in the southeast of Qinghai Lake, and there is also animal husbandry. The Shanshan and the end of the province under the jurisdiction of Tuyuhun were mainly for animal husbandry, metallurgy and commerce. The areas under the jurisdiction of present-day Gannan, northwest Sichuan and southeastern Qinghai are mainly Qiang people, mainly nomadic herders. Tuyuhun is famous for its mining, smelting, and weapon-making techniques. The land is full of copper, iron, gold, silver, and cinnabar, and its weapons include bows, swords, armor, spears, and so on. The Yellow River Bridge (i.e., Heli) built by the Tuyuhun people at the Qingshui River estuary in Xunhua, Qinghai Province, reflects their superb bridge construction skills. The most commendable thing is the geographical location of Tuyuhun on the main road between China and the West and the prosperous commercial trade because of it.

Judging from a large number of Neolithic relics unearthed in the Huangshui Basin of Qinghai and other places, it is a major Sino-Western artery from the south of Qilian Mountain, along the Huangshui River to Qinghai Lake, and then through the Qaidam Basin to Xinjiang. This road was restored and prospered during this period, and the Tuyuhun people traded with the Mongolian steppe in the north, the Western Regions and Central Asia in the west, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and India in the south, and the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins in the east. Tuyuhun had commercial ties with the regimes of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, as well as the Rouran and Turkic ethnic groups, and also played the role of an intermediary, and the trade goods were naturally dominated by silk.

In 553 AD, the Western Wei Dynasty (later replaced by the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the capital city of Chang'an. The Liangzhou Thorn Shi learned that Tugu Hun was envoy to the Northern Qi Dynasty (evolved from the Eastern Wei Dynasty, with the capital city of Anyang. Then he sent troops to attack in Chiquan in the west of the state, "and obtained his servants to shoot and beg to touch the board, the generals Zhai Panmi, Shanghu 240 people, 600 camels and mules, and tens of thousands of colorful silks." In addition to the special products of good horses and yaks, the items it paid tribute to the regimes of the Southern and Northern Dynasties included karsuma hats, Nüguo ginjiu vessels, Huwang Jinchuan, and jade. It is possible that the silk of the women's country was introduced through Tuyuhun. In 1955, 76 silver coins of the Persian Sazha Dynasty (457~483) were unearthed in Xining, Qinghai, which is the best material evidence of the prosperity of the Silk Road. The Central Plains, the Western Regions, and India's eminent monks such as Huilan, Song Yun, Sha (shé) Naborita, and Master Xuanzang in the early Tang Dynasty all took the route here. People are accustomed to call the road Henan Road or Qinghai Road, which directly connects the main silk road of the east and west and the traffic of the Tubo Silk Road.

The customs of Tuyuhun are mainly the customs of the Xianbei rulers recorded in Chinese, which are different from the customs of the Qiang people. History said that her vulgar husband's clothes were slightly the same as those of China, and most of them were crowned with power birds and hats. The women all wore beads in their hair, and more was more precious. The country has no permanent endowment, and the tax on the wealthy merchants is levied to make it more useful. The punishment was simple, the murderer and horse thief died, and the rest was punished with property. When he kills a person, he shall cover his head with a felt, and smote him from high with a stone. In terms of marriage, with the Turks in the north (of course, there are also local regimes such as the Xiongnu and Rouran. Similarly, after the death of the father and brother, the wife and stepmother and sister-in-law, etc. The poor could not provide money and marry, and they often stole their daughters. After death, burial is carried out to maintain the old customs of the people. The king's and queen's costumes are slightly different, but the Han takes soap as a hat, a vertebral bun, hair beads, and sits on a golden lion bed. His wife's name is Kezun, her clothes are woven into a skirt, she is clothed in a brocade robe, her hair is braided at the back, and her head is covered with gold flowers. However, its main inhabitants are Qiang culture and customs.

This is what we are going to introduce to Tuyuhun. After going around such a big circle, I believe that you will be able to grasp the scales and claws of Tuyuhun and have a certain understanding and understanding of Tuyuhun, an ancient and complex mixed national regime.

But some people can't help but ask, according to the aforementioned article, this Tuyuhun, as early as the third year of Tang Gaozong Longshuo (that is, 663 AD), the eastward invasion of Tubo finally destroyed Tuyuhun and occupied its land. Even since Tuyuhun had been wiped out in 663, how could it be used by Liu Shouwen, the envoy of the Yichang Festival and the commander of Zhongshu, to attack his brother Liu Shouguang, who was also the envoy of the Lulong Festival and Tongping Zhangshi of Youzhou, in May 909 AD? This is unreasonable in terms of time and geography, right? How do authors and storytellers explain?

Good! Here, I, Shan Tianfang, as a storyteller and artist, will tell you a clear and clear heart!

Let's listen to this account of the previous paragraph: "In the third year of Gaozong's Longshuo (663), the eastward invasion of Tubo finally destroyed Tuyuhun and occupied its land. Most of the Tuyuhun people came to Ningxia, northern Shaanxi, northern western Shanxi and southern Inner Mongolia, where they blended with the Han and northern ethnic groups. ”

As long as these two sentences are leveled down, it is not difficult to clear up the doubts. The former sentence should not be repeated, but the latter should also be taken into account. Not bad! The Tuyuhun Kingdom was destroyed by Tibet, but its descendants of exiled tribes still exist. Not to mention May 909 A.D., even at the beginning of the 21st century, its descendants still exist! Of course, on the occasion of 909 A.D., it is reasonable and normal for the surviving people of Tuyuhun to be used by Liu Shouwen, the envoy of the Yichang Festival and the Zhongshu Order, to attack his brother Liu Shouguang, and the survival of his descendants is not doubtful, and it can be said in time and geography. There is no need to doubt this. I wonder if you have any objections to this?