"Boom!"

"Boom!"

While brushing her teeth, Qin Daxue glanced at a certain grandson.

Li Yuan looked at the "Fangcao" brand toothpaste in his hand with a smile, and said, "The family knows that you brush your teeth, do you feel that they don't understand?" ”

In these days, how can rural people brush their teeth......

There are not many people in the city, anyway, he and He Yushui are the only girls in the courtyard who can brush their teeth.

After Qin Daxue finished rinsing her mouth, she got up and whispered, "It's much more comfortable, my mother and sister-in-law hate to let me see water." Of course, they are also kind, and my mother-in-law and sister-in-law all said that I was blessed to marry into your family. I owe Lou Xiao'e a blessing. ”

Li Yuan smiled: "What do you say? ”

After Qin Daxue put the toothbrush and toothjar away, he smiled and said: "You let the second sister-in-law sit on the confinement porcelain solidly, and in such a difficult three years, you still helped the family to tide over the difficulties." We all know that whether a son is good to the family after marriage, filial piety or not, not depends on the son, but on the daughter-in-law.

You have reached this point, can the family not miss her?

I belong to the predecessors who planted the trees and the descendants enjoyed the shade, heh......

Don't look at me like that, I'm so thankful for her. It's better to come early than to come coincidentally, I have to take this love, and I will toast her in the future. ”

Li Yuan laughed and hugged her back to the kang, and the two hugged each other in the quilt and talked at night.

Qin Daxue said curiously: "With your intelligence and medical skills, you will definitely not be idle on Hong Kong Island this year, and you will make a lot of money, right?" ”

Li Yuan nodded and said, "I got a lot, but there are more places to spend money." If I just want to make some money to become rich and live a rich life, I can retire now, and our family will have enough to spend for a lifetime.

But if you want to do something, if you want to make your family's pharmaceutical factory stand upright in the world, truly develop some original drugs that are beneficial to the people, and be a dignified Chinese pharmaceutical company, then our family may be in a state of lack of money for the rest of our lives.

Of course, life is still worry-free. ”

A real pharmaceutical company is like this, and investment is always a bottomless pit.

Pfizer, the world's No. 1 company, has sales of US$81.3 billion and R&D expenses of US$13.9 billion in 2021, accounting for 17% of revenue.

In general, Pfizer's annual R&D investment is almost at this percentage.

Roche, which competes with Pfizer, accounts for 24 percent of R&D expenses, Johnson & Johnson accounts for 15 percent, and Merck & Co., Ltd. accounts for 25 percent......

These giants of the country seem to be going well, but in fact they are always facing many difficult challenges, and the number of times each company is on the verge of bankruptcy is impossible to count.

The biggest challenge is that even if the annual R&D expenses are sky-high, for every 100 original drug projects, after a long R&D cycle, only 10 projects can be approved by the FDA for marketing, and only three of these 10 listed projects can recover the R&D costs on average.

The R&D cycle for new drugs is 10 to 15 years, and generally speaking, if there is no guarantee that a blockbuster drug will appear every ten years, then it will be difficult for these giant companies to survive......

Therefore, R&D is very important and requires a huge amount of investment.

In 1960, Pfizer established the Groton laboratory and convened 4,000 R&D personnel, who became the foundation of Pfizer's growth.

But these 4,000 R&D personnel spend more than $100 million a year.

What is the concept?

China is a country with a population of 700 million, and in 1970 it had foreign exchange reserves of $088 million......

Medicine is obviously a people's livelihood project, and the annual import collection is astronomical, we are obviously a national system, why can't the state come forward to carry out the research and development of original drugs?

Because I really can't afford it......

It's not that I couldn't do it in the seventies, and I couldn't afford it in two thousand years.

In 2000, Pfizer spent $90 billion to acquire Warner Lambert for a lipid-lowering drug Lipitor.

This drug has made Pfizer brilliant for ten years.

In 2000, 22 years after the reopening, China's foreign exchange reserves totaled only $160 billion.

Is it possible? Can't afford it......

There are thousands of pharmaceutical companies in China, and compared with the truly dignified pharmaceutical giants that really make original drugs, it is like a joke, it is purely a local workshop to collect money, even if it is the famous Hengrui and Fosun.

What are the four major families on Hong Kong Island and the top ten richest people in China, they have repeatedly appeared on the world's richest list, but these rich people who are hoarding land and building houses, all the family assets added up are not enough for the research and development expenses of the top ten pharmaceutical companies for a year.

Therefore, it seems that Li Yuan has made a lot of money as if he was robbing the rich and helping the poor on Hong Kong Island, and even a pharmaceutical factory has been built, but in fact, it is still too far from becoming a real pharmaceutical company.

It is not an exaggeration to say that you will be in a state of lack of money for the rest of your life......

If it weren't for the advantages of some prophets, it would have been impossible to establish a company in the East that could rival the giant pharmaceutical companies in the West......

Even now, the success or failure ratio is only three or seven points at most.

Of these three-point wins, two points are also due to traditional Chinese medicine.

Because in addition to the drugs themselves, Western pharmaceutical companies will also block the way for foreign pharmaceutical companies to enter the global market, and recklessly encroach on their R&D results......

Patent?

That's the patent of Westerners, and in the face of huge interests, who the hell would negotiate patents with an Oriental company?

Even in Western companies, only the Big Macs are worthy of talking about patents.

Investigating the patent disputes in the United States every year, the giant companies have used their huge lawyer resources to bully many rising stars.

The most typical is a PCR patent dispute case.

Of course, it was a rare case of giants bowing their heads, but that was because several Nobel bigwigs helped testify in court, which was a special case within a special case.

What Li Yuan can do is to wrap some "original medicines" in the coat of traditional Chinese medicine in the initial accumulation stage, so that he can have a good time in this relatively unfamiliar track in the West......

Confusing the complex synthetic compound sildenafil with more than 30 Chinese herbal medicines, Li Yuan doesn't think Western companies will be able to figure out what is going on in 20 years......

Defend your patents in this way until you become a true giant.

The difficulty of the road ahead can be seen.

This is also one of the reasons why Li Yuan went to Hong Kong Island, he is already 32 years old this year, and he will be 40 if he delays for another ten years.

After a trip through the country, and with such a big plug-in, you can't just hoard a few courtyard houses to get some antiques, and you can be self-deceptive and confused for a lifetime, right?

Even if you want to live a leisurely life, you have to live a more sober and dignified life......

Regardless of success or failure, let's talk about it!

Even if you lose in the end, your mind is still open.

After talking about some of the current things in the medical field, Qin Daxue looked at Li Yuan with glittering eyes and encouraged: "It's man-made, I believe you can do it!" ”

Li Yuan did not indulge in the red dust of Hong Kong Island, she was very happy.

Li Yuan hugged his wife tighter and said, "With me alone, even if I have the ability to reach the sky, it is difficult to really do it." Only when the motherland is rich and strong and can be backed up can our pharmaceutical company truly stand up. Let's work together, outside the male protagonist, inside the female protagonist, the two swords are combined, and the world will be invincible! Then again, wife, the atmosphere is here, do you want to do it again? ”

"Get out!"

Qin Daxue wanted to kick people angrily, this person couldn't stand it for five minutes!

Li Yuan shouted: "Can you blame me?" Who made you so charming, your eyes look like they grow in my heart, look at this face, this nose, this mouth, this Mimi...... Ouch, it's so beautiful, how do you look at it......"

"Giggle......

Qin Daxue couldn't laugh, laughed, snuggled in Li Yuan's arms, looked up at him, rare little woman, and said softly: "Strange, it's obviously a bad embryo, how can I never forget it?" Is it really that men are not bad and women are not loved? ”

Li Yuan smiled and kissed him......

……

"Bang Bang Bang ......"

Hearing a fine knocking sound from next door, Li Yuan opened his eyes, first looked at the sleeping baby and wife next to him, smiled slightly, got up quietly, got dressed, and went to the next door.

I saw Mother Li holding a hammer and carefully breaking the coal.

Li Yuan stepped forward, took the hammer in his mother's hand, and just gently pressed it on the coal one by one, and the coal quietly fell apart......

Mother Li was surprised and said happily: "My sons are good at burning boilers!" ”

Li Yuan laughed.

There are two stoves in the house, one leading to Li Yuan's house and the other to the east house.

But there was a pile of chopped wood by the fire opposite.

Firewood is much cheaper to burn, but it is not as resistant to burning, and it often gets cold in the middle of the night.

But Li Yuan slept on the kang, and it was hot all night.

Li Yuan said warmly: "Mom, why don't you and Dad burn coal together?" My monthly salary and tickets are enough to support my family. ”

He is now an administrative level 16 treatment, with a monthly salary of 110 yuan and 5, plus Li Huaide's extra supply of 10 yuan, 120 yuan and 5 yuan a month, all kinds of tickets and industrial coupons are relatively sufficient, and he can receive five industrial coupons a month for 20 yuan.

A bicycle costs twelve, a sewing machine eight, and a watch five...... Of course, you also need a variety of tickets.

In addition, he has food and coal, which is enough to support his family's well-to-do life.

Mother Li smiled a little reluctantly, and then she still couldn't help whispering: "Yuanzi, Daxue has used all the money and tickets received by your unit to add things to the commune." There are several bicycles and sewing machines, and they are all your ......."

No matter how good the mother-in-law is, it is impossible to fit perfectly with the daughter-in-law, and there are always some unpleasant places.

Li Yuan smiled and said, "Mom, dad, what do they say?" ”

Mother Li pursed her lips and said a little angrily: "Your father and your eldest brother are of course facing the heavy snow, they are very majestic in the commune one by one, and the militia division has thousands of miles, and they all listen to them." Can people listen to them in vain? It's not about taking your salary and tickets to do a good job...... That's all yours! ”

Li Yuan laughed quietly: "It's okay, Mom, your son has great skills." What's that? Didn't you see the picture of Dad holding it? I have made a lot of money on Hong Kong Island, and when the situation improves in the future and the two sides are liberalized, I will pick you up and my father and go to live on Hong Kong Island. When the time comes, you will live for half a year, which side is comfortable and which side will celebrate the New Year! ”

Mother Li was also happy when she heard this, and said, "You can!" I didn't expect that the weakest old man with a small body would have such a great ability when he grew up! We don't go, it's so far, we can't afford to toss. Don't be too tired, it's not easy to be alone, you have to take care of yourself. Now there are a lot of sons, all pointing at you, you can't be tired, huh? ”

Li Yuan's heart warmed when he heard this, no matter what time it was, it was his mother who cared about him the most.

He smiled and said, "Mom, don't worry, I'm in good health, and I do all the work with my brain, so I'm not tired!" ”

Mother Li smiled: "You go out for a walk, and finally come back to see your home." Your father cooked millet porridge and will be able to eat it when he comes back. ”

Li Yuan agreed and got up to go out.

……

In the northern mountain village in winter, the whole village is shrouded in a faint smoke when it gets up in the morning.

But the smell in the cold doesn't smell bad.

This is the fireworks of the world......

In the distance, the production team heard the sound of chickens, went out of the gate, stepped on the snow on the road, and made a "creaking" and "creaking" sound.

Naively think that it would be nice if there were no wars in this world.

If there is no threat of war, and if we do not invest a large amount of resources in the construction of the third line and the construction of the military industry, in fact, the people in China will be able to live a good life at present.

It is true that they will be poorer and more backward, but it is no problem to have enough to eat, and they can develop as well as build slowly.

It's a pity that there are no ifs......

Since the dawn of mankind, humanity has been at war almost all the time.

Lao Mei fought in Annan and couldn't win, but this year it entered Cambodia again......

I don't want to stop for a minute.

So, don't be naïve......

"Yo, old man? You're back, when did you come back? ”

A tall old man came to the north, wearing a sheepskin hat, a jacket, and an army green old cotton coat outside, looking at Li Yuan and greeting loudly.

Li Yuan smiled: "Uncle Dashan, I came back last night." So early, what are you busy doing? ”

Qin Dashan said: "Just go to your house!" It's okay to meet you, so you don't have to go to your house. Yesterday, I went to the district for a meeting, and it was held until the evening, and I sent down the documents, and I showed them to Director Qin. You take it, I won't go in, Director Qin is confined. ”

Li Yuan smiled, then swept his eyes, glanced at a few figures, and the corners of his mouth twitched: The meeting stipulated that the total industrial output value in 1970 would increase by 17 percent compared with 1969, and the investment in infrastructure construction would increase by 46 percent, and by 1975, the grain output would reach 600 billion to 650 billion catties.

Last year's grain output was more than 400 billion catties......

But he didn't say anything, he didn't dare to speak casually these years, Li Yuan took it and said, "Uncle Dashan, go sit inside?" ”

Qin Dashan smiled: "Don't sit anymore!" Boss, you are really getting more and more promising, and barefoot doctors all over China have used your books to treat people and save many people. The people's newspapers praise you! You and Da Xue are two, one has the ability to race and the other has the ability, your old Li family is really good! ”

Li Yuan smiled and said, "Da Xue's surname is Qin, which is also the glory of the old Qin family." Uncle Dashan, last year there were still people in the commune who wanted to make heavy snow, how is this year, are there any signs of this? ”

Qin Dashan laughed and said, "Who dares? The most popular thing now is your family! As he spoke, he lowered his voice and said, "Your family is red, and you are different from those who are jumping around. Your family does good deeds, not bad deeds. Just fix the bad guys, not the good guys. It's not like some people who are bent on climbing up, both of you are doing practical things. I've heard people in the district say that no matter what faction they are, they all like your family. Because even if he is a bad guy, he wants to produce results below, doesn't he? Rest assured, it's okay! ”

After speaking, the tall old man hummed the model play, pulled off his old coat, and swayed away.

When I returned to the house, I saw my father sweeping the yard in the yard, and my mother went to Li Yuan's house with a bowl of steaming millet porridge.

Looking at the color, it should have been with brown sugar and an egg.

Such a confinement meal can be regarded as a top match at the moment......

Li Yuan went to pick up the broom in his father's hand, Li Gui gave it to his son, took the document from his son's hand, looked at it, frowned, and sighed.

It's only been a few years since the big stride, and it's only been two years since the days eased up a little......

Li Yuan said with a smile: "Dad, the general trend is now, just go with the trend, and you can always pass." There are above considerations, they are not foolish people, and they don't understand things better than our people? Let's move on. ”

Li Gui didn't say anything, took the broom from his son's hand again, and said, "You go and show it to Daxue, she has the final say about the commune's affairs now." According to this requirement, many things have to be prepared in advance. ”

Li Yuan nodded and entered the house with the papers.

Qin Daxue was not in a hurry, he finished breakfast sweetly, Li Yuan was not in a hurry, and after removing the cold on his body, he hugged the child from his mother's hands.

Qin Daxue took a sip of millet porridge, and warned with a smile: "Just hug it, don't always hug it, if you get used to it, you won't be able to let it go in the future, my mother's waist is not good." ”

Li Yuan said inexplicably: "When did Mom's waist become bad?" I'm such a big doctor at home, will my mother's waist be bad? ”

Qin Daxue said: "Isn't it bad to hug your waist too much?" My mother's side of my mother's house said every day that my nephew was hugging my nephew if her waist was bad. ”

Mother Li is not afraid: "I'm fine, I'm not so squeamish!" ”

Li Yuan said with a smile: "Forget it, you will have to govern the country in the future, and if you hold too much, you won't even be able to cure your family, but it will be troublesome." ”

Mother Li was not very happy, but she still packed up Qin Daxue's chopsticks and bowls before going out.

After her mother-in-law left, Qin Daxue smiled and whispered, "Mom has always felt a little sorry for your salary and tickets, and I took them to the commune to use." ”

Li Yuan also smiled and said, "It's okay." The older generation is used to saving. This little thing is a piece of cake for you, are you even? ”

Qin Daxue's eyebrows raised, and she smiled: "When you're not there, it's not a big problem. The son returned, and the scramble began. ”

Li Yuan laughed and said, "No." Besides, I can't stay at home for long. ”

Qin Daxue squinted and said, "It's going to be the New Year, right?" ”

Li Yuan nodded and said, "That must!" In the first year after we got married, we were appointed to spend the first year with you. ”

Qin Daxue laughed for a while, then stared at Li Yuan and said, "Don't think I don't know, Christmas is much more important than the New Year on Hong Kong Island, and Easter is more grand than the Spring Festival." But then he "reflected": "A woman who is too calm is not very likable, is it?" Forget it, I didn't want to compete for favor. ”

Li Yuan thought for a while and said, "How about I introduce you to a girlfriend?" ”

He actually doesn't care, he is more disgusted with women's boxing, but he doesn't dislike shrewd and capable women, especially so beautiful......

Qin Daxue laughed out loud until she saw the document handed over by Li Yuan, and after flipping through it, her smile cooled down a lot, but it didn't take long for her to get better, and she said calmly: "The soldiers will block it, and the water will cover it." ”

Li Yuan said: "How to block?" When I was five or eight years old, my father was hard against the demon wind, insisted on reporting the actual output, and how many batches he suffered, but in the end he almost didn't survive. What are you going to do? Do you want to come on top? ”

Qin Daxue shook her head and said, "How is it possible?" Can the atmosphere at this time be compared with five or eight years? But it's not like there's no way to cope. In the past few years, the situation has not been like the three years of the great drought, and there is no grass growing. After the beginning of spring, we began to organize members to pick wild vegetables, hunt and fish, eat as many wild vegetables and wild things as possible, and save food. In the autumn, it is necessary to vigorously store wild vegetables, pickled fish, and dry food, and after the autumn harvest, the production teams will not distribute the grain, and the production teams will reopen the canteen.

Genko, in the past few years, I have been working in the countryside, and I have been constantly summarizing and reviewing, and I feel that the things I criticized in the past are not necessarily bad.

For example, when the big canteen was opened, if it wasn't for the blind tossing, requiring a meal of white noodles and meat for the meal, if a reasonable rationing system could be carried out, the big canteen would have been a very useful system in difficult years, and it was very likely to ensure that the three years passed smoothly.

The reason why the reputation of the big canteen is stinky is that it is all tossed around, what kind of family background has such a way of eating?

Therefore, as long as I can insist on a fair, just and reasonable supply, and send militia to station in the canteens of each brigade in turn, to ensure that there is no mess, the difficulties will definitely be overcome.

At the very least, I can guarantee that I won't starve to death! ”

Since the grain growth target has been set at the top, the grain growth target must be demanded at the bottom, and it will be fulfilled not only but also exceeded, and there is no room for bargaining.

The resources invested in the construction of the third line are so huge that even after 60 years, there will not be more than 10 countries in the world that can afford to do it.

However, the consumption of resources is indeed too great, and there is not much to think about in the city, and the primary industrial products cannot be exported, and the domestic recycling is even more incombinable, and the value is limited, so they can only reach out to the land......

The tax hike is too ugly, but the grain growth rate was set at the beginning of the year.

How does it mean that food growth is overachieved?

Naturally, there is more public grain to be levied, and the gold index is ......

According to the targets set in the document, at least 30 percent more grain will be paid this year.

This is not something that Qin Daxue's personal will can transfer, instead of being angry and swearing, she chose to quickly come up with a way to deal with it.

Li Yuan said: "Is there anything I can help?" ”

Qin Daxue thought for a while and said, "Can you get some salt?" ”

Li Yuan smiled: "No problem." The rolling mill convoy is under the control of the security department, and it is considered its own people. When they go to Jinmen on a business trip, they can help buy some. There is no limit to buying salt, just use some industrial coupons. ”

Qin Daxue was embarrassed and said, "I ran out of industrial vouchers." ”

She and Li Yuan's wages, tickets, and industrial vouchers were used to buy bicycles and sewing machines to support the commune members.

Whoever gets married, has children, or makes new clothes, they can borrow it.

He also organized young female students of the commune to take turns to learn bicycles and sewing machines.

Li Yuan smiled: "I'll go find some for you again, and leave a sum of money for you to spare, it's all a small matter." ”

Qin Daxue kissed him the face, and said with a smile: "The child is so good!" ”

With salt, the things that are hunted in the summer and autumn can be placed, and the 12,000 households in the Red Star Commune can be stabilized, and she can rest assured that she can sit firmly on the Diaoyutai!

Li Yuan is also happy, in such a year, if you don't talk about the conditions with the above, you don't hand over the public grain without a little mess, and the members of the commune have not starved to death to escape the famine, what is the achievement, this is called the achievement!

Seventy-one years later, that is, after next year, the situation in the middle and lower classes will be relatively much better, and Qin Daxue will no longer have to hide his clumsiness, and he can take a step into the district and become a member of the committee.

After the change, with her education, qualifications, grades, age, plus gender advantages and background...... The momentum of the skyrocketing is simply unstoppable.

In addition, don't forget, the Li family still has more than a dozen cadres in the northeast......

The gold content of enterprise cadres in this era is not lower than that in the yamen.

In particular, in the 70s, Daqing entered the stage of fat and oil, with an annual output of more than 10 million tons of oil, and the foreign exchange exchanged greatly supported China's fragile economy.

By 76 years, Daqing has an annual output of more than 50 million tons of oil!

Transferring from such a unit to the yamen can be regarded as a transfer from fat to hard work, which also reflects the spirit of the Li family as always: to strive for a difficult place!

These children have more than ten years of qualifications in Daqing, and they all have academic qualifications, knowledge, and are still so young......

Under the banner of Qin Daxue, Li Yuan didn't want to think much about what kind of towering tree the Li family would develop into in the next thirty years!!

The good governance environment in China also has a huge positive effect on pharmaceutical companies.

Tsk, this daughter-in-law is really married!

……

After breakfast, Li Yuan said goodbye to his home, put on his liberation bag, rode a bicycle, and went to the city to go to the rolling mill.

"Hey! Dr. Lee, are you back? ”

As soon as Li Yuan approached the gate of the rolling mill, he heard a familiar voice coming from the window of the security office.

He stopped his bicycle and turned his head to look, and saw Ma Changyou, the chief of the security section, come out of the security room, and smiled in surprise.

Li Yuan casually threw over a pack of gold leaves and said, "Chief Ma, I haven't seen you for a long time, you have a good complexion." ”

Ma Changyou laughed and said, "TOEFL TOEFL!" Dr. Lee, when did you come back? This time it's much stronger than last time, and I didn't recognize it last time! ”

Li Yuan smiled and said: "This time it's about the same, but after I got home last night, I picked it up, and I was afraid that I would scare Section Chief Ma and Director Li today." ”

Ma Changyou laughed, then suddenly thought of something, looked left and right, and whispered: "Brother, don't you know, you have contributed to the "Barefoot Doctor's Manual", and there has been no explanation on it, so it has been published in the newspaper several times. Director Li has been looking forward to a credit for the above, and there is no movement at all, maybe Director Li will have some opinions......"

Li Yuan took out a pack of gold leaves from the liberation bag again, and said with a smile: "Thank you Section Chief Ma for mentioning it, but I can't figure out what's going on with this matter, maybe I want to wait and see, can the barefoot doctor do it?" If the barefoot doctor reported below really works, it is estimated that it will be time to reward meritorious deeds. ”

Ma Changyou's eyes widened when he heard this, and he said, "Hey! Dr. Lee, it has to be you! Isn't that it? Go in quickly, go to Director Li's office to find him, just say that, it's right! ”

Li Yuan was not in a hurry, and asked with a smile: "Section Chief Ma, my godson is okay in the transport team......

Ma Changyou laughed and said, "Okay! Can you be wrong with the people you put in my hands? The child on National Day is clever and will come to things, learn to drive and learn quickly, and now sometimes he can go out of the car to escort the goods, his master is the old strict of the team, notoriously strict, he is very relieved, Dr. Li, you can rest assured! ”

Li Yuan smiled: "Don't worry, of course rest assured!" Chief Ma, thank you, we'll see you later! ”

"See you later!"

watched Li Yuan's figure enter the rolling mill and disappear, and the smile on Ma Changyou's face disappeared.

A young guard asked, "Chief Ma, you are polite enough to Dr. Li. ”

A unit like the security department is not only responsible for the security of the rolling mill, but also inherits a lot of power from the public security bureau in the east of the city in the past, which is very weighty.

There aren't many people who can get them to save face.

Ma Changyou glanced at him and saw that his young face was a little arrogant, and couldn't help laughing: "You know a fart!" Go back and ask you Lao Tzu, who is Li Yuan, don't cause trouble for your family! Wang Qingze and Feng Gang's bones haven't been melted yet, stupid eggs! ”

After speaking, he pulled the army green coat on his body, smoked a cigarette, and went back to the guard room to rest.

He has always suspected that there are other relationships between Li Yuan and Li Huaide, and after trying it today, Li Yuan didn't even have the slightest worry about such a big thing, which shows that Li Yuan is really confident in his heart.

In this way, it is indeed not shallow.

Tsk, this friendship has to be good!

……

PS: 7,500 words chapter, happy Mid-Autumn Festival everyone! I coded it all night and begged for a monthly pass to eat as a mooncake!!

(End of chapter)