There was some discussion in the conference room,

A few people feel that Lu Shi said it casually and didn't take it seriously;

But most people see that he knows the Ferry Act so well, and it is not like he does not know how to pretend to understand.

They all had an inquiring look.

Lu Shi was a little confused,

There is no suspicion of guilt, and there was no doubt in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century?

He looked left and right,

"Isn't what I just said already being practiced by you? In 1789, the Declaration of the Rights of Man was there. ”

This sentence is said very sincerely, not sycophants,

But the Frenchmen present unconsciously straightened their chests and looked pale.

Someone replied: "Professor Lu, the principle established in the Declaration of Human Rights is the presumption of innocence. You just said that 'there is no doubt about the guilt', but just by listening to the expression, you can clearly perceive the difference between the two, and the latter is even more advanced. ”

"Tsk......"

Lu Shi was speechless to hear,

I really admire these French people, who often use words like "advanced".

He waved his hand,

"This, has something to do with being advanced?"

Clemenceau nodded: "Of course it's related!" Let me start with the presumption of innocence, a principle that requires that the burden of proof be on the prosecution in cases where a person is acknowledged in his innocence. ”

Lu Shi echoed,

"Yes, the so-called 'right to innocence and immunity'~"

The people at the scene were silent again,

And then

Rustle Rustle –

They began to take out pen and paper again.

At the same time, do not forget to whisper,

"Professor Lu was really concise and to the point. Is there a more precise word than 'the right to innocence'? ”

"But I don't think the strength of the word is as strong as 'presumption of innocence.'"

"Why?"

"It's very simple. The right to exonerate without evidence means that no one can be compelled to prove his or her guilt, which is equivalent to 'not being found guilty before sentencing' and 'not guilty before sentencing', with the latter obviously being more intense. ”

"But I think Professor Lu is right. Don't forget what is the situation in France now, can you do it in one step? ”

"Ah......h I see! It's Professor Lu......"

"We're still far from it, let's learn a little!"

……

They were very convincing.

When the land is full of black lines,

￣□￣｜｜

As for jurisprudence, he is only a half-ass, and he only knows so many major principles.

Who would have thought that all these legal gods would be transformed......

Clemenceau was ashamed and said: "After I just finished talking about the presumption of innocence, I still want to try to talk about my own understanding of 'no guilt in doubt', and now it seems that ...... Professor Lu, let's talk about it. ”

Lu Shi was speechless,

How can this be fooled casually?

If you talk too much, you will definitely be exposed!

"Actually, I don't know much about jurisprudence. ”

The corners of Poincaré's mouth are hooked,

"Professor Lu, you are still so modest. However, the phrase 'innocent in doubt' can't have come out of nowhere, right? Or, there is a source; Either that, or you have a deeper reflection on the principle of legality. ”

These words serve as a reminder.

Lu Shi had an idea and said: "The reason why I said that the word has nothing to do with advanced is mainly from the dimension of time. ”

The dimension of time?

Everyone couldn't help but look at each other.

Even Dumas couldn't help but ask with some curiosity: "What do you mean by that?" Could it be ......"

"Hiss......"

He gasped,

"Someone made that idea earlier?"

As soon as the words fell, the others also showed expressions of sudden realization, and expressed their opinions,

What natural human rights,

What Italian criminal law scholar Beccaria,

What Main's Ancient Law,

……

Opinions vary.

Lu Shi is also happy to see this situation, and if he can not express his opinion, he will not express his opinion.

It's a pity that he was too successful in pretending to be X, and he couldn't be stealthy anymore.

Everyone couldn't come up with a reason, so they looked at Lu Shi again, showing an expression of eagerness for knowledge, and his eyes even flickered.

Clemenceau said, "Professor Lu, let's talk about it." ”

Lu Shi took over the conversation and said: "I study history, so let's start from a historical perspective." In ancient Rome, the statute clearly stated that 'in case of doubt, it is in the interest of the defendant', in simple terms, the principle in favor of the defendant. ”

Poincaré chuckled when he heard this,

"No wonder we were able to defeat Professor Monson. What do you say about that sentence in China? Know each other, know yourself......"

Lu Shi said: "Knowing oneself and knowing one's opponent will not be defeated in a hundred battles." ”

Poincaré nodded,

"Yes, yes, Professor Monson lost to you, not wronged."

Clemenceau took notes and muttered, "I didn't expect that the relevant principles can be traced back to ancient Rome at the earliest. It's our self-righteousness. ”

Lu Shi corrected: "The earliest did not originate from ancient Rome. ”

"Huh?"

Everyone was stunned.

Lu Shi said: "In China, there is a book called 'Shangshu', which contains such texts as 'the crime is suspected only to be light, and the merit is doubtful to be serious,' 'it is better to lose than to kill innocently,' and 'the five punishments are forgiven, and the five punishments are forgiven, and the trial is overcome.' Doubts, forgiveness'. ”

It is not difficult to translate these classical Chinese into French,

The rest understood.

There was silence in the room,

“……”

“……”

“……”

The atmosphere is eerie.

Lu Shi looked left and right,

"What? Any questions? ”

Clemenceau smiled wryly and asked in a low voice, "Professor Lu, when was this "Book of Shang" written?" When was the Book of Rites written? ”

Lu Shi replied: "Let me first explain what the Book of Shang is. Also known as the Shu, it is a compilation of China's first ancient historical documents and some works that trace ancient deeds. ”

The French present breathed a sigh of relief,

It turned out to be a compilation,

So, there are ones for every time period.

Lu Shi continued: "In short, the time for the book to be completed can only be estimated. If you were to draw a timeline at the latest, it would be around the 10th century BC. ”

just finished speaking,

"Poof!!"

Someone had just finished taking a sip of water and sprayed it on the spot.

Clemenceau asked, "Professor Lu, do you mean that in the 10th century BC, the Chinese were discussing the presumption of innocence?" ”

Lu Shi was puzzled,

"Any questions?"

The room fell silent again,

“……”

“……”

“……”

If silence can be compared, this time it is "more" silence than the last one.

After a while, someone smiled bitterly and said: "We just talked about 'advancedness' and 'walking in the forefront', but as a result, people are 3,000 years earlier than us." ”

Lu Shi waved his hand,

"Not for three thousand years. Didn't the Master Graucus propose natural human rights in the sixteenth century? That's only 2,500 years. ”

God's special meow "is only 2,500 years",

That's so heart-wrenching!

The rest of the people present couldn't pick up at all.

Clemenceau turned the subject back,

"Professor Lu, you just mentioned the Book of Rites, and that book is...... Forget it, I still don't ask. ”

It is estimated that it is also such an old monster in the 10th century BC,

It's better not to ask.

It's no wonder that Lu Shi said that it has nothing to do with being advanced,

It's all leftovers that people play, what else is so advanced?

Clemenceau sighed,

"Professor Lu, in that case, is your theory of 'never guilty' also from the classics?"

Lu Shi said: "Jia Yi in the Western Han Dynasty wrote the book "Great Politics", 'so it is better to lose the guilt than to kill the innocent. Therefore, if the husband is guilty, the suspicion will be attached to it; Those who are also meritorious, if they are suspicious, they will be attached. Under the guidance of this principle, the emperor carried out the reform of the abolition of corporal punishment. ”

Someone asked: "When was this country in the Western Han Dynasty?" ”

Needless to say, others will explain,

"That's not a state, it's a dynastic system of Chinese civilization. If I'm not mistaken, the Western Han Dynasty was also in BC. ”

The French are depressed again,

Abolish corporal punishment, how come it is still earlier for the Chinese?

This country is outrageous.

Clemenceau snorted coldly,

"What was the pretext for starting the Sino-French war before? Amusing! The more you know about the world, the less you will think that there is any civilization and barbarism, but that it is just a dislocation of time. ”

Dumas echoed: "When people are civilized, we are still barbaric~ Why can't some people understand? ”

The corners of Clemenceau's mouth twitched,

"Alas......"

It seems to be a matter of wanting to speak and stopping.

Dumas said: "What? What can't be said directly? ”

The corners of Lu Shi's mouth hooked an arc,

"It's not that Mr. Clemenceau can't say it directly, but he thinks it's useless. Mr. Dean, you said that they don't understand, then I want to ask you, you can't understand that using money to renovate school buildings and dormitories can improve the learning environment of students? ”

Dumas embarrassment,

"Got it."

It's not that I don't understand,

Instead, he pretended to be confused.

He sighed: "Tired by reality, it's really ...... Alas...... I can't help it. ”

The French present were mostly left-wing,

You tell them the reality, and they have to talk to you about the ideal.

For a while, the room became noisy,

"If you don't admit your mistakes, what kind of reality is it?"

"In front of Professor Lu, don't talk about what you have and don't, he is the compiler of the "Parliamentary Charter", and he really spends money to do charity and education."

"That's it! If you talk too much, people think it's ridiculous. ”

……

Lu Shi: "......"

After listening to other people's comments, he felt that he was really good.

He waved his hand,

"Let's not talk about that, shall we?"

The rest of the people came back to their senses.

Clemenceau let out an "um" and said, "Indeed, it's better not to diverge too far." Let's move on to the 'never guilty' thing. Professor Lu, I just talked about so much history, how do you think it should be understood? ”

Lu Shi fell into deep thought,

"As you said, the presumption of innocence, requires that the burden of proof be placed on the prosecution in cases where a person is acquitted by default. On the other hand, 'innocent in doubt' means that when the burden of proof is not met, the acquittal must be declared with insufficient evidence. ”

The sound of note-taking sounded in the room again,

Rustle Rustle –

After a while, Clemenceau looked up,

Therefore, the presumption of innocence is the cause, and the suspicion of guilt is never the effect. This also shows that there is no question of whether it is advanced or not. ”

Lu Shi smiled,

"I don't quite understand either."

He said it very sincerely, and it could be seen that he really knew a little about the study of law.

But this sincerity is the most convincing,

Clemenceau nodded,

"Professor Lu, you are worthy of being the founder of modern historiography, and you can draw inferences from one case and use history to apply to the law."

Poincaré on the side helped and said: "Professor Lu once said, 'Using history as a mirror, you can know the rise and fall'. ”

Lu Shi coughed,

"That's what one of the emperors of China said, and I'm quoting it."

Poincaré smiled,

Xindao,

It is not wrong to say that Professor Lu is modest.

Clemenceau asked, "Professor Lu, in the ancient Chinese books, only those principles are mentioned roughly, and there are no specific laws?" ”

Lu Shi replied: "No." ”

Of course it can't be,

This is because it was never until the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, in 1948 provided the legal basis for the worldwide implementation of the principle.

Clemenceau said helplessly: "It is still not possible to hold on to vague principles and no laws. It's like the presumption of innocence is already in the Declaration of Human Rights, but what about the reality? The Dreyfus case is still fresh in my mind. ”

Lu Shi was a little puzzled,

"There are principles, but aren't the laws simple?"

When he said this, he did seem like a layman in the practice of law.

Someone kindly prompted: "Professor Lu, things are far from easy. You live in London and you've written Yes! Prime Minister", we should know better than we do. ”

Others chimed in: "Yes, yes, yes!" What does that paragraph say? On the fourth-order statecraft......"

Lu Shi was dumbfounded,

"I see."

He couldn't help but smile and shake his head,

It seems that the world's civil servants have a virtue,

If it can, it won't change,

Respond to change with the same.

Even the old revolutionary base areas are no exception.

Lu Shi groaned,

"And like, didn't we just talk about the Ferry Act? You can do the same. ”

This sentence made everyone's eyes shine.

Clemenceau muttered to himself: "Sound from east to west, step by step, step by step." ”

He looked at Lu Shi again,

"Professor Lu, please teach me!"

This old brother is here again.

Lu Shi didn't hesitate to say: "It's not something that can't be taught, about 'never suspecting guilt', didn't you all fully understand it just now?" ”

Clemenceau frowned,

"Yes, I do, but here's the problem...... Hmmm......"

He still didn't seem to figure it out.

Lu Shi then enlightened the other party: "Mr. Clemenceau, the ultimate goal of 'never suspecting guilt'? ”

Clemenceau pondered and replied: "The ultimate goal is a rule of evidence, which in simple terms is to put the burden of proving the guilt of the defendant on the prosecution, and the defendant does not bear the burden of proving his innocence." ”

Someone interjected,

"But it's hard to do."

Lu Shi said with certainty: "It is indeed difficult to achieve it in one step. But it can...... For example, in ancient Rome, there was a principle in favor of the accused. ”

All of you are smart people, why don't you understand?

Dumas suddenly realized,

"Understood. When there is doubt as to whether the defendant is guilty or the seriousness of the crime, the explanation shall be made in favor of the defendant. Even the ancient Romans could do this, so we French can't do it, right? ”

Clemenceau nodded,

"Indeed, it doesn't seem difficult to push through this bill. However, it is still not possible to jump to the ultimate goal. ”

Lu Shi spreads his hands,

"Then add a few more steps. For example, the right to silence, the right to be exempt from certificates, ......"

There is no need to be more thorough.

Clemenceau bowed his head, wrote down a three-step plan,

——

1. When there is doubt as to whether the defendant is guilty or the seriousness of the crime, an explanation shall be made in favor of the defendant;

2. The defendant has the right to refuse to make a statement, and the defendant cannot be compelled to incriminate himself, nor can his silence be used as the basis for his guilt;

3. In criminal proceedings, the burden of proving the defendant's guilt rests with the prosecution, and the defendant does not bear the burden of proving his innocence.

——

In order of intensity, it should be:

Three→ two→ one.

But because it is to implement the new law, it is necessary to learn from Feili, and take a few years as a large cycle, from weak to strong.

That is:

One→ two→ three.

"Whew~"

Clemenceau let out a sigh of relief,

He was very satisfied with the plan.

I didn't expect to be able to talk about such a useful topic when I met with Lu Shi.

He raised his head and looked around,

The rest of the legal practitioners were also refreshed and refreshed, as relaxed as if they had just rushed through the phase.

Clemenceau stretched,

"Anthony?"

Dumas was still pondering, and he was stunned for a long time before he came back to his senses,

"Huh? How? ”

Clemenceau asked, "I heard you and Professor Lu just talk about how students want to renovate their school buildings and dormitories?" ”

Speaking of this Dumas depressed,

His face is loveless,

"It's not just a renovation, they all want to build a new campus!"

As he spoke, he didn't forget to shake his clothes,

"Look at me, my coat that they tore apart is about to turn into a ladies' evening dress. I don't know, I thought I had some special fetishes~"

The crowd laughed.

The atmosphere in the conference room became brighter.

Clemenceau walked to the window and looked at the school building in the distance,

"It's time to fix it."

The crowd followed his gaze,

Cracks and holes appeared in the walls and roof of the school building, giving a sense of unease.

In addition, the facilities are very old, and many of the windows do not even have curtains.

When Clemenceau looked at Lu,

"Professor Lu, what do you think?"

This is a very unwarranted question.

Lu Shi was a little surprised,

"Ask me?"

"Renovating school buildings and dormitories is an important project that not only improves the school environment, but also enhances the learning experience of students. At the same time, it is an exciting project to breathe new life into the school and create an inspiring learning environment for students. ”

Clemenceau sneered,

"Professor Lu, it turns out that you would say such things."

"Ah......h

Lu Shi touched his nose,

"You know, I'm famous in London politics and economics now, and I have to take classes occasionally."

Clemenceau smiled even more happily,

He turned to Dumas,

"Anthony, do you hear me? I also think what Professor Lu said is very reasonable, so I am willing to donate a sum of money in the name of "Group" and "Aurora Daily". ”

As soon as the voice fell, the rest of the people immediately responded,

"I can pay too!"

"Me too!"

"And me!"

……

Dumas looked confused,

This is......

Got better?

Clemenceau continued: "Of course, donations also have a purpose. I think today's event is very memorable. The new school building is called 'Suspected Crime Never Built'? ”

He turned to Lu with a consultation in his eyes.

Lu Shi: "......"

"Mr. Clemenceau, I think the name is a little absurd."

Clemenceau smiled,

"That's called 'Lu Shilou'?"

Land Hours: ???

"I didn't say I wanted to donate......"

Although the "Mirror" became a money printing machine after selling advertising space, money can't be spent like this.

After all, Columbia's £100,000 deficit is still waiting over there.

Clemenceau said, "Professor Lu, I don't need you to pay. Based on the discussions just now, we all feel that what has just happened is worth remembering, and you are the most important one...... Yes! Or, to put up a statue for you at the Sorbonne? ”

Lu Shi shook his head,

"Don't."

Poincaré said, "I have a compromise. ”

And the people looked at him,

Dumas said, "Henry, you can say it. ”

Poincaré smiled,

"Professor Lu's calligraphy is very good, and he asked him to nominate for the new building. In this way, the Sorbonne not only borrowed the fame of Professor Lu, but did not have to look so licking the dog...... Ahem...... I mean...... Anyone who understands understands. ”

Lu Shi remembered that he had indeed written calligraphy in front of Poincaré-

Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is knowing.

I don't know how this brother's aesthetic system was established, and why he thinks those words are well written.

However, the matter has come to this, and he can only accept it,

"Or, it's called 'Ming Fa Building'?"

Clemenceau immediately nodded,

"That's a good name! Moreover, Professor Lu's words are also qualified. Because you are Chinese, and China's leading position in law is irrefutable, it can be described as 'far ahead', this is still the knowledge you have popularized for us~"

This sycophant is a bit explicit.

Lu Shi is also used to it,

"Okay, then it's called 'Mingfa Building', I'll ...... Alas...... I still mean it, donate 5,000 francs. ”

Even if he writes well with his brush,

If you don't write well, you should donate a little, and it will be used as compensation for the University of Paris.

So, in the next hundred years, the Ming Law Building has been weathered, renovated and even rebuilt many times, and its door number has not been changed, it has always been three Chinese characters,

The French name is squeezed underneath, with only a small line.

(End of chapter)