Taking several letters from his secretary, Planck found that the addresses on the envelopes were all from the same country.

He frowned and asked again, "Why are all these all sent by Waben, is there any letter from China?" The one that produces tea and porcelain! ”

"China? I remembered that there was indeed a letter from there that came with the telegram this morning," said the secretary with a slight sneer, "Professor, it is the first time I have seen a Chinese person submit a paper to the Annals of Physics, and I guess the content is similar to the Indian physics papers that have been tirelessly sent one after another to prove that Newton's laws of motion are wrong. ”

"Get me this letter at once, I'm going to read it now!"

The secretary didn't know why the unkempt bald old professor suddenly lost his temper, so he could only leave the office in a huff, and after a while, he returned with a thick envelope.

"Professor, this should be the letter."

The secretary learned to be obedient this time, handed over the envelope and quietly withdrew, he didn't want to be a pond fish that was affected by the nameless fire again.

The postmark is dated November 20, 1922, which means that the letter traveled for more than 40 days through the Pacific Ocean, Malacca, the Indian Ocean, Suez, and after landing in Marseille, it traveled several times on a steam train that rumbled and smoked white smoke before arriving in this office in Berlin.

After opening the envelope, which still smelled of the sea, pulling out the folded letter paper, and laying it out on his desk, Planck came across the title of the paper, "Another Effect Between Light and Electrons: A Quantum Physics Explanation of the Changing Properties of Monochromatic Gamma Rays Scattered by Matter."

In 1887, German physicist Heinrich Hertz accidentally discovered that ultraviolet rays irradiating metal electrodes could help generate electric sparks when he was studying electromagnetic waves.

Eighteen years later, in 1905, Dr. Albert Einstein published a paper entitled "An Enlightening View of the Generation and Transformation of Light", introducing the concept of 'light quantum' and successfully providing a theoretical explanation for this experimental phenomenon known as the 'photoelectric effect'. Dr. Albert Einstein was awarded last year's Nobel Prize in Physics just this year for this achievement. ……”

Seeing such a past event written at the beginning of the paper, it immediately reminded Planck of a dusty memory for a long time.

By 1905, Planck had been an editor of the Annals of Physics for ten years.

One day, he received a submission from Albert Einstein, a junior clerk at the Bern Patent Office in Switzerland, on the topic of explaining the photoelectric effect using the optical quantum hypothesis.

In fact, Planck was initially opposed to Einstein's quantum hypothesis of light, because he was reluctant to abandon Maxwell's electrodynamics, stubbornly believing that light is a continuous fluctuation and not a particle.

He refuted Einstein as follows: "The theory of the light quantum of Jun has set the theory of physics back not by decades, but by hundreds of years!" Huygens had already proposed that light fluctuates continuously, not as Newton put it! ”

But even so, Planck agreed to publish the five papers in the Annals of Physics, which was the story of the miracle year of 1905.

That's right, at this time, the Annals of Physics did not have peer review for all the evils of later generations, and only needed to be screened by the editors before it could be published.

It was not until the first Solvay Conference in 1911 that Planck was basically persuaded by Einstein to accept the latter's quantum hypothesis of light.

Unexpectedly, time flies like a white horse, and it has been nearly 20 years since I met Einstein.

Coming back to his senses, Planck continued to look at the paper in his hand.

"In 1904, when the British physicist Arthur Yves was studying the absorption and scattering properties of gamma rays, he discovered that gamma rays scattered by materials such as iron or aluminum plates tend to be 'softer' than incident rays. Later, after further experiments and research by David Florance and Joseph Gray, it was finally concluded that "when the monochromatic gamma rays are scattered, the properties will change, and the larger the scattering angle, the softer the scattering rays, which have nothing to do with the material of the scatter".

However, for many years, the physics community has been disagreeing on what kind of theory should be used to explain this phenomenon accurately and appropriately, and there has been no unified consensus.

Also eighteen years after Yves discovered the phenomenon of gamma rays, the author tried to give a quantum physics explanation for this phenomenon based on Dr. Einstein's quantum theory of light. ……”

Seeing this, Planck frowned slightly.

In his paper, the Chinese deliberately emphasized twice that it had taken 18 years, implying that his achievements could be compared to Einstein's.

In Planck's impression, Chinese people are gentle, elegant and easy-going gentlemen like Xia Yuanying and Cai Yuanpei, why is this young man so arrogant?

When Chen Muwu first wrote this paragraph, he did have a little bit of "I am a Chu madman, Feng Ge laughs at Kongqiu".

Since he already knew that his theory was correct, why did he pretend to be a grandson?

Chinese people are just gentle and frugal for too long, so they will be misunderstood as weak by white-skinned foreign devils and bullied on their heads.

With a little displeasure, Planck continued to read the rest of the paper.

"The author considers the quantum of light (das Lichtquant) mentioned by Dr. Einstein as a particle, and named it 'photon', which comes from the ancient Greek words φῶς (phôs) and φωτός (phōtós)."

That's right, the name photon, which seemed taken for granted in later generations, did not appear at this time.

Photon? Is light really a particle?

Planck muttered to himself.

"The theory of the photoelectric effect reveals that photons have energy, and if it is considered that photons, while having energy, have their own momentum, which are incident in the scattered matter and collide with the free electrons in them, the following can be derived: ......"

The idea that light quanta have momentum is not a new one.

In 1909, Albert Einstein proposed at an international conference that light quanta should have momentum.

In 1916, he gave the formula of the momentum of the light quantum in his paper "A Quantum Discourse on Radiation", p=h/λ.

However, this paper may be the first time that the momentum of light quanta has been used for calculations.

How did he bring the two together, was it a sharp intuition, or was it a mistake?

From this, it can be concluded that when a photon is emitted from a photon source and is emitted into a scattered substance, it mainly interacts with the electrons in it. When the frequency of the incident light is low, and the energy of the photon is of the same order of magnitude as the electron binding energy, the photoelectric effect is mainly generated, and the atom absorbs the energy of the photon and produces ionization.

"When the frequency of the incident light is quite large, and the energy of the photon far exceeds the binding energy of the electron, the electron in the material can be regarded as free electrons, and the scattering of the photon to the free electron can be considered to be the effect discussed in this article. This also explains why this scattering is independent of the properties of the material. ……”