After reading the title of the paper with his own name, Planck looked at the thickness of the paper in his hand again, only a few thin pages.

This made him a little curious, could the problem that he, Einstein, and countless physicists had spent more than 20 years of time and effort not succeed in solving, could it be easily solved by Chinese geniuses?

Planck adjusted the position of the glasses on his nose and began to read Chen Muwu's paper carefully.

Leibniz, yes, the one who invented calculus, was a philosopher in addition to a mathematician.

He once made a philosophical point that no two leaves in the world are exactly the same.

It means that in the macrocosm, there is no such thing as being exactly the same, and even if it looks exactly the same, there will always be a way to distinguish them.

The solution given by classical mechanics is that even if two particles are exactly the same, their trajectories will not be the same.

As long as their orbits are tracked, the position and velocity of these two particles at a certain moment in time can be determined.

Therefore, in Einstein's derivation, he naturally also believed that each photon follows the laws of the macrocosm and is unique.

Even if there are only two photons in a system, photon A and photon B, if you let these two photons swap positions with each other, you get photon B and photon A.

Because each photon is unique, this two-photon system is also treated as two different states in the system before and after the swap of positions.

Here, Chen Muwu proposes a new point of view that stands out from the rest.

He believed that in the microscopic world, photons are indistinguishable identical particles.

Because photons have no mass, as long as two photons have the same frequency, they will be exactly the same photons, and there will be no difference between photons A and B.

In such a two-photon system consisting of "photons and photons", after swapping positions, it is still a "photon and photon" system.

That is, nothing has changed in this exchange, and the state of the system remains the same.

It is just that he chose the latter on the question of whether photons are distinguishable or indistinguishable, and then used the method of ideal gas, Chen Muwu easily deduced the expression of Planck's law, instead of obtaining another Wien's law, which can only be viewed from a distance and cannot be played with, as other physicists who have chosen the former.

Chen Muwu's thesis came to an abrupt end.

In fact, he could have continued from this, but because he happened to receive this letter from Planck from Blackett in the Eagle Bar when the paper was written, he simply ended it here, without affecting the completeness, and it could still be regarded as a good paper.

As for the other content he wanted to extend, Chen Muwu left it in the next paper.

After reading Chen Muwu's paper in his hand, Planck frowned.

He seems to understand, but he doesn't fully understand, and he always feels that this time the Chinese genius has a big problem in terms of statistics.

There is a classic probability question that asks what is the probability that two identical coins will be tossed once and the national emblem will face up at the same time?

Because there will be four situations: "Hui Hui", "Hui Zi", "Zi Hui" and "Zi Zi", so the probability of two coins facing up at the same time should be one in four.

And Chen Muwu's paper gave Planck the feeling that when he calculated the probability, he regarded the "emblem" and "character emblem" as the same situation, thinking that there would only be three situations: "two emblems", "two characters" and "one emblem and one character".

So according to his algorithm, the probability of two coins facing up at the same time becomes one-third.

This is a test point that is easy to make mistakes in the college entrance examination, if Chen Muwu fills in one-third of this answer on the test paper, then he will definitely be deducted all the marks for this question.

But in Planck's paper, Chen Muwu used a new statistical method, but he simply got Planck's law correct.

Planck's law is the most appropriate formula obtained from the results of a large number of black-body radiation experiments, and physics is a science based on experiments.

Therefore, the macro statistical method is not applicable in the micro world, in fact, the new statistical method written by Chen Muwu in the paper is the closest to the truth and the most correct?

Planck, who had been thinking about it for a long time, didn't figure it out, but finally decided to publish this paper.

As for whether the content of this paper is right or wrong, it is still left to the readers to judge as usual.

……

A little more than a week later, Planck received a second paper from Cambridge University.

This is the last half that he originally wanted to write in the previous paper, but because it was interrupted at the last minute, he chose it separately.

This time, Chen Muwu solved another problem that had puzzled physicists for a long time.

That is, according to classical statistical mechanics, the entropy of an ideal gas does not become zero when the temperature is infinitely close to absolute zero, which happens to violate the third law of thermodynamics.

Some physicists have found a self-deluded explanation for this, which is that the ideal gas is called an "ideal" gas because it only exists in idealized conditions, but not in real life.

Therefore, an ideal model does not violate the third law of thermodynamics, nor does it affect reality.

Other physicists are worried that the thermodynamic edifice will collapse again.

But no one has been able to give a reasonable explanation for this phenomenon, whether it is self-deception or worry.

In this paper, Chen Muwu once again used the new statistical method he proposed.

He regarded the ideal gas molecule as a homogeneous particle like a photon.

Then, again, a miracle happened.

As the temperature approaches absolute zero, the ideal gas undergoes a peculiar phase transition: a large number of ideal gas molecules will "condense" together and will no longer exist as a single molecule.

This is a peculiar fourth phase that is different from the three phases of "solid, liquid, and gas", and when the temperature finally reaches absolute zero, all the ideal gas molecules will become this fourth phase, and there will be no difference between them.

As we all know, entropy is a physical quantity that describes the degree of chaos in a system, and since everyone is exactly the same with each other without any differences, then entropy naturally becomes zero.

In this way, when the ideal gas approaches absolute zero, its entropy fully meets the requirements of the third law of thermodynamics.

Chen Muwu once again saved thermodynamics.

After reading his second paper, Planck finally believed in the correctness of the statistical method proposed by Chen Muwu.

So he decided to recover the "Annals of Physics" that had been typeset and ready to be printed, and asked the typesetters to retypeset them, so that Chen Muwu's two papers could be published at the same time.

……

In fact, the first paper written by Chen Muwu in the original time and space was a letter received by Einstein in 1924.

The letter was sent from the University of Calcutta in India, and the man who wrote it was called Satjendra Bose.

When Bose gave another lecture to the students, he miscalculated the probability problem above, and then used the wrong probability to calculate the correct Planck's law.

Bose was ecstatic to get this result, and he didn't care about finding a correct theoretical explanation for this erroneous calculation, so he directly compiled the process into a paper and prepared to submit it to the European Journal of Physics, so that he could make a name for himself.

As the noble Cayasta, a loyal subject of the Empire, Bose's first choice for submissions was naturally the British journal of physics.

You love the country, but does the country love you?

Like Chen Muwu, Bose also sent the paper to the British Journal of Philosophy.

Then, he encountered the same problem as Chen Muwu, that is, the editor did not pay attention to the Indian paper at all, and would not even look at it.

In terms of attitude towards submitted papers, Bose, an Indian with the number one colony, is still a little more noble than Chen Muwu, a Chinese.

Because at least their master gave him a letter back, although it was only a rejection notice that had been printed in batches a long time ago.

But unlike Chen Muwu, Bose does not have a noble man named Eddington.

After a setback in England, he wanted to forward his thesis to Germany, only to find out that he didn't know German.

In the end, Bose was desperate, and sent the paper to Einstein, the world's most famous physicist at that time, and attached a text message to it, making two slightly rude requests: because Bose did not know German, he asked Einstein to translate the paper into German and publish it in a German physics journal.

Fortunately, Einstein, who had been troubled by the question of "how to correctly derive Planck's law", was very interested in the content of this paper, so he automatically ignored Bose's rudeness, and not only found someone to translate the paper, but also personally sent it to the editorial office of the "Journal of Physics", which, yes, is a competitor to the "Annals of Physics".

With Einstein's endorsement, the paper was quickly published.

Einstein was able to show such sincerity to a foreigner who had only sent a letter and had never even met in person.

This is also why when Chen Muwu first crossed over, he thought that he had encountered a great opportunity after seeing the news in the newspaper that Einstein was going to give a lecture in the sea.

Because he was already convinced at that time that as long as he could come up with a paper that was enough to impress Einstein, then the latter would definitely be able to use his fame and prestige to have this paper published in any top journal in the European physics community.

A series of subsequent developments have proved that Chen Muwu's move was right.

The new statistical method proposed by Chen Muwu in his first paper is called "Bose-Einstein statistics" in the original space-time.

In the second paper, the condensation that is independent of the three phases of "solid, liquid, and gas" is called "Bose-Einstein condensation", although this condensation was completely discovered by Einstein.

Although he has "Bose" in his name, he only accidentally solved the derivation of Planck's law when he made a mistake, and he didn't even know why.

It was Albert Einstein who single-handedly came up with the concept that the photon is a homogeneous particle and developed it into a great theory.

If we take the analogy of Newton, the sage of physics, then Bose is the skull that was smashed by an apple that accidentally fell from an apple tree.

And Einstein is the genius brain who thought about and summed up the law of gravitation.

That's why, the research on the "Bose-Einstein condensation" later won several Nobel Prizes in physics, but Bose himself never won the highest honor in physics.

This has nothing to do with racial discrimination, after all, Raman of Bose really won the Nobel Prize in physics.

If it weren't for the "Bose-Einstein condensation" that was confirmed by physicists in the laboratory more than 70 years later in 1995, perhaps Einstein might have won a Nobel Prize in Physics for this achievement.

However, there is no need to argue about Bose or Einstein about who has contributed more to this theory.

Because these two papers are about to be published in the new issue of the Annals of Physics, these two concepts will henceforth be referred to as "Chen statistics" and "Chen condensation".

(End of chapter)