Since the BKS theory, which he painstakingly developed, was beaten to the ground by Chen Muwu, Kapitsa, and Blackett, Bohr's former assistant Kramers began to slump.

Not long ago, he was finally discharged from the University Hospital of Copenhagen.

After that, Kramers took his wife and ran back to the Netherlands from Denmark overnight.

Although there is a master-apprentice relationship between him and Bohr, no matter how big the master-apprentice relationship is, it is not as important as saving his life.

Without his assistant, Bohr is now a loner at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, and if he wants to write a dissertation in the future, he can only select a lucky audience from among his several doctoral students to be his note-taker.

When Bohr entered his office that morning, he found a letter on his desk stamped with the Cambridgeshire, England.

Bohr thought that the letter should have come from his teacher Rutherford, because in July, when the BKS paper published in the Bulletin of the Natural Science Society was attacked by Chen Muwu's experimental phenomenon, Rutherford, who was vacationing on the seaside of Cornwall, was the first person to write to comfort him.

In his letter, Rutherford advised Bohr not to be depressed by temporary gains and losses, and he also cited himself as an example, saying that Bohr's previous atomic model also rejects his own atomic solar system model proposed earlier to a certain extent.

But he has no complaints about this, after all, the development of science always has to look forward.

Seeing the words Cavendish Laboratory printed on the envelope, Bohr was even more convinced that the letter also came from his teacher, Rutherford.

It seemed that he deserved to be Rutherford's favorite student, and to be so hung by him, Bohr felt a little more proud in his heart.

But when he opened the envelope, he realized that he had made a mistake in his judgment.

One is because the teacher would never write a letter to himself on a typewriter, and the other is because there are no holes in the letter paper that have been burned out of the ashes that have fallen from the pipe while writing the letter.

"Dear Professor Bohr,

"I beg your pardon for taking the liberty of writing this letter to you.

"Although we have not been friendly in academic exchanges in the past few times, I believe that this time, you and I should be on the same side.

"I enclose a copy of the paper I submitted to the Annals of Physics for your advice.

"I wish you all the best, Chen Muwu."

Chen Muwu?

How could he write to me?

This letter is quite sincere in terms of words and sentences, but Bohr doesn't know why Chen Muwu, who not only has nothing to do with him, but even has some confrontations, sent him a paper.

Suspicious, Bohr lifted the thin sheet of paper, revealing the same thin pages of paper underneath.

As if it was a bad taste, Chen Muwu crossed over and has not written a few papers, but he loves to write the names of well-known contemporary physicists in the title of his papers.

It was enough to write the name of the physicist, but not only that, but he also sent these papers to the physicist himself in the title.

There was Einstein's gravitational field equation before, Planck's radiation law, and now there is a third victim.

A Theoretical Explanation of the Orbital Hypothesis and the Stationary State Hypothesis in the Bohr Atomic Model.

Seeing this topic, Bohr seemed to understand why Chen Muwu would send this paper to himself.

As Rutherford said in his previous letter, Bohr improved on the atomic model of the solar system proposed by his teacher in 1913 and proposed a new atomic model named after him.

According to the classical theory of electromagnetism, when the electrons outside the nucleus move in a circle, they will continue to radiate electromagnetic waves outward, and with the decrease of energy, the speed of operation decreases, so the orbital radius does not continue to shrink, until it finally lands on the nucleus.

This means that atoms cannot exist stably, and the spectrum of radiation should be continuous.

But in fact, the atomic structure is very stable, and the spectrum radiating outward is not continuous but discrete.

Bohr proposed three hypotheses in his model, namely the stationary hypothesis, the orbital hypothesis and the transition hypothesis, which basically solved the contradiction between facts and theories, and for this contribution, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.

It is called a hypothesis because there is no strong theoretical support.

Bohr could not find out what was the difference between the classical theory and the factual phenomena, and could only use his own correspondence principle to obfuscate the test, that is, the microcosm and the macrocosm of the world each obey their own laws, but when the microcosm is extended to the macrocosm, the results of the two laws should be the same.

So when he saw the title of the paper sent by Chen Muwu, Bohr's eyes immediately lit up.

I wonder what kind of explanation Einstein's genius will bring to his atomic model this time on the tram.

So Bohr temporarily ignored the unpleasantness that had happened between him and Chen Muwu, and read the paper attentively.

"According to the wave-particle duality theory of photons, the momentum of a photon is ......"

Seeing the word photon, Bohr was still a little apprehensive.

But now various experimental phenomena irrefutably prove that light occasionally reflects particles, and occasionally shows fluctuations, so he can only swallow his anger.

"If this wave-particle duality is extended to all particles, taking electrons as an example, an electron with momentum p should have a wavelength of ......"

Reading this, Bohr felt that his three views were shattered, and even the pipe in his mouth almost fell to the desk.

How can electrons be waves!

His first reaction was exactly the same as that of his teacher Rutherford.

But this time, Bohr did not recklessly call his assistant.

Of course, since Kramers left overnight, he now has no assistants, so he has to pinch his nose and continue to read the paper.

"Consider that electrons form standing waves in atomic orbitals that do not radiate energy...... The stationary hypothesis can be obtained......

"Bring Equation 1 into Equation 2......

"And the angular momentum of the electron is exactly the product of the momentum and the radius of the orbit......

This is the momentum quantization condition in the orbital hypothesis of the Bohr atomic model.

“QED。”

The current QED only represents the end of the proof, and does not have the meaning of quantum electrodynamics.

Chen Muwu's paper is very short, but it is very shocking.

Bohr never thought of the steady-state hypothesis and orbital hypothesis that he couldn't figure out after a lot of hard work, so Chen Muwu easily deduced it with a few formulas that couldn't be simpler.

However, is the premise of "electron is also a wave" proposed in Chen Muwu's paper correct?

Bohr was deeply pondered.

He is now torn between the seemingly absurd conclusion that if he declares that his proposed atomic model has found a plausible explanation, he must also admit that the electron is a wave.

On the night he received the letter, Bohr did not go home, but stayed in his office, spending the night staring at the formulas in the paper in front of him.

The tobacco in the pipe burned out again and again, and was refilled again and again.

When Dongfang was white, he finally made up his mind in his heart.

Physics is supposed to be such a wonderful and concise science that the electron is treated as a kind of wave that perfectly explains several hypotheses in the hydrogen atomic model.

So why can't an electron be a wave?

Bohr, who was re-energized, picked up his pen and wrote a reply letter to Chen Muwu.

"Dear Chen,

"I am very happy to hear from you and to be able to share this paper with me as soon as it is written.

"To be honest, I was surprised when I first saw this new idea in your paper, but after seeing how successfully and perfectly it explains some of the assumptions I put forward in the atomic model, I have to admit that I was so impressed by your idea that I decided to accept the idea that the electron could be a wave.

"I'm very inspired by your letter, but now there is another question that stops in front of this theory, that is, how can we prove that electrons are also a wave? As long as this view can be proved to be correct, then my atomic theory will basically be finally perfected.

"Also, I'm curious about how you managed to come up with so many new ideas for all aspects of physics? We hope you will be able to give us your advice.

"High respect to you!

"An old friend you've never met, Nils Bohr."

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(End of chapter)