"This gentleman, you really shouldn't have done this......"

Before Chen Muwu finished speaking, the staff of the legation directly opened the bow left and right, and gave himself two slaps.

"Mr. Chen, I'm really sorry, this time it's me who is obsessed with it, and the lard is blinded.

"You must let my little brother go, please don't open your mouth in this matter, but don't tell the chargé d'affaires Zhu of our legation! ……”

The staff snorted and cried, and wanted Chen Muwu to open up to him.

Before that, Chen Muwu, who pulled the banner as a tiger skin every day, didn't expect that he would become someone else's banner this time.

But he really didn't have a good way to deal with the staff of the legation in front of him. Pressing the gourd and lifting the scoop, although Chen Muwu only needs to write a letter to Zhu Zhaoxin, he will definitely make this person lose his job, but if he leaves alone, it does not mean that other people in the legation will not repeat the dirty things that this person has done.

In the end, Chen Muwu could only think of a stupid way, that is, the next time he invited someone from China, he would notify the legation of the list in advance.

As long as I don't move my people, other people's bamboo poles, let them knock as much as they like!

The staff of the legation left Cambridge with great gratitude.

Before leaving, he didn't forget to make all kinds of wishes, saying that next time he sent something good from China, he would definitely not forget to send a copy to Chen Muwu.

Unlike this person's verbal promise, Zhao Zhongyao really brought something to Chen Muwu.

Zhao is a native of Zhuji, and Chen Muwu's hometown Yu was under the jurisdiction of Shaoxing Mansion in the Qing Dynasty, so the two can be regarded as fellow villagers.

The two of them went on a study trip abroad, and the ticket to the UK was issued by Chen Muwu's eldest brother Chen Muqiao, and the tuition and living expenses in the UK were handled by Chen Muwu.

Therefore, Zhao Zhongyao and Shi Ruwei were very grateful for the help of the Chen family, and at the suggestion of their teacher Ye Qisun, they specially brought Chen Muwu a few catties of good tea.

"When this tea enters the British customs, it must have paid a lot of taxes, right?"

Chen Muwu remembered that when he first came to the UK, it was also because he didn't know, because he brought some tea, he was levied a lot of taxes by the black-hearted British customs.

"Teacher Chen, who said no! Just a few catties of tea, the British official at customs collected several pounds of customs duties from me, and they really opened their mouths! ”

……

After the three of them communicated, Chen Muwu found a very embarrassing thing.

That is the two students introduced to him by Ye Qisun, although they are calling themselves "Teacher Chen" one by one, but their real ages are actually older than themselves.

Therefore, Chen Muwu felt that he couldn't stand and couldn't agree to this title of Teacher Chen.

Under his persuasion in every possible way, the two finally agreed, and they either called each other his cousin "Hanchen", or directly called him Mr. Chen.

Now that the two compatriots have come to Cambridge University, the next priority is to prepare for the entrance exams for each college.

Now another problem has emerged, that is, when Chen Muwu came to the UK last year, he did not take the entrance exam of Trinity College at all.

He was opened a back door by the dean Tom Sun, and as soon as he arrived in Cambridge, he went directly to the Cavendish laboratory to do experiments.

So Chen Muwu didn't know what the entrance exam would take and what questions he would have to ask if it was just an interview.

However, there is a ready-made solution, and that is that he Chen Muwu also has a student who has just passed the entrance test for Christ's College not long ago.

Chen Muwu entrusted Zhao Zhongyao and Shi Ruwei to their Oppenheimer, and asked this senior brother of the Chen Sect to tutor the two of them to prepare for the next entrance exam.

Oppenheimer did not refuse, because this was the first task given to him by Mr. Chen after he came to Cambridge.

He felt that he had to complete this matter well, and let Chen Muwu see if he, an honorary graduate of Harvard University, was a vegetarian after all.

……

The following Tuesday, after a fairly sumptuous dinner, the Capitsa Club, which had been held improvised during the summer vacation, quietly kicked off in a room at Trinity College.

Zhao Zhongyao and Shi Ruwei, who had just come to Cambridge, probably didn't know what big moves Chen Muwu had made in the physics community during the more than a month that they had been sailing on a steamer.

But since Oppenheimer said excitedly that he wanted to listen to Mr. Chen's lecture, there was no reason for the two of them not to follow.

However, since the two were not yet full members of the Kapitsa Club, they could only sit at the end of the room.

Oppenheimer, who is also not a full member, was arranged by Chen Muwu to get the work of meeting minutes.

He excitedly held the pen in his hand, thinking that he must not miss every word that came out of his teacher's mouth.

Chen Muwu thought that at this club activity, he would talk specifically about what this wave function Ψ is.

Letting Oppenheimer record it is also to organize the content of this lecture so that it can be more convenient to publish another paper.

Chen Muwu didn't want to touch the problem of proving the equivalence of matrix mechanics and wave dynamics, because it was too difficult.

It is always said that in less than half a year after Schrödinger proposed the wave equation in 1926, he mathematically proved the equivalence of his wave dynamics and Heisenberg's matrix mechanics.

But this is just a physics myth, and Schrödinger gave the proof by using the wave equation to solve the energy level and the stationary wave function of the harmonic oscillator, and the result obtained is the same as the conclusion given by matrix mechanics.

Then he was ashamed to say that his wave dynamics were equivalent to the matrix mechanics of Heisenberg, Born, and Jodang, and that he could be transformed from one form to another by mathematical transformations.

In fact, at best, he "demonstrated" that the two mechanics were physically equivalent, and he could only fool many physicists who were not good at mathematics.

The final mathematical equivalence of wave dynamics and matrix mechanics was not until Dirac in 1930 and von Neumann in 1932.

Obviously, Chen Muwu didn't want to be a not very likable mathematician at this meeting of the Capitsa Club.

Schrödinger's paper on "arguing" the equivalence of two mechanics could be left to Zhao Zhongyao, Shi Ruwei and Oppenheimer, as a meeting gift for the three students.

Chen Muwu pondered that since he wanted to start a sect in the future, then he couldn't just rely on himself, but also train his students one by one to get ahead.

So he decided to get straight to the point and talk straight to the point about probability waves.

"Presumably, all the physics practitioners who are here today should have read the paper I published in the journal Nature not long ago.

"You should think that this guy named Chen Muwu standing in front of you, he first came up with something called a matrix, which made people fascinated and fell into the abyss of mathematics.

Then he invented a wave equation and saved man from the abyss of mathematics.

"I'm sure many of you have also tried to calculate the spectrum of hydrogen atoms with this new equation and have had great results.

"But at the same time, I also know that you don't understand what kind of wave this new equation is depicting in the same form as the wave equation. What is it that fluctuates?

"As we all know, in our world, there are two kinds of waves.

"One is mechanical waves, like sound waves and water waves, which cause fluctuations on the macroscopic scale through the vibration of air molecules or water molecules on the microscopic scale.

The other is the electromagnetic wave that Mr. Maxwell proposed. Since Dr. Einstein's theory of relativity has been widely accepted, people have abandoned the imaginary medium of 'ether' and accepted that electromagnetic waves are a vibration of the electric field and the magnetic field itself.

"Maybe some of you have taken this new wave equation into the existing theory that the electron is a wave packet in this equation, and then you have discovered that this explanation causes the waves to be unstable, and the electrons will soon dissipate to infinity.

But this is not the case, electrons are electrons, and this phenomenon does not occur after calculation.

"Now, I would like to point out that this wave, it is neither a mechanical wave, nor an electromagnetic wave, but a probability wave of a new situation.

"AS FOR THE AMPLITUDE Ψ THAT YOUR MIND IS THINKING, IT IS SIMILAR TO THE TWO WAVES MENTIONED ABOVE.

"In classical physics, the square of the amplitude represents the intensity of the wave. IN MY EQUATION, THE MODULUS SQUARE OF THE AMPLITUDE |Ψ|REPRESENTS THE PROBABILITY THAT THE PARTICLE WILL APPEAR AT THAT POSITION AT SOME POINT! ”

Chen Muwu thought that he must have pretended to be a big force in front of the members of the Kapitsa Club this time.

But when he talked about such a long paragraph, the faces of everyone in the audience did not show the shocked face he expected, but most of them were ignorant.

After a while, the club's president, Kapitsa, asked their question on behalf of the others: "Chen, can you please tell us more about what this wave equation is all about?" How should the probability of the appearance of this particle be understood? ”

carelessly, I talked about a lot of theoretical knowledge, but my peers, who stayed in the laboratory all day, may not understand it at all.

He now misses his former roommate Dirac, and if the unsmiling Englishman was here, he would have understood what Chen Muwu was saying.

"One of the simplest explanations for what this probability is is that electrons are everywhere in space, and at the same moment an electron could be either with me or with Mr. Capitsa."

"Chen, your statement is really ridiculous," Kapitsa, who had not yet sat down, immediately put forward a different opinion, "At a certain moment, the position of the electron must be fixed, the example you just gave is actually very easy to know where the electron is, you only need to put a Geiger counter in the whole space, if it is really as you said, there is only one electron in the whole space, then there can only be one Geiger counter that can make a sound." ”

Kapitsa didn't know that he was playing crookedly, and he just brought up the matter of the wave function collapse.

But Kapitsa raised the question of this observation, and now Chen Muwu felt that he could no longer proceed according to the original plan.

He had planned to continue to talk about the "ghost field" that Einstein proposed in order to find a theory of wave in his imaginary light quantum, which had been abandoned.

But he now felt that if he talked about something purely theoretical, without giving a concrete picture of physics, the experimental physicists would probably still not understand.

Fortunately, Chen Muwu had already made two preparations, he turned around and erased the three or five lines of formula written on the blackboard, and instead drew a picture on it.

When he wrote the word "light" on the display, the obscure, and the parallel straight lines with arrows, Chen Muwu had already seen that Chen Muwu had drawn a diagram of Thomas Young's double-slit interference on the blackboard.

"I think I can answer this question with another experimental phenomenon.

"The double-slit interference experiment, a famous optical experiment conducted by Thomas Young, a fellow of the Royal Society, in the early nineteenth century, finally overturned Sir Newton's theory of the particles of light, and from then on, people began to believe that light is also a wave.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Dr. Einstein reintroduced the concept of light quantum in order to explain the experimental phenomenon of the photoelectric effect, which was finally verified by Professor Milligan's precise photoelectric effect experiments and gamma ray scattering experiments early last year.

"Now let's rethink this experiment, let's say we turn down the brightness of the light source as much as possible, so that the light source emits only one photon at a time, and make sure that no new photon is emitted as the photon passes through the slit to the screen.

"After such photons have accumulated for a long time, and then we take the photosensitive negative on the screen to develop and image, what kind of pattern will be displayed on that photo? Will it still show light and dark black and white interference fringes? ”

Chen Muwu paused here for a moment, giving everyone enough time to think.

Everyone in the audience discussed it in a hurry, and finally they reluctantly reached a unanimous opinion, that is, there would be no interference streaks on the photographic negatives.

"It's just that, very unfortunately, the answers you gave were all wrong.

"Fifteen years ago, in 1909, Geoffrey Taylor, now a Fellow of the Royal Society, was working on an experiment in optics under Sir Thomas Sun, then director of the Cavendish Laboratory and now Director of Trinity College.

At that time, Taylors used a gas lamp as a light source, and in front of the light source were several pieces of glass blackened by soot.

The reason he did this was to ensure that the light became fainter with each passing glass, so as to test whether the light would fluctuate under the condition of low light.

The experiment lasted for three months, and in the final washed out photographic negatives, the fluctuations were still obtained.

"Although Fellow Taylor did not double-slit interference but needle-tip diffraction, I think that if this experiment were replicated and the needle tip inside was replaced by two slits, the corresponding experimental phenomenon would also occur."

"This ......"

No one expected Chen Muwu to come prepared, and for a lecture at the Capitsa Club, he actually turned out a student paper from fifteen years ago.

After a long time, it was still Kapitsa who stood up and dismantled the platform: "Chen, but in this experiment, there is no way to guarantee that as you said, at the same time, there is only one photon in space." ”

"Mr. Kapitsa, in fact, this thing is guaranteed."

Chen Muwu turned around again as he spoke, and drew a schematic diagram of a box on the blackboard.

"Dr. Albert Einstein had proposed the quantum hypothesis of light four years before the experiment, but Fellow Taylor did not mention it anywhere in his paper.

"But luckily, he gave detailed experimental data, and we can get a rough estimate.

According to his statistics, the energy that reaches the photographic disc per second is 5×10 joules.

"Because the light emitted by a gas lamp is pale blue, the wavelength of the light is approximately 500 nanometers.

Because ε = hν, it can be calculated that the number of photons arriving on the photographic disc per second is about one million.

Statistically speaking, that means that every millionth of a second, a photon passes through layers of obstacles and hits this photographic negative.

"Multiply this time interval by the propagation speed of light, and you can get the distance between the two photons, one in front and one in the back, which should be about 300 meters.

"And the length of his entire experimental camera is only less than two meters, which means that statistically speaking, there will only be one photon in the entire experimental space at the same time."

Chen Muwu concluded: "As long as it is possible to ensure that only one photon exists in the entire experimental space at the same time, the interference behavior of light is the possibility of photon interaction."

Therefore, the appearance of dry fringes is the result of the accumulation of many photons acting independently, and the bright region of the interference fringe is the area where photons are more likely to arrive, while the dark region is the area where photons are less likely to arrive.

"As for what the possibility of the arrival of this photon means in physics, I can't think of a surprise that it is what I call probability, which in turn shows that light waves are probabilistic waves.

"If the photon in this experiment had been replaced by an electron source, I think the same result would have been achieved.

"That's why I say that probability is what this wave equation really means."

Chen Muwu actually had a loophole in this speech, he just made a statistically average statement, and did not conclusively confirm that there is only a single photon in the same space and at the same moment.

In fact, whether it is a single-photon interference experiment or a single-electron interference experiment in the strict sense, it will not be fully made by physicists in the laboratory until the single-electron source and single-photon source appear in the seventies of the twentieth century.

Until then, the single-event dry emission experiment could only be an ideal thought experiment.

Moreover, this thought experiment can not only prove that the wave function is a probability wave, but also obtain the uncertainty principle to a certain extent.

However, Chen Muwu felt that it was better not to take out this thing that had made Bohr and Einstein quarrel for decades in the original time and space for the time being.

He's got a shocking dose of quantum mechanics, and he needs to give the physics community a few breaths and digest his recent papers.

Zhao Zhongyao, who was sitting at the end of the venue, asked Shi Ruwei: "Do you understand?" ”

The latter shook his head very frankly: "I only know the double-slit interference mentioned by Mr. Chen in the lecture, and I also know the photons he proposed, but about the wave function, although Mr. Oppenheimer has mentioned it several times, I haven't had time to understand it in depth." When we were done, we would like to borrow Mr. Oppenheimer's notes and study them carefully, and if there is anything we don't understand, we will consult Mr. Chen again. ”

Although the other people in the field had understood the wave equation, they were just as ignorant as Zhao and Shi.

However, some people have other thoughts in their hearts, and they think about whether they will make the single-photon double-slit interference experiment that Chen Muwu said when they return to the laboratory.

Although the members who remained in the audience were still in a state of shock and bewilderment, Chen Muwu's lecture today has ended.

He wiped the blackboard behind him, slapped the chalk scraps off his body, and planned to clean up the things on the table and leave.

If you don't leave now, when these people react and completely surround themselves to ask questions, you won't be able to run anymore!

At that moment, the door to the conference room was slammed open.

Chen Muwu and everyone present saw it for the first time, and the calm Dirac in the past was so out of shape.

And it was the first time they had heard so many words coming out of Dirac's mouth in one breath.

Dirac was notoriously taciturn.

Because he doesn't smile on weekdays, he says too little in the process of getting along with everyone, and only a few words each time.

So in St. John's College, Cavendish Laboratories, and the Kapitsa Club, a strange unit named after Dirac appeared.

One dirac is equivalent to a person saying a word in an hour.

And one Kapitsa is probably equal to thousands or even tens of thousands of Diracs.

Chen Muwu didn't expect that he was still thinking about Dirac in the lecture just now, but his former roommate appeared in front of him in time.

Dirac went straight to Chen Muwu, took a few quick breaths, adjusted his breathing, and then said, "Mrs. Brown said that you had moved out of her house, and I came here in a hurry after I found out that you were at the Capitsa Club.

"Chen, I've been reading all your previous papers at home this summer, and I—I found one of your mistakes in it!"

(End of chapter)