106 superconductivity is the mainstream of the future

After another piece of music, Heisenberg, who was a little over-exercised, finally sat down on a bench in the corner of the room.

Seeing Chen Muwu, who had been entrenched here since the beginning of the ball, Heisenberg finally remembered his responsibilities as the initiator of the ball, and also remembered who the ball was held for.

He was so excited on the dance floor that he forgot to tell the Danish girls to take care of the master of the ball tonight.

"Mr. Chen, why don't you go for a dance? The young girls in Copenhagen are really nice and welcoming, and it's a joy to dance with the good girls. ”

Heisenberg's phrase sounds familiar.

If there were no Chen Wu in this world, then this sentence would have appeared on the Haruyomaru who sailed from San Francisco to Yokohama in 1929, and the object of his words became the taciturn Dirac.

Like Chen Muwu, Dirac also dislikes and is not good at dancing.

In refuting Heisenberg's "fallacies", he cleverly used the "uncertainty principle" to "attack the shield of the son with the spear of the son": "Werner, how do you know that they are good girls before they are measured? ”

But now, the uncertainty principle has been snatched up by Chen Muwu, and if he says the same thing to Heisenberg again, it always feels almost meaningless, and maybe it will make people feel that he is boasting.

So after thinking about it for a while, Chen Muwu decided to tell the truth: "Mr. Heisenberg, I don't hide it, contemptible people are not good at dancing. I had to go to a ball in Paris before, and my dance steps were even more random than Brown's, and if I rushed down to the dance floor, it would quickly lead to disaster. ”

"Mr. Chen, what you said is really interesting."

After all, Heisenberg was also a genius in physics, and he was not as dull as the stereotypes of his fellow Germans.

Oppenheimer, who retreated from the dance floor, also came to Chen Muwu and Heisenberg.

After a night of partying, he had become one with the latter, and even changed his title from his surname to his first name: "Werner, you are really good at dancing." ”

"Robert, yours is great too, it's the first time I've seen an American dance."

Just when the two of them were blowing each other here, Chen Muwu saw Oppenheimer, and he thoughtless the person they saw outside the gate when they first arrived at the Institute of Theoretical Physics this morning.

"Mr. Heisenberg, when Robert and I first arrived this morning, we met a Far Easterner at the gate. Is this person a student at the Institute of Theoretical Physics? If so, what is his name? ”

"You mean Nishina Yoshio? He was indeed a student of Professor Bohr. By the way, you are both from the Far East, and there must be a lot in common. Hey, Nishina, come here! ”

As he spoke, Heisenberg waved his hand to the other side of the dance floor and shouted loudly.

Just now he praised Heisenberg's brain circuit as strange as that of ordinary Germans, and in the blink of an eye, Chen Muwu was slapped in the face.

Why do people from the same Far East have a common topic?

Listening to the name, Chen Muwu knew that it was indeed himself.

But if you ask him if he knows who this person is, the answer must be that he doesn't know.

If the person's name is written in Chinese characters, maybe Chen Muwu still has some impressions.

But Heisenberg spoke in a Roman voice, not to mention Nishina Yoshio, and even Kaede Karen, the beautiful teacher in his prime, he couldn't recognize who it was.

Hearing someone shouting, the short, round-faced man who had met Oppenheimer with Chen Muwu in the morning ran over from the other side of the dance floor through the crowd.

Chen Muwu observed a little in the afterglow, looking at his age, he should be in his thirties.

The middle-aged man in his thirties was called by the twenty-year-old Heisenberg, and he asked himself if he would never suffer this kind of anger.

"Mr. Chen, this is my negligence, I should have introduced you a long time ago.

"Mr. Chen, this is Nishina Yoshio, who is studying and working at the Institute of Theoretical Physics.

"Nishina, this is Dr. Chen Muwu of Cambridge University, and now the world's most well-known Chinese physicist."

It stands to reason that at this time, Chen Muwu, as the party with a high status who was introduced later, should reach out first.

But he didn't want to shake hands with him at all, so he simply played dumb in his place.

But the next operation of this person in front of him was really eye-opening for him.

Seeing that Chen Muwu didn't mean to shake hands, his expression did not change in the slightest.

He still had a smile on his face, but his hands were on the sides of his thighs, and then he faced Chen Muwu directly and bowed to him.

"Dr. Chen, it's a pleasure to meet you, I'm Nishina Yoshio."

This nation is really capable of bending and stretching.

Chen Muwu was still very unhappy in his heart, he knew that this person was Nishina, but he still didn't know who this person was.

"Sit down, Werner said you're yourself, I wonder if you can write Chinese characters?" He deliberately accentuated the pronunciation of the word "δΈ­ε›―", "You yourself have to invent a strange pronunciation for Chinese characters, I want to know what your Chinese name is." Robert, did you bring a pen and paper? ”

"Don't bother," I quickly took out my notebook and pen from my clothes, wrote down my name, and handed it over respectfully.

The sharp-eyed Oppenheimer took the lead in pointing to a Chinese character in the notebook and said: "I know this word, it's called 'benevolence', which means benevolence!" ”

There was some ostentation in his words, and Chen Muwu was really a little surprised, why did Oppenheimer learn Chinese quietly?

But what surprised him even more was the four vertical rows of Chinese characters written in the notebook.

Yoshio Nishina.

Oppenheimer did get the first one right.

Chen Muwu never expected that he would actually meet the person in charge of the "Ren Project" at the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark.

The so-called "Ren Project" is Ben's atomic bomb program, which is named after the first word of the name of the person in charge, Yoshio Nishina.

So now next to Chen Muwu, there is a person who will build an atomic bomb for the United States in the future, a person who will build an atomic bomb for Germany in the future, and a person who will build an atomic bomb for Ben in the future.

……

Yoshio Nishina should be regarded as the person who admires Chen Muwu the most in the entire Institute of Theoretical Physics.

My sick Muqiang psychology is vividly expressed in Yoshio Nishina.

Because Heisenberg was Bohr's favorite and most valued young man in the entire institute, he was willingly called by this young man who was more than a decade younger than himself at the ball today.

His reverence for Chen Muwu also comes from this kind of Mu Qiang's heart.

A black-haired and yellow-skinned East Asian, Chen Muwu is not only gifted in physics at a young age, but he is also a good swimmer in sports.

But Yoshio Nishina is also the one who looks down on Chen Muwu the most in the entire Institute of Theoretical Physics.

Like Kikujiro Ishii, the ambassador to France in the audience of the previous Olympics, Yoshio Nishina also thinks that Chen Muwu is a despicable supporter.

It's just that this branch of * people has taken shit luck and obtained several discoveries and inventions that shocked the world, so Yoshio Nishina had to grovel in front of him.

At first, Chen Muwu just wanted to ask Heisenberg who Yoshio Nishina saw outside the gate of the Institute of Theoretical Physics.

Unexpectedly, because Chen Muwu never danced a dance from beginning to end, Heisenberg felt a little guilty.

So he was a little overzealous and called Yoshio Nishina directly.

Until now, Heisenberg has been in a state of misplace.

He saw that Yoshio Nishina looked respectful, and thought that there should be endless words between these two Far Easterners.

So Heisenberg stood up very consciously and gave way to Yoshio Nishina, who had been standing.

"Dr. Chen, Renke, you talk, I'll do another dance."

So Yoshio Nishina took advantage of the situation and sat in Heisenberg's original position.

Oppenheimer still sat still, because he clearly remembered the look of disgust on Chen Muwu's face when he told him that the person was himself in the morning.

"Mr. Chen, I have admired my name for a long time, and I was finally able to meet him today." After sitting down, Yoshio Nishina directly patted Chen Muwu's ass, "Mr. Chen is a talented man at a young age, not only has he made great achievements in physics, discovered the ninth planet in astronomy, and also won four gold medals in a row in the Olympic Games, which is really not the light of my East Asia!" ”

Belch.

Once the Chinese people have made achievements, I began to say that preaching is the light of East Asia, as if they are also East Asians.

At the beginning, how they licked Su Shen, who ran 9.83 seconds in the 100-meter semifinals at the Tokyo Olympics, is now how Yoshio Nishina licks Chen Muwu.

However, Yoshio Nishina refused to even say the name of the Yellow Emperor Star, and kept saying that the ninth planet was still very unconvinced in his heart.

"Thank you."

Chen Muwu didn't want to waste even a word with him.

However, Nishina Yoshio still did not give up, and he pestered Chen Muwu to talk about domestic politics.

"Mr. Chen, I heard that these days in your country are not peaceful.

"General Wu of the central government and General Zhang of Guanwai went to war, and all the surrounding areas of the capital became battlefields. Which of the two of them do you think will win? ”

Yoshio Nishina was talking about the Second Zhibong War that took place in September 1924.

It is said that it is a war between the two major warlords of the direct line and the Feng line, but in the final analysis, it is still a proxy war.

The forces behind the two of them are the European and American powers competing for interests in China.

Cao Kun, Wu Peifu and Zhang Zuolin, the nominal direct and Feng leaders, are just pawns on the surface.

But in any case, it is always "prosperous, the people are suffering; Death, the people suffer".

However, of course, he will not say what he thinks in his heart: "I haven't thought about domestic things, I am only interested in physics now." ”

When physics was mentioned, the back of Yoshio Nishina's glasses also brightened: "So Mr. Chen, what do you think is the mainstream development direction of physics in the future?" ”

Chen Muwu, a young man in his early twenties, has produced so many physics achievements in just over a year.

This makes one have to sigh, his physical intuition is very keen.

Yoshio Nishina also saw this, so he pretended to ask this question inadvertently, wanting to find some inspiration in Chen Muwu's answer.

Hearing this question, Oppenheimer, who had nothing to do just now, also leaned over to hear the teacher's answer.

"Robert, you go and dance again, and I'll only tell Nishina about the rest of these words, it's a secret between us Asians."

Oppenheimer, though dissatisfied with the teacher's approach, eventually got up and left his seat.

But the moment his ass left his seat, he figured out something.

Since Mr. Chen hates this person very much, then he will definitely not tell him his true thoughts.

The reason why I didn't let myself stay here was because I was afraid that after hearing about it, I would go astray.

It must be so!

"Hmm......" Although he already had the answer to fool people in his heart, Chen Muwu still frowned and pretended to think for a while, "I think the mainstream direction of the future development of physics should be the superconducting effect." ”

His answer was somewhat unexpected by Yoshio Nishina.

Originally, Yoshio Nishina thought that the answer given by Chen Muwu should be inside the atomic nucleus, after all, he had just established quantum mechanics to solve the problems of the microscopic world.

"Mr. Chen, can you explain this point in detail?"

"Absolutely.

"At some point in the development of electricity, one way to distinguish between a conductor and an insulator was to look at how the resistance changed with temperature.

"If the resistance decreases with temperature, then the substance is a conductor and vice versa.

"But when the temperature drops to a very low level, how does the resistance of the conductor change?

Lord Kelvin believed that the electrons in a conductor would be frozen by low temperatures, but Sir Dewar believed that if there was an ideal conductor free of impurities and defects, its resistance could be zero at absolute zero.

In 1911, Professor Kamerin Onnes of Leiden University in the Netherlands found in an experiment that when the temperature dropped to about 4.2 Kelvin, the resistivity of mercury metal became so small that it could not be measured, and it could be regarded as zero. This is the first time in human history that superconductivity has been discovered.

"A person with a basic education in physics knows what it means when the resistivity of a material becomes zero.

"Even if the conductor is made from silver, which has the best conductivity but is expensive, there is a lot of loss in the process of transporting electricity over long distances.

"But what if we made wires out of this superconductor with zero resistivity? Then the loss in the transmission process can be negligible, which not only improves efficiency, but also saves energy.

"With the development of technology, people's demand for electricity will only increase in the future.

"Physics, on the other hand, serves to improve the quality of human life.

"That's why I say that the superconductivity effect is the mainstream development direction of physics in the future."

Seeing that Chen Muwu spoke so seriously, Yoshio Renna really thought that this young Chinese man was defenseless, and said everything he thought in his heart.

He wanted to squeeze more useful thoughts out of Chen Muwu, so he continued to ask: "But Mr. Chen, now the superconductivity effect can only appear at a temperature below ten Kelvin, and if the conductive material is maintained in such a low temperature environment, wouldn't it also consume a lot of energy?" ”

"You're right, now humans can only get superconductors at extremely low temperatures.

"But what you're missing is that the critical temperature at which superconductivity occurs is different for different materials.

"The first metal mercury Hg to be found to be superconducting was element 80, which has a critical temperature of 4.2 Kelvin.

In 1913, it was discovered that lead Pb, element 82, also had superconductivity, and its critical temperature was nearly twice as high as that of mercury, reaching 7 Kelvin.

"Although the phenomenon of superconductivity has been proposed for more than ten years now, people's understanding of it is still only a blind man touching an elephant, and cannot see the whole picture.

"For example, element 81 sandwiched between the two, thallium Tl.

"This is a relatively rare metallic element compared to mercury and lead, which are abundant on Earth on both sides of it.

"As far as I know, so far, no physicist has designed and conducted experiments to verify the presence of superconductivity in thallium, which is sandwiched between mercury and lead.

"If so, what would be the critical temperature of thallium superconductivity?

"I think that if we can find the critical temperature of thallium, maybe we can find some laws about the superconductivity effect from these three adjacent elements."

Chen Muwu finally finished what he was thinking.

And he's really not serious nonsense, it's all too real to be true.

Superconductivity is indeed a popular subject in later physics.

Even if you don't count Onnes, who has already won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1913 for the discovery of superconductivity.

In the future, research on superconductivity will be crowned with the Physics Prize by nine other physicists in 1972, 1973, 1987 and 2003.

This number may not be the largest of all the physics sub-disciplines, but it is certainly among the best.

And the thallium element mentioned by Chen Muwu is an unavoidable threshold in the corresponding superconductivity research.

Although the critical temperature of superconductivity of thallium metal is only 2.4 Kelvin, it is not as good as 4.2 Kelvin for mercury and 7 Kelvin for lead.

However, the superconducting critical temperature of thallium-mercury-copper-barium-calcium-oxygen materials (Hg12Tl3Ba30Ca30Cu45O127) reaches an astonishing 138 Kelvin.

Before 2015, this was the highest superconducting critical temperature ever achieved in a laboratory.

For this person, who has a national enmity and family hatred with himself, Chen Muwu can be described as a high-spirited and selfless person, and basically explained the development of superconducting physics in the next 100 years in relatively obscure words to Nishina Yoshio.

From beginning to end, he did not say a word that contradicted the future development of superconductivity.

It's just that human memory is always limited, and even a genius like Albert Einstein can't remember everything clearly.

And Chen Muwu is even more impossible.

What's more, he is not a chemistry student after all, and his knowledge of chemistry is only a superficial taste.

So Chen Muwu doesn't remember the fact that "whether it is thallium elemental matter or thallium salt, it is highly toxic to human beings", so it is understandable, right?

Because of the Zhu Ling case, everyone in China knows about the terrible poison of thallium.

But now, in 1924, thallium has only been discovered for more than 60 years, and the understanding of this element is still very limited.

In the nineteen-nineties, the French dermatologist Sablan discovered that his patients would lose a lot of hair after taking a small amount of thallium salts.

Just like sildenafil, which was originally developed to treat cardiovascular disease, was transformed into an aphrodisiac after it was discovered to have miraculous effects on male function.

When people found that thallium salt has the side effects of hair loss, they also had a flash of inspiration, and made thallium acetate with a mass percentage of seven into a hair removal cream, which sold well in Europe and the United States, just like other ordinary beauty products, and entered thousands of households.

In today's world, it should be said that except for Chen Muwu, no one knows how toxic thallium is.

Although historically, I was under the leadership of Yoshio Nishina in the Ren plan, because the bombing of the American army did not succeed in the end.

But Chen Muwu was afraid that the butterfly effect brought about by his own crossing would change this, and the world entered the timeline of the Strange Man of Gaobao.

As for Heisenberg, Chen Muwu also wanted to try to change it a little to see if he could prevent him from returning to China to participate in the uranium project.

But for Yoshio Nishina? That's really sorry.

Regardless of whether he is a great physicist or not, but for Chen Muwu, because he is a person, it is already an unforgivable sin.

However, from beginning to end, the kind-hearted Chen Muwu did not choose to assassinate, shooting, or cause a car accident.

He just introduced Yoshio Nishina to the mainstream direction of the future development of physics in his mind.

In the same way, Yoshio Nishina decided to study the superconducting properties of thallium metal only because of his own interest, because of his love for physics, because of his pursuit of truth, and because of superconductivity, a noble cause that can improve the quality of human life.

If Mr. Yoshio Nishina is accidentally poisoned during the experiment, and then loses his hair, he will have various reactions and eventually die.

Then Chen Muwu will definitely express his deep regret for the death of this fellow physicist.

After all, he died in pursuit of the truth!

Chen Muwu, who was still sitting on the bench by the dance floor, had a smile on his face, but he was a little anxious in his heart.

He wanted to know if the fish in front of him would take the bait in front of the big cake he had drawn.

Yoshio Nishina pondered: "So Mr. Chen, is your research direction for the next period of time the superconducting properties of thallium metal?" ”

Chen Muwu pretended to sigh: "Renke, I won't tell you, I have more than enough heart but not enough strength. Rutherford, the director of the Cavendish Laboratory, has always been interested only in what is inside the atom,"

He started talking nonsense again, "He wouldn't let me put my mind on low-temperature physics and metal superconductivity at all."

"I see you today, like me, both Asian, and both geniuses in physics, but ostracized everywhere in the realm of Europeans.

"I see my own shadow in you, that's why I have spoken so much to you from the bottom of my heart, and said what I really think in my heart.

"Renke-kun," after saying so many words today, Chen Muwu finally added a title after Renke Yoshio's surname for the first time, "Are you interested in cooperating with me once, let's study the superconducting properties of this metal thallium together?" ”

(End of chapter)