114. Why is the night sky dark?

After handing over the Nobel Gold Medal and certificate to Chen Muwu, King Gustav V of Sweden said a few words to Chen Muwu with a smile.

Chen Muwu also nodded in acknowledgment, although he didn't understand a single word of Swedish at all.

But you can guess a rough idea just by guessing, and it is estimated that they are all polite congratulations and celebrations.

After Chen Muwu was awarded the prize, the chairman of the jury for the Physiology or Medicine Prize, and the chairman of the jury for the Literature Prize, announced the reasons for Einthofen and Raymont, respectively, for "discovering the mechanism of the electrocardiogram" and "creating the great national epic, The Peasant".

Eintofen also received medals and certificates like Chen Muwu, while Raymont, who was far away in France and did not come to Stockholm, was awarded only symbolically in the air.

During the entire award ceremony, there was no link or opportunity for Chen Muwu and Einthofen to speak.

After the ceremony, everyone in the audience, including the winners and the guests, moved to the Grand Hotel, not far from Stockholm City Hall.

A Nordic-style Nobel dinner will be held in the hotel's winter garden.

It's a glass-roofed indoor conservatory garden with a striking circular fountain in the center, surrounded by lush greenery, and a few delicate birdcages hung on the roof supports, in which canaries chirp tirelessly.

The dinner was even more spectacular than what Chen had seen at Trinity College, Cambridge, with several tables arranged in a horseshoe shape around a central fountain and hundreds of silver candlesticks lit with red candles.

More than 300 well-dressed male and female guests sat alternately, and Chen Muwu's relatives and friends alone filled several tables.

Although Chen Muqiao and Kapitsa came to Stockholm early, it was only now that Chen Muwu finally met them and was able to take the time to say a few words before the dinner began.

Although Kapitsa couldn't wait to tell his good friend Chen Muwu about the various things that had happened in the past two months, he still gave the opportunity to Chen Muwu's eldest brother.

After all, the two brothers have been separated for nearly two years, and they should not be able to finish talking to each other for a long time.

"Big brother!"

"Little brother!"

The brothers were naturally excited to see each other, and the two choked up for a long time before finally opening their mouths to tell their hearts.

"Big brother, how is everything at home? I haven't been back for two years, and my mother's side is thanks to my two older brothers. ”

"Little brother, what are you talking about? You are adrift alone, of course, because of your studies are important, and you are still competitive enough to win back a lot of honors and face for our Chen family and China. ”

"Big brother, I heard that at the turn of summer and autumn, the Shanghai area was hit by soldiers, and the family was affected in any way?"

"Thanks to you! Didn't you mention that you had a dream in your previous letter that you would sponsor students to study in Europe?

"Your second brother and I didn't believe it at first, and laughed at how you went abroad to study for a doctorate, but you were still stupid?

But my mother was convinced of this matter, and we had to follow her wishes, and took leave to return to her hometown to visit the graves and worship our ancestors, and stayed for a few months.

"To say that those Qiu Ba warlords are really hateful, but they don't have the courage to dare to enter the concession after all. The family is generally peaceful, but there is some unevenness in the market, and the income of your second brother's money bank is two or three percent less than usual. ”

"Money is something outside the body, as long as you are okay, I won the Nobel Prize this time, and won nearly 100,000 yuan, just this award, can top your salary at Nanyang University for decades, right?"

Chen Muwu still couldn't hold back, and pretended to be a little in front of his eldest brother.

The two brothers exchanged a few more polite words, and Chen Muqiao introduced another person beside him to Chen Muwu.

"Brother Yu Nong, this is the unsuccessful brother. Third brother, this is Dai Yunong, China's minister to Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, and your parents when you are away. ”

After Chen Muqiao finished speaking, Minister Dai also complimented: "I have heard the name of Mr. Hanchen for a long time, and today I finally got to see this Zhilan jade tree of Chen Men!" Mr. Hanchen has made such a high achievement in the world, which is really a blessing for the country and our province. ”

Chen Muwu didn't know who this person was, but when he listened to these two people, it became more and more wrong.

Wear...... Rain farmer?

Are you still from Jiang Province?

And looking at his age and appearance, he doesn't look like Dai Chunfeng's boss?

And Zhang Xiuyou only left France this summer to return to China, calculate the time, the military school in Kunzhou should have just opened, Dai Chunfeng didn't wait for the sixth phase to start, why did he come to Sweden?

"Yugong, Muwu is polite," Chen Muwu hugged his fists with doubts, "I don't know Mr. Minister, where is your hometown?" ”

"Haiyan in Xianxian County and Gui Kunzhong can also be regarded as having a friendship with fellow villagers. Mr. Hanchen asked, is there something wrong? ”

It turned out to be Haiyan people, so it would be fine.

Dai Chenlin, who is now serving as the minister of the People's Republic of China to the three Nordic countries, is a student who graduated from the Beijing Normal Tongwenguan and has already been sent abroad to engage in diplomatic work during the Qing Dynasty.

It was only because his surname, table and provincial nationality were completely consistent with that Boss Dai of Qu Yan Jiangxian that Chen Muwu had a misunderstanding.

"It's just that there is an old man who happens to have the same surname and the same word as Yugong, so he asked more curiously."

After being polite to each other, Chen Muqiao found the initiative to chat again.

"Little brother, what's the matter with your French friend? Why don't you introduce me to me? ”

"Uh......" Chen Muwu didn't expect that his eldest brother would also notice this, "She's just a friend of mine." ”

"Friends? Isn't it, how is this different from what the public super told me? ”

As he spoke, Chen Muqiao glanced at Ye Gongchao, who was sitting beside him obediently.

And the latter also looks like he doesn't care about himself, sitting in his place calmly.

Ye Gongchao, who left France, thought that he could still have a relaxing and happy winter vacation.

Unexpectedly, on the second day of his arrival in Denmark, before he had recovered from the fatigue of the journey, Chen Muwu revealed his true colors and threw him an outline.

Where did you invite him to the Nobel Prize ceremony?

It is clear that he has gone all the way to Northern Europe to work as a coolie!

Ye Gongchao felt that he had been deceived and betrayed, but Chen Muwu also paid him a huge amount of royalties, which made Ye Gongchao keep this matter in his heart.

But after meeting Chen Muqiao, who came from China and also attended the ceremony in Stockholm, Ye Gongchao felt that he had found a backer, so he couldn't help but pour some bitter water on his uncle's good friend.

At the time of the Paris Olympics, Ye Gongchao was locked up by Chen Muwu and De Broglie in a villa in the suburbs to produce the article "No One Survives", so he didn't see Eve.

So on the way to Northern Europe this time, Ye Gongchao was very curious about this Eve who was traveling all the way, so he asked De Broglie a few words in private.

Therefore, in the past few days in Stockholm, Ye Gongchao also inadvertently told Chen Muqiao the news about Eve that he heard from De Broglie, as a small "revenge" for his black-hearted boss.

Chen Muwu has always acted openly and frankly, since the eldest brother already knows, there is no need to hide it anymore: "Her name is Eve Curie, the youngest daughter of the great scientist Mrs. Curie who discovered radium in France, the two of us have had a good impression of each other since we met, if nothing else, I should marry her." ”

After talking to the eldest brother, Chen Muwu walked to Eve again and brought her back here.

Ye Gongchao, who had done something wrong, hurriedly got up and left the table, giving up the position next to Chen Muqiao.

"Eve, this is my brother Chen Muqiao, he came from China this time to attend my award ceremony."

"Hello, Mr. Chen."

"Big brother, Eve is saying hello to you."

Chen Muqiao looked at the scene in front of him, feeling a little helpless.

Although he said that he couldn't help his grandfather, and he was only his eldest brother, not his grandfather.

But the younger brother didn't report to the family, so he talked about a foreign girlfriend quietly, which was still a little unexpected for him.

Obviously, when he was at the house of Qihai, he was still like an elm pimple, why did he rot and bloom after he went abroad?

He complained that Chen Muwu didn't notify him in advance, how could his mother-in-law's family come empty-handed when they saw their new daughter-in-law for the first time?

However, after hearing that the other party's family is also a famous academic family, Chen Muqiao is quite satisfied with the two young people in front of him, but I don't know what the old lady will think after she knows about it, whether she supports or opposes?

Chen Muqiao's idea is basically not wrong, except for the right one.

If Chen Muwu and Eve get married, then their Chen family will definitely be considered high!

There was more to say, but just then, the orchestra on the balcony on the second floor of the Winter Garden stopped playing.

After the music ended, a host ascended to the second-floor balcony to host today's Nobel Prize dinner.

The first event of the dinner was a moment of silence in memory of Mr. Alfred Nobel, who established the Nobel Prize.

After the silence, the audience sang the Swedish national anthem "You are ancient, you are free".

In fact, the Swedish government has never made this song the national anthem, but it has always been a convention.

Influenced by nineteenth-century Scandinavianism, the word "Sweden" does not appear in the lyrics, except for the "northern country" of Sweden, Denmark and Norway.

However, in the national anthem of Poland, the country of Ev's mother Marie Curie, "Poland Has Not Perished", Sweden appears once, but in that song, Sweden appears as the villain who once occupied Poland.

After the national anthem is sung, the tuxedo-clad staff at the Grand Hotel begin to serve dishes with classic Swedish dishes, including game consommé, clam shrimp fillet, fried chicken stuffed with artichokes and so on.

Chen Muwu looked left and right, but he didn't find the Swedish meatballs that he had eaten several times at IKEA and was known as the "Swedish national dish".

However, as the protagonist of today, Chen Muwu could not enjoy his delicious food at today's Nobel Prize dinner.

As one of the two Nobel laureates present, Chen Muwu had to make a speech at the dinner as a toast for the guests.

This dinner speech was different from his carefully prepared acceptance speech, and it only took a few short sentences.

No one wants to hear a stinky, long, and deep speech that is too deep to understand during a meal, and that will only be unappetizing.

In the same order as when he received the award at the Stockholm City Hall, Chen Muwu was ahead of Eintofen, and it was his turn to speak first.

After hearing the host's invitation, Chen Muwu got up and left the table, and did not rush to the stairs leading to the balcony on the second floor.

He first walked to Ye Gongchao's side and patted him on the shoulder.

And Ye Gongchao also stood up unsurprisingly, he tacitly followed behind Chen Muwu, and the two of them climbed to the balcony on the second floor one after the other.

The organizing committee should have been informed in advance that they had set up two microphones on the balcony.

Chen Muwu stood in front of the microphone in the center, cleared his throat, and then spoke.

"Your Majesty the King and Queen, Your Highness the Crown Prince, ladies and gentlemen:"

Except for a few people who could count on one hand, most of the people present didn't know what Chen Muwu was talking about.

Because he didn't speak English, not German, but Chinese.

Chen Muwu's purpose of calling Ye Gongchao from France to Sweden and beckoning him to come to the stage together is finally clear, that is, to let this top student of English literature help him temporarily act as a translator.

He had already communicated this matter with Ye Gongchao in advance, so the latter did not act like a fuss after receiving the summons suddenly.

This is not a whim of Chen Muwu, but to follow the example of Ding Zhaozhong, who was the first to speak in Chinese in his speech at the Nobel Prize dinner.

It's just that Chen Muwu made Chinese appear on this occasion fifty-two years in advance.

"I think all the guests sitting in the audience come from all over the world, so whether I speak English or German, there should be people who don't understand it, so I have to use a translator.

"This is the case in any language I choose, so I thought I'd just finish this talk in one of the languages I know best, which is my native language.

"Winning the Nobel Prize is the greatest honor for a scientist. I am very grateful to the Nobel Prize Committee for recognizing me as a young person from China.

"Physics is an experiment-based science, and in recent years, our theories have been refined.

"I also won the Nobel Prize for related experiments this time, but I still have to be justified by the theorists.

"Physics is based on experiments, but it doesn't mean experiments, and theory is also important.

"Although we are still in the stage of explaining experiments with theories, I believe that in the near future, physics will enter a new model in which theoretical hypotheses are first established and then experimentally verified.

"Theory and experiment are like the two legs of human beings, one is indispensable. It is only by virtue of them that the development of human physics can make great strides.

"Since I have already used Chinese for this speech, I will simply say a few more words at the end.

"We have an old saying in China that says, 'Everything is hard at the beginning'. I won my first Nobel Prize today as a Chinese, which is a good start for my compatriots. I believe that in the future, there should be more Chinese people who can appear on this stage.

"That's all for my remarks, I wish you all a pleasant meal!"

After Ye Gongchao finished translating word by word, Chen Muwu bowed politely to the audience, and then left the stage with Ye Gongchao.

Ye Gongchao's translation mission ended completely, and in the acceptance speech three days later, Chen Muwu could only be his own translator.

Because there were too many professional terms involved in that academic speech, Chen Muwu was afraid that Ye Gongchao would not be able to bear it.

The audience first burst into sporadic applause, followed by more and more enthusiastic applause, and finally converged from a trickle into a vast ocean.

After returning to his seat, Chen Muwu's speech was praised by everyone.

Whether it is his eldest brother Chen Muqiao, or Dai Chenlin, the minister of the People's Republic of China to the three Nordic countries, they all praised Chen Muwu for winning glory for the country and increasing the face of the people.

Even Eve said to Chen Muwu in a very serious tone: "Chen, I believe that Chinese people will definitely win more and more Nobel Prizes like you." ”

Her eyes were full of determination.

……

In Stockholm, the Nobel Prize craze continues.

The Swedes have made the celebration of the Nobel Prize, which lasts for several days, a national celebration in the run-up to Christmas.

Naturally, this year's new physics laureate Chen Muwu has become the protagonist of this year's work, and he has been arranged by the staff to visit different places every day, and he will also receive very warm and luxurious hospitality in those places.

Fast forward to December 13th, the last day of the four-day extravaganza.

In the afternoon, Chen returned to Stockholm City Hall, where he will deliver his Nobel Prize speech.

Unlike when we attended the award ceremony four days ago, there were many more professional scholars in the audience today.

Bohr also sat in the crowd.

He still vividly remembers the time he traveled from Copenhagen to Malmö a few days ago, and as soon as he got off the boat, everyone was surrounded by several reporters and interviewed them.

In that interview, Chen Muwu revealed that he would announce an important research result when he delivered his acceptance speech, and that the research result was still related to God.

Bohr is looking forward to what Chen Muwu will say in this speech.

It has something to do with God, is it to blow the horn of the charge against Einstein's old stubbornness who claims that "God doesn't roll the dice"?

Theoretically, Chen Muwu has 20 minutes to give this speech to show the audience his work.

Of course, Chen Muwu took the twenty minutes told to him by the staff as a deaf ear.

After all, he wants to make a big news, and he is also speaking in Chinese and English simultaneously, which is far from enough time.

As long as what he said was shocking enough, then the staff who were shocked and dropped their jaws should not remember to remind him of the time, right?

"Your Majesty the King and Queen, Your Highness the Crown Prince, ladies and gentlemen, colleagues in the scientific community,

"Good afternoon, everyone!"

"Once again, I would like to thank the Nobel Prize jury for awarding me this year's Nobel Prize and for giving me a very generous prize."

Chen Muwu has heard and spoken this many times in the past few days, and he is already a little bored.

Since he had already taken 8,000 pounds from them, Chen Muwu decided to talk about something dry this time, and he couldn't take their bonus for nothing.

"I am also very grateful to my family, teachers and friends, and if it were not for the help and support of any of you, I might not be on this podium today.

"I'm also grateful to Dr. Albert Einstein who didn't come today, and although I never really studied and did research with him, I always thought of him as a teacher in my heart. If it weren't for Mr. Einstein's help, I might still be living in the Far East, where I worked as a small railroad engineer......"

The more Bohr listened, the more wrong he became.

He was sitting in the audience from Denmark and was not even mentioned by name.

On the contrary, it was Einstein who stayed in Germany and did not come, but he Chen Muwu licked him so hard?

Is this a declaration of war against Einstein or a rebellion against Einstein?

Bohr was rambling in his seat, and Chen Muwu was on stage to attract the audience's attention step by step.

“…… Stockholm is a very beautiful city, and I've heard that because of its proximity to the Arctic Circle, if you're lucky, you might be able to see the beautiful Northern Lights in the city's night sky after dark.

"Behind this beautiful phenomenon lies a lot of knowledge about physics and astronomy.

"Today I want to talk to you about one of these astronomical phenomena, but not how the aurora is created, but ......"

Chen Muwu picked up the water cup and drank a sip of water to moisten his throat, and then his voice suddenly worsened: "God, why is it dark?" ”

Hearing Chen Muwu throw out such an inexplicable question, those who understand physics and those who don't understand physics in the audience were stunned.

After being stunned, everyone began to wonder if there was something wrong with Chen Muwu's head?

Anyone who has gone to elementary school knows that the black and white of the sky is the position of the sun relative to the earth's hemisphere.

During the day, the hemisphere of someone on Earth is facing the sun, and the sunlight shines directly into the atmosphere, so the genius is bright.

At night, the sun reaches the back of the earth, and without the sun's rays, the sky is naturally dark.

How could he have asked such a question?

Chen Muwu ignored the whispers in the audience, but continued: "I did not ask this question, but Edmundo Halley, the British astronomer who discovered Halley's Comet, in 1720, more than two hundred years ago.

Mr. Halley, an astronomer who had a relationship with Sir Isaac Newton, the greatest physicist in human history, asked this question on the basis of common sense.

"It's just that this common sense is not our first reaction of 'the sun rises in the east and sets in the west every day', but some cosmological thinking.

"It has long been thought that stars are almost evenly distributed in our universe.

"Standing on Earth, no matter which direction you look at, in that direction, there are countless stars.

"Here, I'm going to reproduce Dr. Halley's calculations.

"Suppose that the density of the distribution of stars in the universe is ρ, how many stars are there on a sphere centered on the Earth, with a radius of r and a thickness of Δr?

"After a simple calculation, it can be concluded that the number of stars on the sphere is n=4πrΔr·ρ.

"On the other hand, using the law of conservation of energy, if we do a simple calculation, we can also know that the light emitted by a star with r distance from the Earth will eventually reach the Earth with an inverse proportion to the distance.

"Written as a physics formula, then there is I∝1/r.

"The number of stars on the sphere is directly proportional to the square of the sphere's radius r, and the intensity of the light that these stars shine on the Earth is inversely proportional to the square of the sphere's radius r.

"Multiply the two and you're pleasantly surprised to find that the r parameter is gone.

That is to say, no matter how far the sphere is from the earth, as long as their thickness Δr is the same, then the net light hitting the earth should also be the same, and there is no such thing as a sphere close to the earth is brighter, and a sphere far from the earth is darker.

Once Halley had calculated the result, he realized that something was wrong.

"We all know that the universe is infinitely large, so when we look up at the universe day or night, we should be as bright as we are.

"According to Halley's calculations, there is no difference between day and night, and night should not have existed.

"But physics is also an experimental science, and the facts tell us that day and night are completely different.

"Facts and theoretical calculations have different results, so how to explain this?

In 1823, a hundred years after Halley had completed his calculations, the German amateur astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Obs gave an explanation that he thought perfectly explained the contradiction between the two.

"Olbers used the sun on cloudy days as a breakthrough, and even during the day, dark clouds would obscure the sun's rays.

"He thinks that the light emitted by those stars that are far away from our earth will pass through many 'dark clouds', so they have experienced a lot of loss before reaching the earth. So the light intensity is no longer necessarily inversely proportional to the square of the distance r.

But his theory was quickly overturned, and it was really untenable.

"The energy in the universe is conserved, and the 'dark clouds' also raise their temperature after absorbing the energy until they are also as hot as the stars, and then radiate the same amount of light.

"If you observe from Earth, it should still be as bright as night and day.

So people began to name the phenomenon after the failed amateur astronomer, and called the contradiction between facts and theories the Olbers paradox.

"Until I deliver this Nobel Prize speech today, physicists still can't explain why this contradiction is happening.

"That's right, that's the big research I talked about in Malmö."

The more Bohr listened to it, the more he felt that he had been deceived.

He also thought that Chen Muwu was going to kill all sides in quantum, but he didn't expect him to start talking about astronomy in his heart and mind again.

In Halley's calculations, he used what we always thought of as a model of the universe:

"The universe is static.

"The universe is infinite.

"The universe is homogeneous.

"The universe has an infinite amount of time.

"Until now, people have always thought that our universe is like this.

Even Dr. Albert Einstein, the smartest man in the world today, thought so.

In 1915 he listed the gravitational field equation that bears his name, but two years later, in 1917, Einstein examined the gravitational field equation and added a cosmological constant term to it.

He believes that only with the existence of the cosmic constant term, the universe we live in can remain static and motionless.

"I myself am very familiar with the gravitational field equations, and I have solved several field equations, and the well-known time travel is one of them."

Before throwing out that somewhat unacceptable final conclusion, Chen Muwu deliberately made the atmosphere in the arena liven up first.

He mentioned this time travel, and it worked.

Some of the audience in the stadium also gave him a kind smile.

"Halley's calculations are accurate, there should be no difference between day and night.

"And the phenomenon of the truth is irrefutable, and between day and night, it is completely different.

So what's the problem?

"Could it be that something is wrong with the model of the universe that we have always thought to be?

"That's right, the answer is yes, it's that there's something wrong with our model of the universe, and it's a big problem!

"One of the things I'm going to talk about today is that the latest astronomical observations show that the universe we live in is not static, but expanding!

Therefore, the cosmological constant term, which limits the constancy of the universe in the gravitational field equation, should not exist.

"Although, as I said before, I have always regarded Dr. Einstein as a teacher who helped me a lot, without him, I would not be where I am today.

"But as the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle said, 'I love my teacher, and I love the truth even more.'"

"Mr. Einstein, I'm afraid you've made a small mistake."

When it comes to doing so, two thousand have been added today.

Continue tomorrow, continue to be a puppy if you don't continue.

(End of chapter)