The news about the physics of low temperatures has added a bit of coolness to the heat of the whole UK.

However, London has a temperate maritime climate, which is mild and humid all year round, and the summer is not too hot.

Chen Muwu's laboratory has once again become the center of British public opinion because of scientific factors.

Only this time he hid behind the scenes and pushed old Prague out of the rain.

The superconductivity of niobium was not originally a major scientific discovery.

But old Prague was eager to promote David Faraday's laboratory and wanted to get more funds for the laboratory, so he asked Chen Muwu here, so he could only teach him such a trick.

The British led the LinkedIn team to return the UK to the world's first position in a certain field, and the old Prague was discussed much more hotly than the valuable Chen Muwu, a Chinese who was out of the circle because of science.

Both the British royal family and the government have spoken out about the "great discoveries" made by old Prague in science.

It's hard to say if old Prague will be canonized as a lord this time, but in the royal canonization next year, he should be able to receive the Order of Merit.

Chancellor of the Exchequer Winston Churchill praised the elder Prague in the newspapers, and it was rumored that Prime Minister Baldwin would also visit the Davy Ferrari laboratory in the near future.

Brennamond Company, which had made a lot of money by Chen Muwu and had been knocked out of laboratory funds by old Prague because of the patent of plexiglass, also quickly made a new reaction.

They began to advertise in the newspapers that the David-Faraday laboratory had been able to make significant advances in low-temperature physics because of a recent donation from the Brennamond Corporation.

Alfred Mondstadt, the chairman of the Brennamond Company and the original Baron Melchet, even announced that he would make an additional donation to the David-Faraday Laboratory, which he would personally contribute 15,000 pounds to the Royal Society, to build a new Mondstadt laboratory dedicated to the study of low-temperature physics.

Mondstadt was named not for himself, but in honor of his father, Ludwig Mondstadt, who founded the Brennamond Company together with his partner Sir John Brenner.

The name Mondstadt Lab sounds familiar, and Chen Muwu thought about it for a long time before he figured out that in the future Cambridge University, there should be a laboratory with the same name.

That's because the Cavendish Laboratory, which had been established for nearly a century, was very old in terms of space, environment and experimental equipment, and under the persuasion of Kapitsa, Rutherford applied to the Royal Society for a new laboratory to be built on the outskirts of Cambridgeshire, as a branch of the Cavendish Laboratory, and Kapitsa was also appointed director of the new Mondstadt Laboratory.

The money was also taken from the Mondstadt Foundation, which is affiliated with the Royal Society, but now that the Mondstadt Laboratory was established in London a few years in advance, I don't know if the University of Cambridge will be able to get the money to build a new laboratory in the future.

Maybe Cambridge University would be better off with one less laboratory, so that Chen Muwu would be able to dig more people to Sweden.

The discovery of superconductivity in niobium was just an appetizer for Chen Muwu, and the next thing he wanted to do was the magnetic research on superconductors, which was the real purpose of his visit to London.

Oppenheimer on the side was still gearing up, and he felt that the next work must be to measure the superconductivity effect of more elemental elements, and maybe he could find elements higher than the critical temperature of niobium, breaking through the 10 Kelvin mark in one fell swoop.

To this end, he also secretly sent several letters to chemists and geologists in the United States, trying to ask them for more metallic materials.

Unexpectedly, Chen Muwu suddenly informed him that the laboratory was about to change its research direction, from looking for superconductors with higher critical temperatures to studying the magnetic effects of superconductors.

It was not a whim to suddenly start studying the magnetic effect of superconductors, but as early as 1917, it was suggested that the magnetic effect of superconductivity should be taken more seriously than resistivity.

American physicist Francis Searsby wrote in a paper entitled "Instructions on the Conductivity of Metals at Low Temperatures" that the strength of the magnetic field generated by the critical current of a superconductor on the surface of a superconductor is equal to its superconducting critical magnetic field.

Since then, people have been searching for superconductors with higher critical temperatures, and they have not forgotten to study the magnetic effects of superconductors.

All published papers on the magnetic effect so far have concluded that there is no time-varying magnetic field within a superconductor.

Therefore, current physicists believe that superconductors are ideal conductors with infinitely small resistance and even zero resistance.

For an ideal conductor, if an ideal conductor plate is placed on a permanent magnet, according to Lenz's law, an electric current will be induced in the conductor plate, and the magnetic field generated by the induced current can just be equal to the magnitude of the ambient magnetic field but in the opposite direction, thus canceling each other.

And because the ideal conductor has no resistance, the current in the conductor does not decay, and the conductor plate floats permanently on the permanent magnet.

If the superconducting material is cooled to a critical temperature, then the material will also be regarded as an ideal conductor, and if it is placed in a magnetic field, it will naturally levitate in the magnetic field like an ideal conductor.

However, if the analysis method of ideal conductor is adopted, the superconducting material is first put into the magnetic field, and then the ambient temperature is cooled to the critical temperature of the superconductor, so that the superconducting material enters the superconducting state, it is theoretically believed that the magnetic field still retains inside the ideal conductor at this time, that is, even if it enters the superconducting state, the superconducting material will still not be suspended in the magnetic field, because the magnetic inductance intensity inside it has not disappeared.

In people's minds, it has been tacitly assumed that when a material enters a superconducting state, it will become an ideal conductor.

Therefore, physicists in the laboratory have always used the method of cooling the material to enter the superconducting state first, and then adding a magnetic field to conduct research.

The reason why Meissner was able to discover the Meissner effect that bears his name was because he changed the order of experiments slightly, which may have been intentional, but more like an unintentional mistake, first adding a magnetic field, then cooling down, and then opening a new door to physics.

A material that was thought to no longer float has actually floated up from the magnetic field after gaining superconductivity!

This property is completely different from that of ideal conductors, that is, an effect that is unique to superconductors.

Later, people studied superconductors to confirm that a material enters a superconducting state, not only to see whether its resistivity is zero, but also to see whether it will produce this diamagnetism and whether the heat capacity will change.

The third brother's room-temperature superconductivity is not only secretive, but also only provides a curve of resistance, and he does not dare to say anything about the diamagnetism and heat capacity changes, which is really unconvincing.

In recent days, Chen Muwu has been pondering how to make this "mistake" of adding a magnetic field first and then cooling down not so obvious, not like he was doing it on purpose.

After discovering this complete diamagnetism of superconductors, he planned to propose a "superconductive two-fluid model", give a set of equations, and give a macroscopic theoretical explanation of this effect, and then stop.

Chen Muwu feels that after doing this, he will basically say goodbye to the study of low-temperature physics, and he will not set foot in this field again for at least the next two decades.

That set of equations is the famous London equation, and the equation is so named not because it was found in London, the capital of the United Kingdom, but because of the surnames of the pair of physicists who discovered it, Fritz London and Heinz London.

A pair of German brother physicists, whose surname is the capital of the United Kingdom, Chen Muwu has always found this matter a little interesting.

Until a few days ago, when he asked old Prague to buy those metal elements, he was introduced by the latter to the director of Imperial College, Thomas Henry Holland, a purebred Englishman.

Bang bang bang.

There was a soft knock outside the lab door.

"Dr. Chen, there's a gentleman named Huxley who is downstairs right now, and he says it's your friend and wants to visit you."

Knocking on the door and talking, it was the porter of the Royal Institute.

If nothing else, the Huxley in his mouth should be the person Chen Muwu has met twice at the ghost club and the Duke of York's private party.

It's just that he, a biologist who inherited his grandfather's legacy and studied the theory of evolution, what could he do when he came to him?

Could it be that the ghost club has another opportunity to make extra money?

But this superconductor has nothing to do with ghost research!

After telling Shi Ruwei and Oppenheimer a few words and letting them continue the experiment, Chen Muwu followed the porter to the reception room on the first floor of the Royal Research Institute.

"Hello, Dr. Chen!"

Seeing Chen Muwu enter the reception room, Huxley, who was sitting on a chair, hurriedly stood up and shook hands with him to say hello.

On the chair beside him, there was also an old man who was close to the sixtieth birthday, Chen Muwu felt that he should have seen him for the first time, and he didn't know who this person was.

"Professor Huxley, what is the wind that has brought you here today? Who is this? ”

"Dr. Chan, Mr. Wells, allow me to introduce you to each other.

"Mr. Wells, this is Dr. Chan of the University of Cambridge, who is also a good friend of the Duke of York, and has been doing physics research at the Royal Institute in London lately.

"Dr. Chan, this is Herbert George Wiggins, and he is one of the most famous of our homes in England right now."

H· G. Wells, a mountain in the history of science fiction literature.

Chen Muwu's proposal for time travel has had a huge repercussion in Britain and even Europe and the United States, and Wells has already communicated with him in the newspaper once, expressing his appreciation for Chen Muwu's idea.

It's just that the two have never met until today.

"You're Mr. Wells? I read your book The Time Machine, and it was this book that inspired me to study the theory of relativity. ”

This is not a kind sentence from Chen Muwu, who quoted the example from Wells's book when he proposed the concept of time travel to Einstein a few years ago in the auditorium of the Ministry of Industry Bureau in the Public Concession.

The two shook hands and said hello before Huxley introduced to Chen Muwu the purpose of the two of them coming to the Royal Research Institute today.

Although Wells has put his current focus on social activities, he still has not left behind his old profession of creating science fiction.

Especially in recent years, there have been many important discoveries in the scientific community, not only the theoretical support of time travel, but also the emergence of wave-particle duality, the emergence of a cat that does not know whether to live or die, and the emergence of a parallel universe theory that sounds very fanciful.

These new scientific discoveries have provided Wells with countless new creative inspirations.

Recently, there has been a lot of newspaper coverage of the UK's significant progress in low-temperature physics research.

Only this time, Wells studied for a long time, and he didn't understand what this superconductivity was all about.

Even if the conductors have no resistance and there is no loss in energy transmission, wouldn't it take more energy to maintain them in a superconducting low temperature environment?

What's the use of boasting about this kind of ethereal scientific research?

At a private salon, he raised his doubts.

Wells's old friend, the enthusiastic Professor Huxley, also attended the salon and had his own views on low-temperature physics.

"Mr. Wells, whether the newspapers write about the Royal Institute or the Davy Faraday Laboratory, how much merit do you think that Sir Prague could have?

"Although he did win the Nobel Prize in physics, Sir is in his sixties this year, and there should be no problem playing golf at this age, but I am afraid it is not good to engage in scientific research."

"Professor Huxley, what do you mean by that? Could it be that he is referring to the fact that the fleet thinks that those guys are fake and can cater to the vanity of those old men in officialdom? ”

"I didn't mean that, I meant to say that Sir Bragg was someone else."

Huxley didn't say anything about the Ghost Club, but specifically about the new type of glass that the Duke of York showed to everyone at the previous party held by the Duke of York's house.

"As far as I know, that new type of glass was developed by Dr. Chen Muwu, who proposed 'time travel' and 'parallel universes', and the place where he developed the glass was at the David Faraday laboratory of the Royal Research Institute.

"Then I went back to the recently published low-temperature physics paper and found that Dr. Chen happened to be in the author column of the paper.

Not only did he study superconductivity, but before that, he found a new type of hydrogen.

"David Faraday Labs is indeed under the leadership of Sir Prague when it returns to the world's number one laboratory, but I think Dr. Chen should have contributed the most to this.

"Since you have your own questions about superconductivity, Mr. Wells, why don't you just go to the Royal Institute and ask the amazing Dr. Chen?

"I have a good relationship with this Dr. Chen, and I can refer you if you need it."

Huxley finished talking about the ins and outs of the two of them coming to the Royal Research Institute to find him today, Chen Muwu didn't expect that he and Wells, who is famous for writing "Time Machine", met for the first time, and the topic of discussion was not related to time travel, but superconductivity.

But that's fine, Chen Muwu suddenly thought of how to inadvertently cause that "mistake".

Wells and Huxley, who came to the door, happened to be witnesses to his discovery of a new phenomenon of superconductivity.

(End of chapter)