"Being able to rank sixth, Liu Xiu's ability is undoubted, there are merits and faults, and there are also passes."

"Yin Lihua talked about a change in the crown prince in that issue, "the son is precious by the mother", and the queen of Guo Shengtong's generation of virtuous queens was abolished with a sentence "Lu Huo's wind", Emperor Guangwu made a good start! ”

"Of the 13 emperors of the Eastern Han Dynasty, 11 ascended the throne before the age of 20, and they were often short-lived and had no queen."

"Therefore, the introduction of heirs from the side line, there are many cases where the queen mother is in the dynasty.

However, this was not a problem when Liu Xiu founded the country, he lived to be 62 years old and gave birth to 11 sons, the longest-lived and most "prolific" of all the emperors of the Eastern Han Dynasty. ”

"Liu Xiu's 11 sons are from 3 concubines."

"Among them, the two queens, Guo Shengtong and Yin Lihua, each gave birth to 5, and the beauty Xu had one."

"The Xu family is not favored, and her son Liu Ying is the smallest of Liu Xiu's 11 sons."

"After Liu Xiu became emperor, he took Yin Lihua to the Luoyang Palace."

"He felt that the Yin family had a gentle and generous temperament, and could be made a queen, because another nobleman, Guo Shengtong, had already given birth to a prince, and Yin Lihua insisted on being humble."

"So Liu Xiu made Guo the queen and his son Liu Qiang as the crown prince."

"But after all, he loves Yin Lihua more, and he spends the most time with her, and sometimes he also lets her accompany him when he goes on the expedition, and their fourth son Liu Yang was born when Liu Xiu went on the expedition to Peng Pet, compared to the loyal and humble prince Liu Qiang, the early and wise Liu Yang is more favored by Liu Xiu."

"In the fifteenth year of Jianwu, because he felt that the figures of the national field area were inaccurate, Liu Xiu ordered all states and counties to re-measure."

In the official document of Chenliu County, Liu Xiu found that the bamboo slips sandwiched in it read: "Yingchuan and Hongnong can be asked, but Henan and Nanyang cannot be asked." ”

He asked Chen Liujun's messenger where he came from and what it meant.

The messenger refused to tell the truth, saying that it had been picked up in the city of Luoyang and had been mistakenly sandwiched in an official document. Liu Xiu was furious, and Liu Yang, who was only 12 years old at the time, interjected behind the tent, "That is an instruction given to him by the county, and it should be that he wants to inquire about the results of other counties for comparison." ””

Liu Xiu asked, "Even so, why don't you ask about Henan and Nanyang?" ””

Liu Yang replied, "Henan Yin is the location of the capital, many emperors are close ministers, Nanyang County is the emperor's hometown, many emperors' close relatives, houses and fields exceed the regulations, can not be regarded as standards." ”

"Liu Xiu asked people to ask the messenger, and sure enough, Liu Xiu loved Liu Yang more and more."

"Queen Guo Shengtong has complaints about her fall from grace from time to time, but this can only increase Liu Xiu's anger."

"In October of the seventeenth year of Jianwu, the Guo family was finally deposed, and Liu Xiu changed the title of Yin Lihua to the queen."

After his mother was deposed, the crown prince Liu Qiang was very uneasy, and someone persuaded him, "Staying in an unstable position for a long time not only violates filial piety, but may also cause danger, so it is better to resign as the prince and serve his mother." ””

Liu Qiang asked someone to express this meaning to Liu Xiu several times, and Liu Xiu delayed for a few years and finally agreed, allowing Liu Qiang and Liu Yang to swap brothers, Liu Qiang became the king of the East China Sea, and Liu Yang became the crown prince and changed his name to Liu Zhuang.

"Liu Qiang is not negligent, and he should not be abolished according to common sense."

"Liu Xiu explained in the edict that according to the righteousness of "Spring and Autumn", the principle of choosing an heir is noble, Liu Yang was born to the queen Yin Lihua and should inherit the throne, the problem is that even so, Liu Yang is the fourth son of Yin Lihua, why is it his turn?"

"This arrangement is not without its consequences."

"In the twenty-eighth year of the founding of the martial arts, someone wrote that Liu Xiu's sons made friends with the descendants of the people he killed, and these people were afraid that they would cause chaos because of things."

"It just so happened that Liu Li, the son of Emperor Liu Xuan, killed his father because of resentment against Liu Penzi and killed his brother Liu Gong."

"And Liu Li was the guest of Liu Fu (Queen Guo), the king of Pei, Liu Xiu was angry, sent Liu Fu to prison for 3 days, and ordered all counties to search for the people his sons befriended, implicated and killed more than 1,000 people."

"In the second year of the Middle Yuan Dynasty, Liu Xiu died and Liu Zhuang ascended the throne, what should have happened still has to happen."

"Liu Zhuang's brother Liu Jing wrote a letter to Liu Qiang, asking people to pretend to be the family of Liu Qiang's uncle Guo Guo to send it to Liu Qiang, saying that Liu Qiang and Empress Guo were not guilty, but they were belittled, and suggested that Liu Qiang raise troops to take back the world."

Liu Qiang saw that the letter was scattered, and immediately arrested the person who sent the letter, sealed the letter and reported it to Liu Zhuang. Liu Zhuang found out that it was his younger brother who wrote the letter, so he had to list the matter as a top secret and put the matter aside, and later Liu Jing cursed the court and threatened to rebel, and was impeached and committed suicide. ”

In addition, Empress Guo's son Liu Kang plotted "misdeeds", and 5 of the 6 closed counties were cut off. ”

"Her other son, Liu Yan, cursed the imperial court during the sacrifice, and more than a dozen feudal counties were cut down and two remained."

Liu Ying, the son of Xu Meiren, made friends, "had a rebellion", committed suicide after being deposed, but Liu Fu, who was imprisoned for 3 days, has been cautious and studied with his heart, and wrote "Five Classics", which was called "Pei Wang's General Theory". ”

"Politics is mainly divided into two parts: system and personnel."

"In the late Western Han Dynasty, relatives held power, and Wang Mang prospered on behalf of the Han Dynasty, so after the founding of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu personally took care of many government affairs in order to avoid losing power."

"Later generations' criticism of Liu Xiu is that there is nothing to do, that is to say, he himself is a Ming Jun, and then his son Ming Emperor Liu Zhuang and grandson Zhang Emperor Liu Wei are also Ming Jun, but they only handled the personnel well and did not create a good system."

"In this way, the emperor's excellent things will be handled well, but the emperor is bad but there is no effective way to control him."

"This is a big problem in the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it is also a long-term big problem in the history of China's political system."

Empress Xu: Although this Guangwu Emperor is not very good to Guo Shengtong, but for Yin Lihua, we can see his love and righteousness, perhaps it is Miss Zhang who said, the queen is too unlucky, you have always been their stepping stone.

Xiaozhuang: This Yin Empress gave birth to children continuously, plus the prince Liu Zhuang, during her tenure as the king of the East China Sea, she was significantly stronger than the crown prince Liu Yi in terms of political performance, Empress Guo may have felt threatened, often complained in front of Liu Xiu, and refused to cooperate with Liu Xiu's educational philosophy, unwilling to take care of other people's children, which aroused Liu Xiu's disgust.

Emperor Guangwu may gradually realize that compared with Yin Lihua, Empress Guo does not have the virtues that a lady should have, but has Lu and Huo Zhifeng, worried that after her death, other children will be poisoned by her, and dare not entrust her children, and women's jealousy should make Emperor Guangwu have a bad notice and abolish it in advance.

Qin Liangyu: Empress Guo's situation is much better than that of other deposed princes, concubines, queens, etc., and it is rare among previous emperors, which may be the secret of Emperor Guangwu's success in troubled times.