"At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the government implemented recuperation and recuperation, did not compete with the people for profit, forbade the mountains and seas, opened up minerals and other resources to the private sector, and the state only collected taxes from the government."

"This policy played an important role in reviving the local economy, and many businessmen became rich by dealing in resources such as salt and iron."

"But merchants also often used their wealth to interfere in local administration, make friends with princes, and influence the centralization of power."

"After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty encountered a financial crisis, he tried every means to monopolize resources such as salt and iron in the hands of the state, and used the income from these industries as state financial revenue."

"In the fourth year of Yuanzhen, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the great farmers Chengdong Guo Xianyang and Kong Yi, and the Sang Hongyang in the service to jointly plan and manage the matter of salt and iron."

"The following year, they introduced a concrete measure."

"First of all, industries such as boiling salt and iron smelting will be brought under the management of the state, and their revenues will be used as fiscal revenue."

"Second, the government recruits salt farmers and provides them with tools and fees to serve the government."

"Third, it is forbidden for the people to make iron and boil salt privately."

"Fourth, set up officials in the counties to manage iron mines and iron tools, and specialize in managing the trade of iron tools."

"These officials will recruit specialized blacksmiths or convicts and conscripts to smelt iron and exercise."

"After the plan was introduced, Dong Zhongshu, Sima Qian and others thought that this was a competition with the people and resolutely opposed it, but Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty resolutely supported it."

"In the sixth year of Yuanzhen, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty officially ordered the implementation of the salt and iron official camp, and then set up 36 salt officials and 48 iron officials throughout the country, so that the country's salt and iron production was basically controlled by the state."

"At the same time as the implementation of the salt and iron official camp, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also accepted Sang Hongyang's suggestion and implemented the policy of equalizing losses."

"The introduction of this policy is mainly aimed at the problems of the imperial court in the market procurement price being pushed up and the transportation cost is large."

"There are two main elements of losing evenly."

"The first is to set up officials in the Ministry of Agriculture to manage the transportation of salt and iron in the counties and counties, and to sell the goods that the peasants used to transport to the capital to sell."

"Second, the government procures goods from the local government."

"Pinghuai is the imperial court to regulate the price of the market."

"The state has set up leveling officers in major cities, and according to the market price, they will sell when they are expensive and buy them when they are cheap."

"This policy can not only reduce the price of procurement, but also crack down on the hoarding and market monopoly of wealthy businessmen."

"The full implementation of the salt and iron official camp and the equalization of losses has greatly improved the financial situation of the Han Dynasty."

"The Han Dynasty not only used its abundant financial resources to fight back against the Xiongnu and build a strong military force, but also used it for local disaster relief and to stabilize social order."

As Sang Hongyang said: "The former is not enough to use money, the soldiers may not be able to lu, and Shandong was plagued, Qi and Zhao were hungry, Lai Jun lost the savings, the accumulation of the warehouse, the soldiers were fought, and the hungry people were relieved." ””

"But the state monopoly has also caused many problems, such as destroying only competition in industry and commerce, and disrupting the normal development of commerce, and at the same time, the salt and iron run by the government are often of poor quality."

"It is also difficult to achieve the effect of equalizing the loss, and even relevant institutions have embezzled and profited from it, which is not conducive to price regulation."

"But on the whole, these policies were introduced to adapt to the general environment at that time."

"There are merits and faults internally, and big mistakes will be talked about later, but externally, it is a great merit!"

"Because the rule of Wenjing made the Western Han Dynasty more and more powerful, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty inherited and prepared military development at the same time, replacing the policy of peace with military means."

"At that time, the northern territory of the Han Dynasty was from the Great Wall to Mobei, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the northern part of the Korean Peninsula was also included in the territory of the Western Han Dynasty, the southern territory was extended to the southern part of Vietnam, and the Southwest Yi region was also completely included under the rule of the Han Dynasty."

"As we all know, the war between the Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu lasted for hundreds of years, and Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty, and Emperor Wenjing were all subject to the control of others everywhere, and it was not until the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that the offensive and defensive situation of the Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu underwent fundamental changes."

"The Xiongnu since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a hidden danger in the north, Qin Shi Huang unified the world and ordered Meng Tian to lead an army of 300,000 troops to the north to resist the Xiongnu, during this period the Xiongnu were expelled by Meng Tian to the north of the Great Wall, and the Central Plains Dynasty ushered in a short period of stability."

"The turmoil at the end of Qin, the Chu and Han dynasties, the Central Plains suffered decades of devastation, so that the national strength of the Western Han Dynasty declined at the beginning of the establishment of the Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu had more than 300,000 people who controlled the strings after decades of development, and Liu Bang was almost captured by the Xiongnu in Baishan Mountain."

"After Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, established the Western Han Dynasty, the game between the Xiongnu and the Han Dynasty appeared on the stage of history.

"Such a national policy continued from Gaozu of the Han Dynasty to the early period of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the policy of peace and pro-pro was only canceled after Liu Che took power, and the strategic defense of the border fortress was also transformed into a strategic offensive, and the Han-Hungarian war kicked off."

"The battle of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty against the Xiongnu began in the sixth year of Emperor Wu Yuanguang and lasted for a total of 44 years, during this period, the Han army launched three major counterattacks against the Xiongnu and achieved a decisive victory, fundamentally solving the problem of harassment of the Xiongnu in the south."

"These three strategic counterattacks are Henan, the Battle of Monan, the Battle of Hexi and the Battle of Mobei."

Of course, the attack on the Huns is inseparable from two generals, that is, Wei Qing and Huo Quai, which can be called the "strongest dowry"! ”

"I've talked about it in the early stage, I'll talk about a small battle."

"Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Liu Che was an eloquent emperor, in order to solve the threat of the Xiongnu to the Han Dynasty, a war between him and it was inevitable that the battle of Mayi was a small battle."

"At that time, the Xiongnu cavalry once again invaded the border counties of the Han Dynasty, and Wang Hui suggested that Liu Che lure the main Xiongnu force to Mayi, and then encircle and annihilate it with 300,000 cavalry elites."

"It's a pity that the Xiongnu Shan Yu captured a Han general on the march and learned of this plan."

"Then the Xiongnu immediately withdrew the army from the siege of Mayi, and this war that did not happen also became the node of the Han-Hun all-round development, the Xiongnu army was ready to attack Chang'an, and Liu Che was also preparing for a decisive battle with the Xiongnu."

"In the winter of the sixth year of Yuanguang of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty poured all the cavalry troops of the Western Han Dynasty into four ways to attack the Xiongnu, Gongsun Ao, Gongsun He, and Li Guang three armies either failed or returned in vain, only Wei Qing attacked the dragon city of the Xiongnu all the way and achieved a major victory."

"The three armies of the Han Dynasty were all defeated, but Wei Qingqi's victory in attacking Longcheng broke the myth that the Xiongnu could not be warned, gave Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the confidence to launch a bigger war, and laid the groundwork for the Battle of Heshuo, the Battle of Monan, the Battle of Hexi and the Battle of Mobei."

(End of chapter)