From the Spring and Autumn period onwards, in order to promote their doctrines, ancient sages would give speeches in public to gain people's recognition and gain a wide following, and young people learned new knowledge, joined this school, and worked hard for the growth of this school.

The Tang and Song dynasties rose to the imperial examination, but the development of learning did not fall, but with the participation of more and more groups, lecturing is no longer a rare feat, and even today, the Ming Dynasty's Guozijian, the highest university in the world has become a holy place for lecturing.

The pursuit of truth and summing up the experience of society has always been the dream of ancient Chinese scholars.

"From the day the Chinese script was born, the sages laid the foundation for scientific research methods, but the civilization of that era, including Confucius and Mencius, applied the scientific method spontaneously, not consciously."

"The ancestors even had a vague understanding of what science was and what was not, and it was an era of a hundred flowers, full of the fog of the times and the irrationality of superstition."

"Cao Duan's new thought is a milestone in the division between superstition and science, irrationality and rationality. Before him, Mozi led his students to carry out small hole imaging experiments of light, Zu Chongzhi of the Northern and Southern Dynasties designed and manufactured a guide car and timer using copper parts, and Shen Kuo deeply studied the problem of equal difference series summation, and advanced to a new stage of high-order equal difference series summation, creating a precedent for the study of stacking in China. ”

"Many sages have laid the foundation for the development of natural science in Chinese civilization, provided sufficient nourishment, played an important role in the qualitative change of civilization, and even today, created an epoch-making scientific era for mankind."

"Not only did they make a significant contribution to science itself, but more importantly, they established the scientific method. With these scientific methods, humanity can continue to progress. ”

In terms of establishing scientific methods, the first thing to mention is Shen Kuo, who laid the foundation for Cao Duan's work. Today, we cannot say for sure whether Shen Kuo was first a mathematician or a philosopher. We learned analytic geometry in middle school, which was invented by Shen Kuo. ”

He used algebraic methods to solve the problems of geometry, and analytic geometry was the basis of later higher mathematics. At the same time, Shen Kuo is also a very influential philosopher in history, and if you want to select the 50 most influential philosophers in the history of the world, he should be among them. ”

He is also the first scholar in the history of mathematics in China to propose the method of "knowing the circle" to find the arc length. His method not only promoted the development of plane geometry, but was also widely used in astronomical calculations. ”

When Guo Shoujing, a former Song Dynasty scientist, was conducting astronomical research, he often used the method of "circumference" to solve research problems. ”

In terms of physics, Shen Kuo conducted in-depth research on the compass. He was the first scholar in the world to experimentally prove that magnetic needles can guide to the compass, but often to the east. This conclusion means that the north and south poles of the geomagnetic field do not coincide exactly with the north and south poles in geography, that is, there is a magnetic declination. ”

"In terms of astronomy, he improved the armillary sphere to improve the observation efficiency and accuracy, and Guo Shoujing, a remnant of the former Song Dynasty, made a simple instrument on the basis of the armillary sphere."

"In terms of geography, the earliest scientific explanation of the Central Plains was carried out, and it was inferred that Yandang Mountain was formed by the erosion of flowing water, which scientifically explained the cause of the formation of tornadoes."

In addition, Shen Kuo also has outstanding achievements in economy, military, politics, water conservancy, medicine, music, literature, etc., and can be called the founder of China's scientific era."

"According to historical research and the development of science, it is concluded that human cognition is divided into three categories, the first is the concept that children are born with, such as children who are born with milk."

"Haha."

"Bang bang."

In the hall, the audience laughed and applauded.

The scholar who gave the lecture smiled, waited for the applause to be quiet, and continued: "The second category is the concept that is learned from the outside world, such as what students learn in school. ”

The concept of scholars has been recognized by many people and is easy to understand.

"The third category is the idea of self-creation. Then the acquisition of the second type of concept is the learning process that we are familiar with, and the third type of cognition belongs to the category of scientific research and invention and creation. ”

"These are the three ways in which we understand the development of the natural sciences, so what methods should be used to continue them, and on the basis of the third category, continue to go on."

The scholar asked earnestly.

The audience in the audience showed serious expressions, and everyone was thinking carefully.

The non-agricultural population of the Ming Dynasty is increasing, the people are getting richer and richer, and the growth of the school has led to the birth of more scholars.

At least in the Ming Dynasty in the fifteenth century, learning was still noble.

Thirty-two-year-old Tao Lian is still very young, but in recent years, on the road of science, it is often young people who can make achievements, and the rise of new learning is not a unified school.

Beiping, Beijing, Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and other places all have their own ideas for new learning, although Cao Duan summarized the new learning and formulated more general directions, but did not complete the academic unification.

"I think there are four ways and steps."

"The first step is not to follow blindly."

"Do not accept any truth that you do not know. It is necessary to determine whether there is any suspicion about a proposition according to one's own judgment, and only those propositions that have nothing suspicious are true. ”

"In the Spring and Autumn Period, Zi Buyu was confused, that is, because the sages could not explain superstition at that time, but superstition was prevalent in the background, a kind of thinking that does not blindly follow, and even although his words came from Confucius, he did not dare to think that it was the birth of a famous saying, which requires us not to blindly follow the truth."

"Doubts about all opinions, no matter what authoritative conclusions, as long as they have not been studied by themselves, can be doubted."

"Whoa."

The enthusiastic applause of the young people and the speech of the Tao Gong scholar were recognized by the countrymen, which can be felt through the applause in the hall.

Tao Jun continued to laugh.

"The second step is to break down complex problems into multiple simple small problems to study and solve them separately one by one. This is what we often call analysis, or simplifying the complex and breaking it into parts. ”

"Since the advent of steam engine technology, it is the progress of each small step that has brought about new achievements and become the power of ships. It is a very complicated thing to look at the steam engine on a ship as a whole, but after breaking it down, you can understand the principle by knowing its principle and understanding the origin of each step. ”

"The third step, when solving these small problems, should be solved step by step according to the order of easy first and then difficult. The steam engine was originally used as a tool for pumping water, but then it was moved to the train and required more horsepower, and at this time, the craftsmen came up with a way to put a cap on the piston, and then moved it to the ship, which required more horsepower, and the craftsmen thought of a way to make more copper pipes to increase the efficiency. ”

"The fourth step, after solving each small problem, then synthesize, to see if the original problem has been completely solved, and the same as the principle of life, after doing it, it is necessary to summarize and summarize."

The reporters of the Technology News recorded Tao Wei's speech.

In fact, not only Tao Wei's speech, as long as it is about technology and science, the technology newspaper will record it, and different speakers will attract the attention of different newspapers.

The distribution of the technology newspaper has long been inferior to the social newspaper, miscellaneous newspapers and other newspapers, but the status of the technology newspaper is the highest, and even the Daming science and technology meeting in which the technology newspaper participates is a grand ceremony of the Ming Dynasty.

Soon after, Tao Jun's speech appeared in the new newspaper of the Technology Newspaper, and under Tao Jun's speech, the Technology Newspaper also invited several famous scholars to comment, so that people can have a clear understanding.

"Whether it is in scientific research or when solving complex engineering problems, I think the four steps of Tao Lian are very effective, and if you work methodically according to this method, even the most difficult problems can be solved."

In the above four steps, Tao emphasizes the importance of critical skepticism in scientific research. He believes that it is possible to make bold assumptions in research, but in fact his assertion of doubting everything is a bold assumption. ”

"However, the process of verification must be very careful, in addition to having defensible evidence, any step of reasoning in the process of verification must follow logic, so as to reach the correct conclusion."

"Tao Jun summarized the law of scientific development as first asking questions, then conducting experiments, drawing conclusions and explanations from experiments, generalizing and generalizing conclusions, and finding out new problems in practice.

"Learning is inseparable from the society, and the society is closely related, including Tao Ling's scientific ideas are actually very easy to understand, the traditional agricultural era, the market demand is not high, small workshops can be satisfied."

"With the development of industrial society, the demand of the market is getting bigger and bigger, and the small workshop has been unable to meet the needs of the market, so there is a factory, but the factory is still unable to break through the output in the technology of the small workshop, so there are more craftsmen, through the improvement of the technology of the small workshop, to meet the needs of the factory, and gradually solve the problem. In fact, the same principle as the scientific idea proposed by Tao Zheng also belongs to the knowledge of things. ”

"However, I think that on the road of science, we must also record the process."

"Ancient craftsmen consciously or unconsciously adopted scientific methods in the development of technology. Many craftsmen keep detailed records of the improvements they make, but most of them use methods that are not known to outsiders for the sake of secrecy. ”

Some of the techniques have been preserved, and have even been recorded in writing by many literati and have been passed down to this day. It is precisely because of the written record that the technology of these inventions has become widespread. ”

"But there are also a lot of technologies, because of the loss of records, not only can future generations not understand the truth, but even know not to know, such as the Song Dynasty's Ru porcelain, because there is no written record left, resulting in no imitation so far, I believe that there are many lost technologies, is a great loss of civilization."

Tianjin.

The first chemical plant of Daming Industrial Bureau.

Pantry.

There are a lot of technicians in the house, they hold the newspaper to read, while drinking tea, after lunch, the rest time, the pantry has become a place they often visit.

Ordinary workers like to read social newspapers, miscellaneous newspapers, newspapers, etc., and their technical personnel will not be left behind in every issue of the technical newspaper because of the needs of their profession.

Unlike the exclamations of the people, they did not feel anything strange about Tao Ling's speech.

Their chemical plants have long had a strict system in place.

The ingredients of ammonia, experiments in various proportions, the replacement of utensils, including bronze and iron, and finally it is easy to turn into transparent glass, and there are detailed scales on it, plus the study of the element table, in fact, it looks very mysterious, but it is what Taoist priests have always done.

Stones of all colors are fired to produce new materials, and these materials are studied to discover their meaning and function.

The high yield of chemical fertilizer and the innovation of technology step by step are based on this aspect, from the very beginning of supplying Beiping to the northern region, and even supplying the whole country, in addition to the popularization of coke refineries, it is also inseparable from the development of refining technology.

Twenty-five-year-old Wang Yugong is a native of Tianjin.

After finishing the school, he did not continue to study, but was recruited by the Daming Industrial Bureau, and finally applied for the Daming No. 1 Chemical Factory in Tianjin, because his father was an old worker in the chemical factory.

Wang Yugong, because he studied, finally became a staff member of the technology research and development room of the chemical plant, specializing in "burning things" every day.

Yes.

Wang Yugong has always thought that what he does is very ordinary, not at all as great as his father always proudly said, that is, he just burns things, and burns everything in the world.

It has been burned for several years, and Wang Yugong can only burn things.

He Hu's master discovered the weight of air, and He Hu opposed the master's doctrine, redefined the weight of air, and put forward the theory of pressure.

A day as usual.

In his house, Wang Yugong turned out the next book, the "Shennong Materia Medica" compiled in the Qin and Han dynasties, and fired it according to the recipe of the three immortal pills, that is, the ingredients of cinnabar, dansha and mercury.

Wang Yugong yawned.

It's too boring, to record the firing process completely, and if it's useful, more research will be conducted, but it's just that after years of work, there hasn't been much discovery so far.

Wang Yugong has long lost the passion he had when he first joined the work, and regarded these seemingly mysterious things to outsiders as his simple and ordinary work, waiting to go home after work.

But today's Wang Yugong, maybe because of the difference in mood, his wife gave birth to a big fat boy a few days ago, or because he just read the remarks of the technology newspaper, he has been affected by something.

It might even be an accident.

He suddenly invented that the light of kerosene lamps today is exceptionally bright.

He couldn't help but rub his eyes, suspecting that he had seen it wrong, and in order to prove that he was not wrong, he lit a kerosene lamp again, ordinary ordinary people, who would waste things like this.

Anyway, it's something in the factory, and Wang Yugong doesn't feel distressed to use it.

Really.

The brightness of the newly lit kerosene lamp is far less than that of the kerosene lamp just now, what is the reason, Wang Yugong was curious, he kept groping, and finally found that when the process of firing the three elixirs, the light of the kerosene lamp would be very bright.

Wang Yugong is not a hard-working person, but unexpectedly he is particularly interested today, and even took the initiative to work overtime after work, and still keeps studying in his own house.

Soon.

Wang Yugong reported a new discovery to his superiors.

In his own experiment, when refining the Three Immortal Pills and heating them, he can obtain a gas, which can not only make the flame burn brighter, but also help breathe, making people breathe very pleasantly.

Soon, other technicians also repeated Wang Yugong's experiment, and according to Wang Yugong's written records, the same results were obtained, which shows that it was not accidental or accidental.

"If the combustion is caused by phlogiston in the substance, then after combustion, the mass of the ash should be reduced, when in fact, the mass of the product of combustion is increased, which means that something new must have been added to the product of combustion."

There are technicians who have put forward their own opinions, and they use a balance to make precise determinations to determine.

By measuring the weight, it was confirmed that a gas was indeed added during the combustion process, and not that the so-called phlogiston was decomposed. So they defined this gas, according to Wang Yugong's name, as Wang Qi.

This move was a joke by the technicians, deliberately making fun of Wang Yugong.

But Wang Qi's research and report quickly alarmed His Royal Highness the Crown Prince, and Zhu Gaochi understood that this was the oxygen of future generations. Oxygen was discovered, and how it was made and what it did happened.

Because of the attention of His Royal Highness the Crown Prince, the chemical plant increased its research, and finally the Technical Department submitted a report to the headquarters, called "Introduction to Combustion", which explained the principle of combustion with Wang Hua's theory.

The report elaborates on the role of royal qi, that is, there must be royal qi in the first place before the substance can be burned.

The air contains royal gas and another gas, and when the substance is burned in the air, it absorbs the royal gas in the air, so the mass of the combustion product increases, and the increase part is the mass of the royal gas it absorbs.

In the process of studying combustion, Wang Yugong determined the importance of accurate quantitative experiments and analysis in natural science research.

Wang Yugong also discovered that the oxides produced by non-metals after combustion can be turned into acids, so all acids contain royal gas. Metals turn to ash when burned, and they are not acidic.

By weighing, according to He Hu's method of measuring atmospheric pressure, people quickly also got the approximate ratio of the royal qi in the air.

What people need to breathe is royal energy.

Royal qi is a necessary element of combustion, and any combustion is inseparable from royal qi.

At the report meeting, Wang Yugong stammered a speech and praised Tao Jun's scientific methodology. Tao Jun's scientific methodology, that is, the doctrine that any law of natural science must be verifiable, suddenly became popular and even began to become one of the standards in the academic world.

He Hu congratulated Wang Yugong on his achievements and also praised Tao Gong's doctrine.

According to the discovery of atmospheric royal qi and the measurement of weight, He Hu put forward a new hypothesis, "The ancestors believed that all things in the universe are dynamically conserved, and yin and yang are transformed, so whether there is conservation of energy in the world, and how to verify the conservation law proposed by the ancients?" ”

The new hypothesis has aroused the interest of many scholars, after all, "harmony" has always been one of the core ideas of China, and it is difficult for scholars not to care about such a high level of hypothesis.

"Where did everything in the universe come from in the first place? From gasification. ”

"What is gasification? The process by which matter becomes energy is called gasification. For example, boiling water leads to the evaporation of water, and the energy born is the process of gasification; For example, the poet Du Fu's "Ascending" has a description of "sunflower in the green garden, waiting for the sun, morning dew waits for the sun", which not only vividly depicts the beauty of sunflowers, but also implies the transformation of natural energy in the process of evaporation of morning dew. ”

"What does the gasification of all things in the universe consist of?"

"Including intangible energy and tangible substance, that is, matter and energy, both exist at the same time. The Book of Changes talks about the mutual transformation of yin and yang, the yin will become yang, and the anode will become yin. What does Yin represent? It represents matter, and yang represents energy. One is born and one dies, one is still and one is moving, it is all relative, and it treats each other, which is the conservation of energy. ”

More and more people joined the discussion, and as questions were asked, answered, and studied, the law of conservation of energy became more and more robust, and people could not raise the phenomenon of veto.

From the time He Hu put forward this idea, people found that they could not find an example to refute it.

Some people even shouted in surprise that there is a god in the world.

Otherwise, it is impossible to explain why the ancestors put forward this doctrine so long ago, and with the limitations of their times, how could they have such profound insight, does not it mean that they have returned to the original point after studying and studying in the academic world?

The talent allowance has been increased from five cents to eight cents, and from eight cents to one yuan.

The scholars of the Ming Dynasty began to study the existence of gods, and many scholars have already believed that there is a heavenly way in the world, otherwise it is impossible to explain many coincidences.

Such a phenomenon made Zhu Gaochi speechless.

That's how the original superstition came about, and it was really a cycle.

According to Wang Hua's theory and the law of conservation of energy, at the end of the 15th year of Yongle, He Hu published "The Theory of the Fundamentals of Chemistry". In this scholarly treatise, he comprehensively expounded his views, defined the concept of "elements", and classified the chemicals known at the time.

According to the "Encyclopedia of Elements" formulated by the chemical factory in the early years, the 33 basic elements that are known to be reorganized, although Zhu Gaochi seems to have some chemical compounds in fact and not really elemental elements, as well as the common compounds composed of them, but He Hu's "Theory of Chemical Fundamentals" has indeed made the previously fragmented and chaotic chemical knowledge systematic and clear.

He Hu is He Kuan's widow.

Zhu Gaochi was very pleased.

Along the way, many people are no longer there, and Zhu Gaochi can't remember He Kuan's appearance for a long time, but isn't that what Da Ming should be.

Generations of relays.

Civilization is constantly evolving.

The country's various measurements have been unified, including the atmospheric pressure has a standard measuring instrument, which has provided important technical support for the development of steam engines, and a new generation of boiler technology has greatly increased the horsepower of ships.

The development of glass over the years has led to more quality improvements and all kinds of glassware.

With the establishment of Bonidus, according to the measurement of temperature, scholars discovered the existence of the equator in Bonidus, and the exploration of Nuergan to the north, people discovered the polar regions, and proposed to take the distance from the poles to the equator in a straight line of one ten-thousandth as one meter, and establish a new unit of measurement.

According to the maximum density of water at different temperatures, the mass of an area of one meter is one kilogram.

The brand-new unit represents a new starting point for social civilization.

There is also a chapter during the day

(End of chapter)