"Your Excellency Governor, what are the three scientific and technological revolutions?" Wang Cheng asked, he was already ecstatic, he was in contact with such systematic knowledge for the first time, but even if it was only a sporadic introduction, for him, he had definitely succeeded in solving his doubts, and even he saw a bright future.

"A fundamental transformation of the productive forces of society under the decisive role of science and technology. It promotes the development of social productive forces, promotes economic growth, and leads to corresponding changes in the relations of production.

Since the middle of the 18th century, in the process of the development of human society, there have been three leaps in social productive forces and three revolutions in science and technology.

The First Scientific and Technological RevolutionThe industrial revolution that took place from the middle of the 18th century to the 19th century was the first scientific and technological change that human society experienced after its development to the stage of capitalism. This scientific and technological revolution was marked by the invention and application of the steam engine.

The invention of the steam engine was a milestone in the history of social and economic development. The steam engine can produce power that is completely controlled by man, and it can be moved, unlike the use of water power to be limited by geographical location, so that it can be widely used, so that modern large-scale industry can develop rapidly. Thus Engels pointed out that the steam engine was the first truly international invention, which "revolutionized the whole basis of bourgeois society by transforming the factory handicraft industry into modern large-scale industry" (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, vol. 3, p. 301). In 1784, Britain's first steam-powered spinning mill was built, which greatly improved the productivity and mechanization of the cotton textile industry. The steam engine was soon popularized, allowing other light industry sectors to transition from factory crafts to large machine industries. The invention and widespread application of machinery in the light industry sector have also promoted technological innovation in heavy industry and transportation, resulting in an astonishing development of social productive forces. By the end of the thirties of the 19th century, Britain was the first to complete the industrial revolution. Major capitalist countries such as the United States, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan were also in the 19th century. The industrial revolution was completed one after another.

The industrial revolution not only brought about the rapid development of the capitalist productive forces, but also brought about drastic changes in the class structure between people, giving rise to a new type of capitalist and a new type of worker, the industrial worker, and the whole society was increasingly divided and simplified into two basic classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The exploitative relations of capitalism were established, and the capitalist system has since gained dominance in human history.

The second scientific and technological revolution, in the last decades of the 19th century, saw new scientific and technological advances. Especially after 1873. It has set off a new upsurge in the development of science and technology, which is mainly marked by the application of new steelmaking methods and electricity, and is generally considered to be in the modern history of mankind

The second scientific and technological revolution.

After the middle of the 19th century, the progress of science and technology led to the emergence of a series of new industrial sectors. In the metallurgical industry, new steelmaking methods were invented, among which the Martin steelmaking method and the Thomas steelmaking method were the most prominent. The new steelmaking method greatly improved the steelmaking technology of the time, and effectively promoted the establishment of large steelmaking plants and metallurgical plants. At the same time, the invention of aniline dyes, potassium-based fertilizers, as well as sulfuric acid and soda, laid the foundation for the development of the modern large-scale chemical industry, and chemical methods have since been increasingly used in a variety of different production sectors. The last 30 years of the 19th century. The application of generators, internal combustion engines, and steam turbines, as well as the invention of new means of transportation such as trams and automobiles based on new engines, have pushed the development of social productive forces to a higher stage. In this scientific and technological revolution, electricity, as a usable energy source, has become a powerful driving force for technological development. By the early 90s of the 19th century, electricity had begun to be widely used in industrial production. The new achievements in science and technology have brought about major changes in the industrial structure of many countries, laying the technical foundation for large-scale industrial production. After the 70s of the 19th century. Of all the industries of the capitalist countries, the textile industry and other light industrial sectors were the dominant ones. It gave way to heavy industry sectors such as metallurgy and machine manufacturing.

The improvement of the level of social production has enabled the scale of enterprises to continue to expand and promoted the concentration of production and capital. In capitalist society, due to the intensification of competition and mergers among capitalists, capital is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a small number of big capitalists, leading to the emergence of monopolies. Under the impetus of this scientific and technological revolution, monopolies gradually replaced free competition, monopolies and the domination of the financial oligarchy were formed, and capitalist society transitioned to the highest stage of its development, the imperialist stage.

The Third Scientific and Technological RevolutionAfter the Second World War, there was a third scientific and technological revolution in human history, with nuclear energy, electronic computers, and automation technology as the main symbols.

This scientific and technological revolution began in the United States at the end of the 40s of the 20th century. It gradually expanded to Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and Japan, reaching its climax in the 60s. This is an unprecedented and far-reaching scientific and technological revolution in human history. It has not only made breakthroughs in individual scientific theories and production technology, but has also undergone profound changes in almost all fields of science and technology, and has rapidly brought about a greater leap in the social productive forces. In the wake of this technological revolution, many new industrial sectors have risen rapidly. Such as polymer synthesis industry, nuclear industry, electronics industry, semiconductor industry, aerospace industry and laser industry. The implementation of comprehensive mechanization and automation of production and the use of the most advanced electronic control devices are a major feature of this scientific and technological revolution. The production of electronic computers is changing with each passing day, starting from the successful development of the world's first electronic computer in 1946 (see color map), in less than 40 years, electronic computing technology has advanced by leaps and bounds at its astonishing speed, constantly upgrading, and the development of its component technology has gone through four generations, and is now moving towards the fifth generation. The development of aerospace technology is a comprehensive product of the scientific and technological revolution. Since the emergence of artificial satellites in the late 50s, manned space flights, moon landings, and exploration of Mars, Saturn, and other planets in the solar system have been carried out, thus opening the prelude to mankind's march toward space. The development of space technology will play an inestimable role in the development of social productive forces. In recent years, there has been talk about the imminent outbreak of a new scientific and technological revolution, or the "fourth industrial revolution" or the "new industrial revolution." They predict that a new world scientific and technological revolution will flourish in the late 20th or early 21st century. This new scientific and technological revolution refers to the development of a series of emerging industries dominated by electronic computers, including bioengineering, optical fibers, new materials, new energy, marine development and other fields. It will promote a new leap in social productive forces and a further improvement in the level of economic management, and will have a more far-reaching impact on mankind than the previous scientific and technological revolutions.

The scientific and technological revolution in the 18th century, marked by the steam engine, played a role in further consolidating the rule of the bourgeoisie, and the powerful productive forces that burst out in that technological revolution showed the economic progressiveness of capitalist relations of production compared with feudal relations of production. Over the past 100 years and more, along with the rapid development of science and technology, the tremendous leap forward in the social productive forces has increasingly shown that the capitalist relations of production are increasingly in conflict with the development of socialized large-scale production, and in particular, the emergence of the socialist economic system has fundamentally shaken the foundation of imperialist rule and made all kinds of contradictions in the capitalist world more acute. In fact, the economic crisis that swept the capitalist world in 1973~1975 has put Western countries in a state of "stagflation" (see Stagflation and Expansion) for a long time. Around 1980, the economies of various industrial countries fell into recession one after another. The emergence of the new scientific and technological revolution not only heralded the decline of the traditional "big chimney industry", but also reflected the intensification of the basic contradictions of capitalism. In short, the development of the new technological revolution has, on the one hand, brought capitalist production toward a more comprehensive socialization and prepared the necessary material and technical conditions for the socialist revolution, and on the other hand, it has laid a solid material and technical foundation for the transition of socialist countries to communism. After Chen Chao finished speaking, he took a sip of water, fortunately he has a good memory, otherwise he would definitely be embarrassed, looking at the officials and VIPs who were thinking tightly, Chen Chao had an inexplicable excitement in his heart, which made you uncomfortable.

"The time I just said is the time of my hometown, don't care too much, science and technology is the primary productive force, and it is also one of the keys to the success of our Yunshan Island model. Chen Chao took a sip of water and said. (To be continued......)