Everyone arrived outside the Guanjia Hall and chatted casually for a while.

After about two quarters of an hour, Zhao Jun rested almost completely, and also had lunch, and was helped over by Fan Zhongyan and Yan Shu.

According to the previous script, the two of them chatted and ate with Zhao Jun first, and when everyone over there was in place, they said that everyone had just finished their work, and now they came to the village to bask in the sun, and invited Zhao Jun to sit together.

Zhao Jun naturally happily agreed, his eyes have recovered, and he has already expected that he will want to take off his veil tomorrow, and at the last moment, he will naturally continue to get acquainted with everyone.

Soon Zhao Jun was helped to the front of everyone, "Teacher Zhao is here." ”

"Teacher, come and sit here."

"Okay, good, thank you, thank you."

Zhao Jun thanked him again and again, and sat down next to Zhao Zhen and Lu Yijian.

They chatted for a while, talked about the parents, and waited for more than ten minutes before they began to get to the point.

"In fact, whether it is a feudal society or a modern society, the essence is the same, it is to compete for the overall wealth of the society, when the wealth of the society is divided by a small number of people, it needs to usher in a major reshuffle."

As Lu Yijian took the lead in asking what the essence of ancient and modern countries was, Zhao Jun quickly gave an answer after thinking about it for a while.

Lu Yijian asked, "What is the total wealth of society?" ”

Zhao Jun said: "To put it simply, the value output obtained through productivity is the overall wealth of society. ”

"And what is productivity?"

Lu Yijian was puzzled.

In fact, these days, Zhao Jun often pops up a lot of words that they don't understand, and many times they don't dare to ask or say, for fear of being exposed.

But nowadays, some things have been able to ask boldly.

Because Zhao Jun's eyes are already healed, he can basically take off the veil in the past two days, and before he takes off the veil, all his words are true, so naturally he has to take advantage of the efforts of these two days to set out the most important and critical information.

Zhao Jun was quite strange when he heard Lu Yijian's question, but he thought that this was a mountain village deep in Daliang Mountain after all, except for the village secretary who was a party member, the rest of the people were ordinary farmers, and it was normal that there was no research on these.

So he said: "The so-called productive forces are the ability to transform nature formed by the combination of people with the ability to work and the means of production, and it can also be said to be the ability of labor to produce value." For example, in the earliest primitive societies, human beings obtained food through planting, hunting, gathering, fishing, etc., and these abilities were productivity. ”

"Can you elaborate on that?"

Wang Zeng couldn't help but ask.

Zhao Jun said: "It's very simple, let's take the process from the ancients to modern people as an example, in the earliest primitive society, what methods did people use to obtain food? ”

"Didn't you just say that? Planting, hunting, gathering, fishing? ”

"Yes, but at that time, cultivation was slash-and-burn, hunting was done with stones and stone spears, gathering by hand, and fishing was often caught with bare hands, so do you think this is more productive? Do you get more food? ”

"Naturally, not much."

Wang Zeng replied without hesitation, using stones as weapons to catch fish with bare hands, I am afraid that I will starve to death.

Zhao Jun said with a smile: "That's it, their productivity is not high, and the population is very small." So they had to find ways to increase productivity, such as making farm tools, weaving fishing nets, and finding plants such as rice, millet, millet, wheat, soybean, and millet to cultivate, so that people could have more food. ”

"After there was more food, the population of the primitive tribes also grew explosively. Maybe at the beginning there were only a few dozen people in this tribe, but through these methods, they were able to feed hundreds or even thousands of people, and finally the tribes converged and slowly formed a state. ”

"This period is located in the Neolithic Age seven or eight thousand years ago in our historical circles, when the ancient society widely used tools made of stone, through the reclamation of fields, in the Yellow River Basin, the Yangtze River Basin, there are footprints of our ancestors."

"About four or five thousand years ago, the clans and tribes in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins, and even some areas in the Pearl River basin, had generally formed a comprehensive economy based on primitive planting, livestock raising, gathering, fishing and hunting, which greatly increased the grain output capacity."

"And it was at that time that the tools of production were improved again, and the Neolithic Age gradually passed, and the combination of copper and stone and the Bronze Age appeared, which made production more efficient, and the total wealth of society began to grow."

At the same time, the first ancestors of Chinese humanities such as the Yellow Emperor, Chiyou, and Yandi were also born in this period. After that, the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor fought each other in the Central Plains, and finally the Yellow Emperor became the victor, and the Chinese nation multiplied on both sides of the Yellow River, creating a brilliant civilization and greatly increasing the population again. ”

Zhao Jun looked around, his blindfolded eyes seemed to be looking at everyone, he didn't give a direct answer, but raised his finger and said: "Then the question is, why did the population increase during that period, and why did the Yellow Emperor, Chiyou, Yandi and others fight during that period?" ”

"Because productivity has increased, more people can be fed by making agricultural tools, weaving fishing nets, changing planting methods, animal husbandry, gathering fishing and hunting, etc., and they are fighting because they need to compete for the total wealth of society!"

Zhao Zhen glanced at everyone and almost blurted out.

"Bingo, got it right."

Zhao Jun smiled: "Waza Muguo, I didn't expect you to be so smart, I thought you were an idle person before, it seems that I blamed you." ”

Zhao Zhen rolled his eyes.

Zhao Jun continued: "In the primitive society, resources were limited and productivity was limited. Although productivity has been increased, the population has increased, the resources are insufficient, and the various tribes need more land to cultivate, more hunting grounds, and more river fishing, and the two tribes naturally have to fight for living space. ”

"After the unification of the country, there was still the fall of the dynasty, is it because with the increasing population and the gradual shortage of land, it led to one revolt after another?"

Fan Zhongyan asked.

Zhao Jun said: "This question is a good question, I can only answer yes and no." ”

"Yes and no?"

Everyone wondered, what is the answer?

Zhao Jun explained: "Since the Xia, Shang and Zhou periods, the original primitive social tribal form has slowly evolved. The system has gradually become civilized, and after the productivity has improved, people will have more time to think and summarize. For example, writing was invented, music was created, clothing began to diversify, and people began to pursue a better life. ”

It was during this period that there was a feudal system, and during the Xia Dynasty, the hereditary system of the throne replaced the Zen concession system, and the "family world" began, and the clan relationship became the basic political relationship. In the central government of the Shang Dynasty, there were ministers and secretaries who were in charge of government affairs; The local feudal lords and uncles regularly paid tribute to the king of Shang and were ordered to conquer. ”

"People began to distinguish into three, six, nine and other classes in terms of status, from the lowest slaves, to ordinary citizens, fiefdom scholars, kings, princes, kings to the last Shang and Zhou emperors, level by level, like a pyramid, layer by layer, to satisfy the power desire of the superiors."

"And why did the Shang Dynasty replace the Xia Dynasty, and the Zhou Dynasty can replace the Shang Dynasty? Here we have to talk about two other knowledge points - the productive forces determine the relations of production, and the relations of production react on the productive forces. ”

"At the end of the Xia Dynasty, the national strength was already very weak. And the Tang tribe where Shang Tang was located gradually became stronger at that time, and annexed other tribes everywhere, whether it was area or strength, it was already a big vassal state. Compared to the tribe where the Xia Dynasty belonged, he was strong enough and powerful enough to dominate the Quartet. ”

"But at this point, the mall is still not sure. It wasn't until Xia Wei himself died and everyone rebelled and their relatives left, so Shang Tang raised an army to attack the Xia Dynasty, and after a series of wars and events, he finally succeeded in defeating Xia Wei and establishing the Shang Dynasty. ”

During the period of King Wen of Zhou and King Wu of Zhou, the Zhou State continued to annex the small vassal states of the Quartet and grew stronger, and when it came to the formal attack on the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou State "had two out of three parts of the world", and the national strength was very strong. ”

"So what do you think of through these two examples?"

Just like teaching students, Zhao Jun just gave a case every time, and the results of the analysis were thought by everyone themselves.

All the people present were smart people, and Zhao Zhen quickly said: "It's because Cheng Tang and Ji Chang are strong." ”

"Not bad."

Zhao Jun nodded: "Because the local government is strong and the central government is weak, the disadvantages of the sub-feudal system are here." If a local prince develops national strength and improves the productive forces, they will fight back against the central government, and the productive forces will determine the status relationship between the two sides. ”

In the same way, in the era when Xia was strong and Shang was weak, and Shang was strong and Zhou was weak, their production relationship was that Xia Shang was the monarch and Shang Zhou was the courtier, and the courtiers had to pay tribute to the monarch and offer what they produced. The more courtiers, the more offerings the monarch gets, and the stronger the monarch's national power, which is the reaction of the relations of production to the productive forces. ”

Therefore, the Zhou Dynasty divided the world, and during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it gradually entered the Iron Age. Each feudal state improved its productivity through various methods, such as the Qi State through the Guan Zhong reform, the Qin State through the Shang Dynasty reform, etc., all by changing the production relations and increasing the productivity, so as to make their countries stronger. ”

"After the country became strong, there was a desire for foreign expansion, from dozens of vassal states in the Spring and Autumn Period to the remaining seven in the Warring States, which was the result of merging with each other and robbing each other of social wealth. People, land, and minerals were all turned into resources that could be fought for in that era, and finally a unified state was formed, and the Qin state was established. ”

"Qin Shi Huang was a man with lofty ideals, he ended the feudal system, began the county system, and increased the centralization of power. This is to change the relations of production again, to turn the original vassal states into counties, and the princes and kings with great power into officials appointed by the imperial court, and to integrate the whole country into one. ”

"At this time, the Qin State was very strong, and the application of iron tools made the Qin State have a strong productive force, and through the centralization of power, it was difficult for the local vassal states such as Shang, Zhou, and Qin to appear, so as to solve the problem of the local princes developing productive forces and overthrowing the dynasty."

"If Qin Shi Huang adopted a policy of recuperation at this time, no longer tossed the people's strength, let the war situation recover as soon as possible, or died not so hastily, and let the heir ascend to the throne smoothly, then there would probably be nothing to do in the Han Dynasty after that."

"But it's a pity that there is no if, and the later founder of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, obviously did not understand the logic of this, and openly reversed history, changing the original county system to a feudal system, and dividing a large number of his own descendants."

As a result, vassal states appeared all over the land, triggering the Rebellion of the Seven Kings. Liu Bi, the king of Wu, boiled salt and minted coins in his fiefdom, relying on the wealth of Wu, in a vain attempt to change the relations of production again. ”

"Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, father and son, are people who understand, through two generations of continuous reduction of feudal domains, and reduction of the power of the princes and kings, continue to increase the power of the central government, and further complete what Qin Shi Huang did back then, it can be regarded as wiping Liu Bang's ass once."

"The later Tang Dynasty festival envoys, and the early Ming Dynasty feudal kings, are all the same reason."

"So now you understand?"

Zhao Jun asked.

Lu Yijian frowned and said, "You mean that the dynasty collapsed because the local forces were strong and wanted to gain greater power?" But this seems to be contrary to the previous saying that the Yellow Emperor, the Yan Emperor, and Chi You competed. ”

"Not really."

Zhao Jun said: "You only consider one aspect, but the determination of production relations by productive forces, and the competition for the total value of social wealth can sum up everything." When the princes and kings increased their productivity, they wanted to grab more people, land, and power, which is not at all in conflict with what was just said. It's just that the princes and kings took the initiative to grab after they were strong, and those who rebelled were passively resisting. ”

"What do you mean by that?"

Fan Zhongyan asked.

"This is going to talk about the end of the Western Han Dynasty and the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty."

Zhao Jun said: "The first few dynasties collapsed because of the improvement of the productivity of local forces and the desire to change the production relations with the monarchy. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, it was because of the decline in productivity, which reacted on the relations of production, which led to the change of dynasty...... My mouth is a little dry, so get some water. ”

Zhao Zhen glanced at Wang Shouzhong in the back, Wang Shouzhong understood, and immediately poured a cup of tea and sent it over, Zhao Jun likes to drink tea, he was in the countryside when he was a child, and his grandfather liked to pick wild tea leaves in the mountains, and it was a big pot when it was burned, which quenched his thirst.

Everyone watched him grunt and finish drinking, wiped his mouth, and then asked, "Where did I just go?" ”

"When it comes to the decline in productivity in the late Western Han Dynasty, it reacts to the relations of production."

"Yes."

Zhao Jun said: "Then why is there a decline in productivity? ”

The crowd was silent.

In the face of Zhao Jun's question, no one spoke.

Because everybody knows.

As early as the end of the Western Han Dynasty, someone had already given the answer to this question.

Dasikong Shidan proposed that "all famous fields must not exceed 30 hectares", "200 princes, kings, slaves and maids, 100 princes and princesses, and 30 marquis and officials in Guannei." At the end of the three-year term, the offender was not admitted to the official position."

That is, the restriction of land and slaves.

But.

What's the use?

Still unable to prevent the demise of the Western Han Dynasty.

So everyone here knows about "land annexation".

But no one can bring it up.

Because they are vested interests, even Fan Zhongyan, including Fan Zhongyan, has hundreds of acres of vocational land and bought thousands of acres of good land in his hometown.

Over here.

Everyone is a landlord!